by Thomas Penn
36 CPR 1467–1477, p. 428; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 234–6; Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 240–1.
37 Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 234–5, 241–2; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, pp. 32–3. Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 244–8.
38 Coventry Leet Book, I, pp. 390–3; Rastall, ‘Music for a royal entry’, pp. 463–6.
39 Coventry Leet Book, I, pp. 393–4; Fleming, Coventry and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 21–3.
40 Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 241–2; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, pp. 34–5.
41 Sutton, ‘Caxton was a mercer’, pp. 132–3; Blake, Caxton and His World, pp. 59–60; Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose, pp. 85–7.
42 Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose, p. 87; Nall, Reading and War, p. 50.
43 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 7; Second Roll, item 18 (pp. 208–9).
44 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 26; Worcester, Itineraries, ed. Harvey, pp. 102–3; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’, pp. 238–43; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 73–5; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 329–30.
45 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Second Roll, item 20 (p. 209); Ross, Edward IV, pp. 190–1.
46 Foedera, XI, pp. 814–15; Dunlop, Anglo-Scottish Relations, p. 161; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, p. 180; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 176. Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 232; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 276–80; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 210–14.
47 Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 232.
48 CSPM, nos. 265, 267, 269.
49 John Vale’s Book, p. 266; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 261, Appendix I; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 107; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s books: chivalric ideals’, p. 191.
14. War Outward
1 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 312–29; Olivier de la Marche, ‘L’estat de la maison du duc Charles de Bourgogne’, in Memoires d’Olivier de la Marche, 4, pp. 1–94.
2 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 193.
3 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 395, 398, 462, 474, 479, 492; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif, no. 63.
4 Clough, ‘The relations between the English and Urbino courts’, pp. 204–5, 208–10, 216–17.
5 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 9, Third Roll, item 43 (pp. 309–17); Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 232–3; Virgoe, ‘The benevolence of 1481’, p. 26.
6 CPR 1467–1477, p. 588; Coventry Leet Book, II, p. 409; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 280–3.
7 CC, pp. 134–5; CSPM, no. 282; GC, p. 223; Hall, Union, p. 308.
8 TNA E361/7; GC, p. 223; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 367, 591; Virgoe, ‘Benevolence of 1481’, p. 31; Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, p. 216.
9 CSPM, no. 277; PL Davis, I, no. 287; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 106–7.
10 PL Gairdner, V, no. 843; CPR 1467–1477, p. 470.
11 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 494–6, 515.
12 PL Davis, I, no. 224.
13 PROME, XIV, 1472 October; Third Roll, items 16, 17 (pp. 257–60); Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 130–1; Hicks, ‘What might have been’, passim.
14 Horrox, Richard III, p. 70; TNA C49/53/4, cit. Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 182; Hicks, ‘Dynastic change’, pp. 370–2.
15 BL MS Cotton Vespasian C XVI, ff. 121–6; Dunlop, ‘The Redresses and Reparations of Attemptates’, pp. 340–53; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 233–5; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 129.
16 CSPM, no. 282.
17 Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 238–9; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 183.
18 CSPM, no. 285.
19 McFarlane, ‘William Worcester’, passim; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and the literature of war’, passim.
20 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 238–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 225–6.
21 Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 125; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 222–3; Allen, ‘Bishop Shirwood’, pp. 449–50.
22 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 237–8; Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, p. 200.
23 BL Add. MS 10099, f. 210v, cit. Hicks, ‘Edward IV’s brief treatise’, pp. 263–5.
24 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 261; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard of Gloucester and la grosse bombarde’, pp. 461–5; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 121–2.
25 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 207, 209; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 262.
26 PL Davis, I, no. 293; Hall, Chronicle, p. 338.
27 Commynes, Memoirs ed Jones, p. 249.
28 CSPM, no. 313; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones. p. 251.
29 GC, p. 224; CC, pp. 136–7; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 150; Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 234–5.
30 Records of the Borough of Nottingham, II, pp. 388–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 236–7; 368–70.
31 BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIV, f. 572; TNA C81/855; CC, pp. 136–9; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 163–8; Lander, ‘Edward IV’, p. 44; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 163; Ross, Edward IV, p. 401.
32 CPR 1467–1477, p. 574. Hicks, Edward V, p. 118; Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, pp. 563–4.
33 BL Harleian MS 1628, ff. 34v–35; Lang, ‘Medical recipes’, pp. 101–2.
34 CPR 1467–1477, p. 574; Hicks, Edward V, pp. 118–21; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 132–3; Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, pp. 563–4; Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 199–201; Griffiths, ‘Wales and the Marches’, pp. 75–6.
35 Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, pp. 50–2; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 55; Horrox, Richard III, p. 66.
36 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, pp. 268–78; Ross, Edward IV, p. 269.
37 Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Tatton-Brown, ‘The constructional sequence and topography’, pp. 6–9; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, pp. 198, 246–7, 275–7, 884; II, pp. 930–7; Emery, Greater London Houses, III, pp. 226–30.
38 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, III, p. 78.
