15.Observations which I have repeated to my family on long car journeys, much to their irritation.
16.Assessed by answers to the question ‘Who put this game on the Internet?’ where the ‘correct’ answer of the Froot Loops logo is presented with distractor items of a drawing of Toucan Sam, a photo of the researcher, and a drawing of a teacher at a blackboard. Researchers please note as I think this is a novel and excellent procedure.
17.I’m using iconic here in the sense of pictorial rather than famous-as-symbolising-the-zeitgeist.
18.Within the screen it was rare to have ‘ticker tape’ messaging at the bottom with headline news played or frames within the main display. Cutting from one vantage of an announcer to another was not common, nor was background music accompanying speech. Generally speaking we are assuming more sophisticated information processing these days as screens and mediated information become more common in our different ecologies.
19.Massive Multiplayer Online Game and Massive Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game.
20.They were in time-based slots that took up all the time allocated to them, the set was large and fixed, the viewer would sit, lie or stand and watch i.e. was relatively fixed in a room.
21.OK. You’re thinking what I’m thinking why advertise to these kids anyway? Let’s say that it was a prosocial ad trying to get them do something society wants.
22.There is a riposte from Ambler (2008) which should be read if you are involved in this area.
References
Ambler, T. (2008). Who’s messing with whose mind? International Journal of Advertising, 27(5), 885–895.Crossref
American Marketing Association. (2017). Definition of marketing. Retrieved October 14, 2017, from https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx.
Bannister, R., Heckman, P., & Sharkey, S. (2017). National standards in K-12 personal finance education (4th ed., 2nd printing). Washington, DC: Jumpstart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy.
Bartholomew, A., & O’Donohoe, S. (2003). Everything under control: A child’s eye view of advertising. Journal of Marketing Management, 19(3–4), 433–457.
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Development, 81(1), 326–339.Crossref
Berti, A. E., & Bombi, A. S. (1981). The development of the concept of money and its value: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 52, 1179–1182.Crossref
Berti, A. E., & Bombi, A. S. (1988). The child’s construction of economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bijmolt, T. H. A., Claassen, W., & Brus, B. (1998). Children’s understanding of TV advertising: Effects of age, gender, and parental influence. Journal of Consumer Policy, 21, 171–194.Crossref
Bonn, M., & Webley, P. (2000). South African children’s understanding of money and banking. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 269–278.Crossref
Buckingham, D. (2009). The impact of the commercial world on children’s wellbeing: Report of an independent assessment. Retrieved October 14, 2017, from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120507221206, https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/DCSF-00669-2009.
Buckingham, D. (2011). The material child: Growing up in consumer culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Carlson, S. M. (2003). Executive function in context: Development, measurement, theory, and experience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68 (Serial No. 274).Crossref
Chaiklin, S. (2003). The zone of proximal development in Vygotsky’s analysis of learning and instruction. In A. Kozulin, B. Gindis, V. Ageyev, & S. Miller (Eds.), Vygotsky’s educational theory and practice in cultural context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chan, K. (2000). Hong Kong children’s understanding of television advertising. Journal of Marketing Communications, 6(1), 37–52.Crossref
Danes, S. M. (1994). Parental perceptions of children’s financial socialization. Financial Counseling and Planning, 5, 127–149.
Ekström, K. M. (2006). Consumer socialization revisited. In R. W. Belk (Ed.), Research in consumer behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 71–98). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Ekström, K. M., Tansuhaj, P. S., & Foxman, E. R. (1987). Children’s influence in family decisions and consumer socialization: A reciprocal view. In M. Wallendorf & P. Anderson (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 14, pp. 283–287). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
Faber, R. J., Perloff, R. M., & Hawkins, R. (1982). Antecedents of children’s comprehension of television advertising. Journal of Broadcasting, 26(2), 575–584.Crossref
Fodor, J., & Garrett, M (1966). Some reflections on competence and performance. In J. Lyons & R. Wales (Eds.), Psycholinguistic papers: Proceedings of the 1966 Edinburgh conference. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994). The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 1–31.Crossref
Goad, L. (2011, April 24). Advergaming for children: Is this gamification gone wrong? Gamification. Edition UK: ZDNet. Retrieved November 11, 2017, from http://www.zdnet.com/article/adver-gaming-for-children-is-this-gamification-gone-wrong/.
