The Brothers York

by Thomas Penn

  48 CC, pp. 152–3; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 414; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 67; More, History of King Richard III, p. 5.

  49 CC, pp. 152–153; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 67; Santiuste, ‘“Puttying down and rebuking of vices”’, p. 139; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 83–4; Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 251; Pollard, Edward IV, p. 72.

  50 Macdougall, James III, pp. 181–2.

  51 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, IV, no. 1472.

  52 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 190; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 320; Ross, Edward IV, p. 291.

  53 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 386, 393–4; Potter, War and Government, p. 40. Armstrong, ‘The Burgundian Netherlands’, p. 231; Philpot, ‘Maximilian I and England’, pp. 57–8.

  54 TNA E404/77/3/46; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 190; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 335.

  55 Issues of the Exchequer, pp. 502–3; Macdougall, James III, p. 191. Dunlop, ‘Aspects of Anglo-Scottish Relations’, p. 73; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 367–83.

  56 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 337–8.

  57 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 190–1.

  58 Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 81; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings, and the Calais garrison’, pp. 268–9; Macdougall, James III, p. 195.

  59 Here I follow Macdougall’s dating of the campaign: Macdougall, James III, pp. 191–200; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 191; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 344–5.

  60 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 191–3; Macdougall, ‘Richard III and James III’, pp. 189–94; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 345–9.

  61 CSPV, no. 483; Cely Letters, no. 97.

  62 Macdougall, ‘Richard III and James III’, p. 194; Cunningham, ‘The establishment of the Tudor regime’, pp. 140; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, p. 30.

  17. They Have Taken Away the Rose of the World

  1 CC, pp. 148–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 252, Piece Justificatif, no. 82, pp. 393–5.

  2 Cely Letters, nos. 93, 96; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings and the Calais garrison’, pp. 268–9; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 65–6.

  3 GC, p. 147; Cely Letters, nos. 182 185.

  4 TNA E315/486, 6, 12, 13; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 282, 288; Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 145–6.

  5 Horrox, Richard III, p. 102; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 149–50.

  6 Richmond, ‘1485 and all that’, pp. 181–2.

  7 Stonor Letters and Papers, II, no. 288; Horrox, ‘Caterpillars of the commonwealth?’, p. 13.

  8 CPR 1467–1477, p. 450; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 221.

  9 TNA E315/486, no. 24.

  10 Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 221.

  11 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 351–3; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 252.

  12 ADN B 18823, no. 23714, cit. Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, p. 207.

  13 TNA C81/1522/26, cit. Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, p. 149.

  14 GC, pp. 228–9; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 413; Ross, Edward IV, p. 354; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 370–7.

  15 TNA E404/77/3/44, 57, 59/60; McKendrick, ‘Edward IV: An English Royal Collector’, pp. 521–4.

  16 Three Books … Vergil, p. 172.

  17 CC, p. 149; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 282.

  18 CC, pp. 148–51; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9, 64–7.

  19 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 211–12.

  20 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 211–12.

  21 Foedera, VIII, pp. 124–5; CC, pp. 150–1; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 396.

  22 CC, pp. 150–1; STC 9176; Neville-Sington, ‘Press, politics and religion’, p. 577.

  23 PROME, XIV, 1483 January, Introduction, pp. 403–4; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, pp. 226–7; Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, pp. 271–93, 333–6; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 286.

  24 PROME, 1483 January, item 13 (p. 425).

  25 Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, p. 115; Ross, Edward IV, p. 293.

  26 RP, VI, 168; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 70–2.

  27 PROME, 1483 January, introduction, p. 406; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 123–7, 131–2, 207–8; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 222.

  28 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9; CC, pp. 148–9; Nichols, ed., Grants &c, p. xlvi; Three Books … Vergil, p. 171; Santiuste, ‘“Puttyng down and rebuking of vices”’, pp. 139–40.

  29 CC, pp. 152–3.

  30 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 414–15; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 364–6.

  31 CC, pp. 152–3; Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 199.

  32 Registrum Thome Bourgchier, p. 54; CC, pp. 150–1; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 68–9.

  33 CC, pp. 150–3.

  34 Issues of the Exchequer, p. 505; LMA Journal 9, ff. 17–17v; Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, p. 450; More, History of King Richard III, p. 9; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 13.

  35 College of Arms MS I.7, f. 7, pr. in Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, p. 383; LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 4; Roskell, ‘The office and dignity of protector’, p. 196.

  36 Richmond, ‘Richard III, Richard Nixon’, p. 95; Richmond, ‘1483’, p. 44; Ross, Richard III, p. 66.

  37 CC, pp. 152–3; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 93–4; Ross, Richard III, pp. 65–6; Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 193–4; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 86–7.

  38 CC, pp. 152–3; Ross, Richard III, p. 67.

  39 Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, pp. 225, 228–9.

  40 CC, pp. 154–5.

  41 Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, p. 168.

  42 TNA E405/71, rot. 6; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings and the Calais garrison’ p. 269; Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 223–5.