39 Kekewich, The Good King, pp. 236–7.
40 Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 80–1, 147–53.
41 Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, pp. 51–5; York Civic Records, I, pp. 2–3, 9–11, 15–16; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. XX.
42 Hammond et al., ‘Reburial of Richard of York’, pp. 6–7, 19.
43 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 170.
44 Stonor Letters and Papers, II, no. 169.
45 Hellinga, William Caxton, pp. 32–4.
46 Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, pp. 359–61; BN MS Français 10375, ff. 18–18v, cit. Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 3 n. 19.
47 CSPM, no. 344.
48 CSPM, no.331; PL Davis, I, no. 298, p. 494; Dépêches … milanaises, II, p. 342; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 164, 171; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 394–8.
49 CC, pp. 142–3; Dugdale, Monasticum Anglicanum, II, pp. 64–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 116.
50 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 305–7; Molinet, Chroniques, I, p. 167; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 421–32.
15. The Most Extreme Purposed Malice
1 PL Davis, I, no. 302.
2 Liot de Nortbécourt, ‘La complainte d’Arras’, pp. 480–4, cit. Jones, ‘1477 – the expedition that never was’, pp. 275–6, 281; Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 201–11.
3 PL Davis, I, no. 302; Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, p. 55.
4 PL Davis, I, no. 302; Jones, ‘1477’ pp. 275–6.
5 TNA C47/30/10/20; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 177; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 22.
6 CC, p. 143;
7 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 152–3; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 42; Weightman, Margaret of York, p. 215.
8 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 239–40.
9 CC, p. 143; Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, p. 362; Lander, ‘T
reason and death’, p. 247.
10 BL Add. Charter 19808; TNA E159/255 (Brevia Recorda Hilary m. 21); BL Add. MS 46455 f. 69, cit. Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, p. 137.
11 Meek, Calais Letterbook, letters 4, 4a; Lettres de Louis XI, 6, p. 138; Jones, ‘1477’ pp. 277–8; Potter, War and Government, pp. 37–9; Paravicini, ‘Terreur royale’, p. 577, cit. Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 30.
12 BN MS Français 20494, ff. 97–8, in Jones, ‘1477’, pp. 285–9; PL Davis, I, no. 305.
13 Meek, Calais Letterbook, letter 8; Jones, ‘1477’, p. 290; Register of the … Garter, I, pp. 200–1; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 32–6.
14 BL Cotton MS Vespasian C xvi, f. 121, cit. Halliwell, Letters, I, p. 147; Macdougall, James III, p. 141.
15 CC, pp. 144–5.
16 CC, pp. 144–5; RP, VI, p. 194; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 151–2.
17 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 120; Carpenter, Locality and Polity, p. 693; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, p. 146.
18 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 120; Kelly, ‘English kings and the fear of sorcery’, passim.
19 TNA DL 37/41/4; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 119–20.
20 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Jones, ‘Information and science’, p. 109.
21 CC, pp. 144–5; HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 346–7; Kelly, ‘English kings’, pp. 224–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 122.
22 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; University of Michigan Library, Middle English Dictionary, accessed at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary.
23 TNA E404/76/1/77; TNA DL 37/41/4, cit. Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 119–20.
24 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 88; Kelly, ‘English kings’, p. 228.
25 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 248–9; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, p. 40.
26 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 124; Fleming, ‘Time, Space and Power’, p. 217.
27 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, item 17, pp. 361–5; HMC 3rd Report Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14.
28 Horrox, ‘Service’, p. 71; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 153; Fleming, ‘Time, space and power’, pp. 218–19.
29 Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 248–9.
30 CC, pp. 144–5; for the debate over Goddard’s identity, see Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 122–3; TNA C81/861/4452-4474.
31 CC, pp. 136–9; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 249–50, 264; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 123.
32 Cely Letters, no. 92.
33 PL Davis, II, no. 777; TNA E404 76/4/21.
34 BN MS Français 10,187, ff. 123–4, pr. in Scofield, LREF, II, App. XI; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif, nos. 72, 73; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 14, 38–40.
35 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 199–200.
36 CSPM, no. 349, 14 Sept. 1477; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, p. 250.
37 BL Add. MS 6113, ff. 74–5.
38 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, Introduction, pp. 345–6 and items 10–12 (pp. 351–5); Anne Crawford, ‘John (VII) Mowbray, duke of Norfolk’, ODNB; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 68–70, 87–8.
39 Coventry Leet Book, II, p. 422; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 126.
40 Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, pp. 28–31; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 130.
41 PL Davis, I, no. 379.
42 Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, pp. 28–40; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 132–3.
43 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, item 1 (p. 349).
44 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 137–44, Appendix III. Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, pp. 374–80.
45 CC, pp. 144–5.
46 RP, VI, p. 193; TNA C49/40/1; PROME, XIV, 1478 January, Appendix I, p. 402.
47 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 151–2.
48 CC, pp. 144–7; RP, VI, p. 193; TNA C49/40/1; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 127, 134–5. Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 146–7; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 242–3.