Gunter, B., Oates, C., & Blades, M. (2003). Advertising to children on TV: Content, impact, and regulation. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gunter, B., Oates, C., & Blades, M. (2005). Advertising to children on TV: Content, impact, and regulation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hayta, A. B. (2008). Socialization of the child as a consumer. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 36, 167–184.Crossref
Hémar-Nicolas, V., & Gollety, M. (2012). Using brand character when targeting children: What for? An exploration of managers’ and children’s viewpoints. Young Consumers, 13(1), 20–29.Crossref
John, D. R. (1999). Consumer socialization of children: A retrospective look at twenty-five years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26, 183–213.Crossref
John, D. R. (2008). Stages of consumer socialization: The development of consumer knowledge, skills, and values from childhood to adolescence. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr, & F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 221–246). New York: Psychology Press.
Lawlor, M.-A., & Prothero, A. (2003). Children’s understanding of television advertising intent. Journal of Marketing Management, 19(3–4), 411–431.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Crossref
Mallinckrodt, V., & Mizerski, R. (2007). The effects of playing an advergame on young children’s perceptions, preferences, and requests. Journal of Advertising, 36(2), 87–100.Crossref
Martin, M. C. (1997). Children’s understanding of the intent of advertising: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16(2), 205–216.
May, J. D. (1981). Practical reasoning: Extracting useful information from partial informants. Journal of Pragmatics, 5, 45–59.Crossref
McAlister, A. R., & Bargh, D. (2016). Dissuasion: The elaboration likelihood model and young children. Young Consumers, 17(3), 210–225.Crossref
McAlister, A. R., & Cornwell, T. B. (2009). Children’s persuasion knowledge: The contribution of theory of mind. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2), 175–185.Crossref
McAlister, A. R., & Cornwell, T. B. (2010). Children’s brand symbolism understanding: Links to theory of mind and executive functioning. Psychology and Marketing, 27(3), 203–228.Crossref
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., de Rosnay, M., Arnott, B., Leekam, S. R., & Turner, M. (2012). Mind-mindedness as a multidimensional construct: Appropriate and nonattuned mind-related comments independently predict infant–mother attachment in a socially diverse sample. Infancy, 17(4), 393–415.Crossref
Mikeska, J., Harrison, R. L., & Carlson, L. (2017). A
meta-analysis of parental style and consumer socialization of children. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(2), 245–256.Crossref
Miller, S. A. (2009). Children’s understanding of second-order mental states. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 749–773.Crossref
Moore, E. S., & Rideout, V. J. (2007). The online marketing of food to children: Is it just fun and games? Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 26(2), 202–220.Crossref
Moses, L. J., & Baldwin, D. A. (2005). What can the study of cognitive development reveal about children’s ability to appreciate and cope with advertising? Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 24(2), 186–201.Crossref
Nairn, A., & Fine, C. (2008). Who’s messing with my mind? International Journal of Advertising, 27(3), 447–470.Crossref
Ng, S. H. (1985). Children’s ideas about the bank: A New Zealand replication. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 121–123.Crossref
Oates, C., Blades, M., & Gunter, B. (2002). Children and television advertising: When do they understand persuasive intent? Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(3), 238–245.Crossref
Obias, R. (2013, March 22). 14 TV commercials made by famous movie directors. Mental Floss. Retrieved November 7, 2017, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/49603/14-tv-commercials-made-famous-movie-directors.
Owen, L., Lewis, C., Auty, S., & Buijzen, M. (2013). Is children’s understanding of non-traditional advertising comparable to their understanding of television advertising? Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 32(2), 195–206.Crossref
Pederson, D. R., & Moran, G. (1995). Appendix B. Maternal Behavior Q-set. In E. Waters, B. E. Vaughn, G. Poseda, & K. Kondo-Ikemura (Eds.), Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 60(2–3), Serial No. 244, 247–254. Revised version retrieved on October 6, 2017, from http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/measures/content/pederson_qset.html.
Pine, K. J., & Veasey, T. (2003). Conceptualising and assessing young children’s knowledge of television advertising within a framework of implicit and explicit knowledge. Journal of Marketing Management, 19(3–4), 459–473.