  43 CC, pp. 154–5; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, p. 223.

  44 HMC 11th Report, III, p. 170.

  45 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–1; Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, pp. 117–18.

  46 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, pp. 373, 383–5.

  47 LP RIII/HVII, pp. 7–8; Tatton-Brown, ‘The constructional sequence and topography’, pp. 14–15; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 884–8.

  48 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, pp. 377–8.

  49 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, p. 99.

  50 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, p. 371.

  51 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Laments for the death of Edward IV’, pp. 516–18.

  52 Vale, Charles VII, p. 215.

  53 CC, pp. 154–5; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 171–3, 176; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–3; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 14–15.

  54 PROME, VI, 1377 October, Introduction, p. 2 and item 13 (p. 10).

  55 Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 214–15, 226–7.

  56 See Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 206–7, 210 for discussion of the terms of Henry V’s will; Ross, Richard III, pp. 66–7.

  57 CC, pp. 156–7; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–1, 74–5, 80–1, 118–19; Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 211, 220–21; Horrox, Richard III, p. 91.

  58 CC, pp. 154–5.

  59 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 74–5; Hardyng, Chronicle, p. 475; Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 28–9; Lowe, ‘Patronage and politics’, p. 563

  60 PL Davis, II, no. 795; Hardyng, Chronicle, p. 475.

  18. Old Royal Blood

  1 ‘A Ballad made by Lydgate’, in A Chronicle of London, I, p. 257; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 99; Observations on the Popular Antiquities, I; Hutton, Stations of the Sun, pp. 226–43; Bezella-Bond, ‘Blood and roses’, pp. 187–210; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 16; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 2; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 130.

&
nbsp; 2 For Hastings’ influence in Northamptonshire, see Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 215–24.

  3 Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, passim.

  4 CC, pp. 154–7; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 74–83; Horrox, Richard III, p. 97.

  5 CC, p. 155.

  6 Richmond, ‘1483’, p. 44; Ross, Richard III, p. 71.

  7 Three Books … Vergil, p. 174.

  8 CPR 1476–1485, pp. 233, 241, 354, 567–8; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 154–5.

  9 Three Books … Vergil, p. 174.

  10 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 77; More, A History of King Richard III, p. 72; Santiuste, ‘“Puttyng down and rebuking of vices”’, p. 139.

  11 Rous, Historia Regum Angliae, p. 212; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 77; CC, p. 157; TNA SC1/45/236; British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 25; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 342.

  12 CC, pp. 156–7; PL Davis, II, no. 795; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 104–7; GC, p. 230.

  13 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 15–16; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 81–3; GC, p. 230; CC, pp. 156–9; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 98–9.

  14 Nichols, Grants &c, pp. 5–11; CPR 1476–1485, pp. 349–50; Registrum Thome Bourgchier, pp. 52–3.

  15 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 106.

  16 Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 205–7, 211, 219–20 and n. 22; PL Davis, II, no. 796.

  17 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 81, 85; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 99–103; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 11.

  18 British Library Harleian MS 433, I, p. 101, III, p. 2; CPR 1476–1485, p. 514; Horrox, Richard III, p. 99.

  19 See for example BL Harleian Ch. 58 F 49.

  20 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–3, 121; Horrox, Richard III, p. 121; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, p. 31.

  21 CC, pp. 156–7.

  22 Wood, ‘Richard III, Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth’, p. 168.

  23 Nichols, Grants &c, p. xlix; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 60–2; Chrimes, English Constitutional Ideas, pp. 168–78 passim; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and literature of war’, pp. 98–9. For another interpretation of Russell’s sermon, see Watts, ‘“The Policie in Christen Remes”’, pp. 33–59.

  24 Nichols, Grants &c, p. xlviii; Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 226–7; Ross, Richard III, p. 79; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 113–14.

  25 Stonor Letters and Papers, no. 330; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 124; LMA Journal 9, f. 23v; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Ratcliffe, Sir Richard (d. 1485)’, ODNB; Horrox, Richard III, p. 112.

  26 York Civic Records, I, p. 75; More, A History of King Richard III, p. 57.

  27 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 179–80.

  28 What follows is based on Three Books … Vergil, p. 227; CC, pp. 158–9; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 46–9.

  29 Appleby et al., ‘The scoliosis of Richard III’, passim.

  30 GC, p. 231; Wood, ‘Richard III, Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth’, pp. 156–61. Friday 13th is given as the date of Hastings’ death in the Calais controller’s account for 1482–3: TNA E101/200/1 f. 33v; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, p. 33; Cunningham, ‘The establishment of the Tudor regime’, p. 141.

  31 Hicks, ‘What might have been’, passim.

  32 More, History of King Richard III, pp. 45–6; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–1; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 156, 159–60; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 133–5.

  33 BL Harleian Ch. 58 F 49; Registra Abbatum monasterii Sancti Albani, ed. Riley, II., pp. 113, 200, 266; PROME, XV, 1485 November, item 63 [68], pp. 219–22; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 159–60.