49 SC 8/344/1281; TNA DL 29/454/7312 m. 4, cit. Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 142.
50 CC, pp. 146–7; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 63; Three Books … Vergil, p. 167; Ross, Edward IV, p. 243.
51 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 128–9.
52 More, History of King Richard III, p. 7; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 167–8.
53 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 213; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, p. 262.
54 Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 252–4.
55 Hicks, ‘What might have been’, pp. 295–6.
56 Hicks, ‘Richard III as Duke of Gloucester’, pp. 262–3.
57 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 152.
58 York Civic Records, I, p. 24; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 334, 338–40; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 56–7.
16. Diamond Cuts Diamond
1 Cobb, Overseas Trade, Introduction, pp. xxxiii–xxxv; GC, pp. 225–6.
2 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 764–5 (Nottingham), 884 (Windsor), 936–7 (Eltham).
3 TNA E 404/76/4, nos. 132–5; GC, pp. 225–6, 352; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 432–3; Backhouse, ‘Founders of the royal library’, pp. 27–8; McKendrick, ‘A European Heritage’, p. 56.
4 Ross, Edward IV, p. 353; Jones and Condon, Cabot and Bristol, pp. 12–16.
5 CC, pp. 136–9; Gray, ‘English foreign trade’, pp. 326–8; Power, ‘English wool trade’, pp. 20–2; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 352, 368–9; Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 306–15; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, pp. 254, 256–7; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 211–14.
6 TNA E404/76/4/33.
7 Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, pp. 284–5; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, pp. 252, 260.
8 GC, p. 245; CC, pp. 146–7; Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, pp. 118–23, 127–8 (I am grateful to Sam Harper for this reference); Lander, ‘Yorkist council’, p. 44.
9 Horrox, Richard III, p. 253.
10 Horrox, Fifteenth-Century Attitudes, Introduction, p. 6.
11 Gottfried, ‘Population, plague and the sweating sickness’, passim; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 249–50.
12 BL Harleian MS 1628, cit. Lang, ‘Medical recipes’, pp. 98–9; Furnivall, ‘Recipe for Edward IV’s plague medicine’, p. 343; Pollard, Edward IV, p. 72; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 249–50.
13 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 204–7; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 251–4; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 245–8.
14 Philpot, ‘Maximilian I and England’, pp. 35–40; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 271–2.
15 PL Davis, I, no. 315; Castor, Blood and Roses, pp. 277–8.
16 PL Davis, I, nos. 315, 316, 383, Castor, Blood and Roses, p. 278.
17 CSPM, no. 366.
18 Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 236; Macdougall, James III, pp. 128–9, 159–63; Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, pp. 120–21; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, pp. 181–4.
19 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, IV, App. I, no. 28; Macdougall, James III, p. 174; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 236.
20 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, pp. 62–7; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 333–5.
21 Pollard, ‘The crown and the county palatine of Durham’, pp. 82–4.
22 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 46–50; Hughes, ‘“True ornaments …”’, p. 157; Ross, Richard III, pp. 131–2.
23 Ross, Richard III, pp. 134–5; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 68–9; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 24.
24 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 65–6; Poll
ard, North-Eastern England, pp. 337–8.
25 Horrox, Richard III, p. 66.
26 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 236, 242.
27 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 236–43; Horrox, Richard III, p. 67.
28 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 276, 278–83.
29 ADN B18823, 23691-2, cit. Haemers, For the Common Good, p. 24; Ballard and Davies, ‘Étienne Fryon’, pp. 245–6.
30 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York, pp. 159–66; TNA E404/77/2/49, 77/1/33, 77/2/33; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 284–5.
31 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 287.
32 McKendrick et al., Royal Manuscripts, no. 149, p. 414.
33 Here, I follow Ross, Edward IV, pp. 281–3.
34 Commynes, Memoires eds. Godefroy and Lenglet du Fresnoy, III, pp. 576–7; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 76.
35 Ballard and Davies, ‘Étienne Fryon’, p. 258.
36 Cely Letters, no. 45, pp. 47–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 285.
37 Acta Dominorum Consilii, I, p. 78, cit. Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 184–6; CSPM, no. 368, 29 Oct. 1480; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 306.
38 Virgoe, ‘The benevolence of 1481’, p. 33; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 285.
39 Lettres de Louis XI, VII, p. 325; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 79–80.
40 Ives, Thomas Kebell, p. 94; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 153–7; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 219–24, Appendix 1, pp. 287–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 248–50; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 318–19.
41 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 188; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, pp. 9–15; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 315.
42 Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, pp. 275–7.
43 Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, pp. 74–9, 274; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 93–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 282; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 10.
44 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 189–90; Macdougall, James III, pp. 177–8; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 316.
45 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 237–8; Chandler, Life of William Waynflete, pp. 150–1.
46 CSPV, no. 483; Hoskins, ‘Harvest fluctuations’, pp. 95–8; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 333–4.
47 Foedera, XII, pp. 46–50; Macdougall, James III, p. 182; Ross, Edward IV, p. 291.