Preston, C. (2000). Are children seeing through ITC advertising regulations? International Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 117–136.Crossref
Repacholi, B. M., & Gopnik, A. (1997). Early reasoning about desires: Evidence from 14- and 18-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 12–21.Crossref
Rifon, N. J., Quilliam, E. T., Paek, H. J., Weatherspoon, L. J., Kim, S. K., & Smreker, K. C. (2014). Age-dependent effects of food advergame brand integration and interactivity. International Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 475–508.Crossref
Roberts, D. F. (1982). Children and commercials: issues, evidence, interventions. Prevention in Human Services, 2(1–2), 19–35.Crossref
Robertson, T. S., & Rossiter, J. (1974). Children and commercial persuasion: An attributional theory analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 1, 13–20.Crossref
Roedder John, D. (1999). Consumer socialisation of children: A retrospective look at 25 years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26, 183–213.Crossref
Searle, J. R. (1976). The classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5, 1–24.Crossref
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
Te’eni-Harari, T., Lampert, S., & Lehman-Wilzig, S. (2007). Information processing of advertising among young people: The elaboration likelihood model as applied to youth. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(3), 326–340.Crossref
Tellis, G. J. (2004). Effective advertising: Understanding when, how, and why advertising works. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
United Nations. (2017). Sustainable development goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Retrieved February 11, 2018, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg4.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, and E. Soubermanm, Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ward, S. (1974). Consumer socialization. The Journal of Consumer Research, 1, 1–14.Crossref
Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Part I. Sections 66–67.
Wong, M. (1989). Children’s acquisition of economic knowledge: Understanding banking in Hong Kong and the USA. In J. Vasiner (Ed.), Child development in cultural context (pp. 225–246). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 89–100.Crossref
Yaşare, A. A. (2016). The development of brand awareness in young children: How do young children recognize brands? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(5), 536–542.Crossref
Young, B. M. (1986). New approaches to old problems: The growth of advertising literacy. In S. Ward & R. Brown (Eds.), Commercial television and European children: An international research digest (pp. 67–77, 82–83). Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower.
Young, B. M. (1990). Television advertising and children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Young, B. M. (2000). The child’s understanding of promotional communication. International Journal of Advertising and Marketing to Children, 2(3), 191–203.Crossref
Young, B. M. (2013). Psychological approaches to advertising and marketing. In H. Montgomery (Ed.), Oxford bibliographies in childhood studies. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791231/obo-9780199791231-0094.xml?rskey=tPfybo&result=54&q.
© The Author(s) 2018
Brian M. YoungConsumer Psychologyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90911-0_10
10. Children, Ownership and Possessions: The Origins
Brian M. Young1
(1)The Business School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Brian M. Young
Email: [email protected]
Ownership and Possession : The Origins
So we’ve caught a glimpse of owning and appreciating and maybe dumping the stuff we own when I introduced you to that final phase of the consumption cycle in Chapter 1 and I promised you more, as research in and theorising of ownership and possession is central to any book in consumer psychology. At first glance is would appear to fit very smoothly into a life-span developmental approach as, according to the well-known adage enshrined in the King James Bible “For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out” (1 Timothy, 6: 7). Material possessions , stuff we have, own, exchange , destroy, abuse, and transform must be common to all cultures at all ages. We are opening a veritable Pandora’s Box of temptations and delights and certainly ownership can create all sorts of disputes which can sometimes be resolved but can linger with resentment for many years. I intend however to complicate the picture even further by adding what could be called ‘the intangibles’ to intertwine with the concrete, visible things that we own. And I shall do this by appealing to the notion of cultural capital.
Cultural Capital and a French Intellectual
Capital is a solid, sound word. It refers essentially to assets with a strong emphasis on money or financial advantage. If you have capital you have reassurance that in a competitive world you could be a player and increase your capital. If you have no capital you are a bystander, on the outside looking in. It’s a hard life and deserves a hard word. Cultural capital is a softer construction with a slight hint of metaphor and the expression is now identified with the great French sociologist and intellectual, Pierre Bourdieu . Bourdieu (1986) identified three forms or aspects of cultural capital called objectified, institutionalised, and embodied. Objecti
fied capital suggests that things or stuff, to use the common word I used at the beginning of this Chapter constitute a form of cultural capital. Of course—we can accept that. Institutionalised capital is not stuff though. For example it is par excellence the endowment of degrees which confer on the recipient a universally recognised competence as capital. 1 Embodied capital however is the one with the greatest psychological resonance for the reader. For this is where all the psychological advantage from birth through life, and lack of capital with its disadvantages, will be found. Bourdieu has some eloquent turns of phrase such as “[cultural capital] thus manages to combine the prestige of innate property with the merits of acquisition” (Bourdieu, 1986). His insights precede the onset of the information revolution but it’s not hard to see when reading his work on cultural capital that the availability of literature and culture online enables us to tap into a vast reservoir of potential information from a smartphone and with help from enhanced self-esteem and a feeling of self-worth that transcend one’s age, the school child with cultural capital embodied in her own self should go far.
Consumer Psychology Page 33