  34 Harper, ‘London and the Crown’, pp. 66–9; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 22.

  35 CC, pp. 158–9; Ross, Richard III, p. 87.

  36 CPR 1476–1485, p. 364; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 144–5.

  37 Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, passim.

  38 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 94–5; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 23; LMA Journal 9, ff. 26–26v; Acts of Court of the Mercers, p. 155.

  39 Stonor Letters and Papers, no. 331.

  40 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 183–5; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 66–8; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 156–7; Sutton, ‘Richard III’s “Tytylle & Right”’, pp. 27–8.

  41 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 99; Lancashire, London Civic Theatre, pp. 50–2, 153–70; Horrox, Richard III, p. 120; Ross, Richard III, p. 94.

  42 Buckingham as Richard’s alter ego: Horrox, Richard III, pp. 106–7.

  43 GC, p. 232; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 96–7.

  44 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–1; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 23; CC, pp. 160–1; Excerpta Historica, pp. 240–8; Horrox, Richard III, p. 129.

  45 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 126; Rous, Historia Regum Angliae, p. 213; GC, p. 567; Danse macabre: The Dance of Death, ed. Warren; Harry, ‘Earl Rivers’ Cordyal’, esp. pp. 382–3, 385; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 135.

  46 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, p. 29.

  47 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 25.

  48 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 157–8.

  49 TNA C53/198, m. 1. I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for the reference; the translation is his.

  50 Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 61–2; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 115–18.

  51 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 28–91; Horrox, Richard III, p. 140.

  52 CPR 1476–1485, pp. XX, XX, XX.

  53 Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, p. 147.

  54 TNA PSO 1/57/2901, 2904; British Library Harleian MS 433, I, p. 101; III, p. 150; CPR 1476–1485, p. 514; Payling, ‘Widows’, pp. 104, 108–12.

  55 TNA LC 9/50, f. 45v; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 67, 71, 73; Smith, ‘John Caster’, pp. 130–5.

  56 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 171–2.

  57 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 98–101; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 282; BL Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 29–30.

  58 BL Add. MS 18669; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 35–43.

  59 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 2–5; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, p. 37.

  60 A Relation … ed. Sneyd, p. 44; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 282–302; BL Add. MS 6113, f. 22v; College of Arms MS I, 18, f. 34v; LMA Journal 9, f. 43.

  61 CC, pp. 158–9; Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 20.

  62 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 271–3.

  63 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 167, 169, 279–81; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62.

  64 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 92–3; Three Books … Vergil, p. 189.

  19. No Long Time in Rest

  1 Edwards, Itinerary, p. 5; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62; Horrox, Richard III, p. 149.

  2 British Library MS Harleian 433, III, pp. 34–5; CPR 1476–1485, p. 535; Jones, ‘Richard III and Lady Margaret Beaufort’, p. 30.

  3 CC, p. 163; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, p. 119.

  4 British Library MS Harleian 433, I, p. 87; II, pp. 4–5; CPR 1476–1485, p. 496; Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, p. 411; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 5; Ross, Richard III, p. 148.

  5 TNA C 81/1392/1; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 149–52; Horrox, ‘Richard III and London’, pp. 325–6.

  6 LP WF, II, p. 762; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 149–50; TNA E101/107/15, f. 18.

  7 Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62.

  8 Hall, Chronicle, pp. 388–9; Three Books … Vergil, p. 195; Kibre, ‘Lewis of Caerleon’, pp. 100–8; Jones, ‘Richard III and Lady Margaret Beaufort’, p. 31; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 150–1.

  9 Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 75–7; Horrox, Richard
III, pp. 147–9; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 107.

  10 CC, pp. 162–3.

  11 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 7–9; Three Books … Vergil, p. 194; Horrox, Richard III, p. 150; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, p. 134.

  12 Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 15; Tudor-Craig, ‘Richard III’s triumphant entry’, p. 109 and refs; Horrox, Richard III, p. 150.

  13 More, History of King Richard III, pp. 82–7; Green, ‘Historical notes of a London citizen’, pp. 585–90; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 191–2; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, pp. 115–24; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 6.

  14 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 189, 191–2; GC, p. 237.

  15 PL Davis, II, nos. 800, 916.

  16 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 195–6.

  17 Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, pp. 20–1.

  18 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 193–5.

  19 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 194–7; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 91–3; Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 21.

  20 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 25; Three Books … Vergil, p. 188; Tudor-Craig, ‘Richard III’s triumphant entry’, p. 109; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 6; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 107; Ross, Richard III, p. 150.

  21 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 57; Freedman and White, Richard III and the City of York, p. 8.

  22 Christ Church Letters, p. 46; Hanham, Richard III and his Early Historians, p. 50; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 73–4.

  23 York Minster Library, Bedern College Statute Book, p. 48, transcribed in Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, p. 140.

  24 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 132–3; Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, pp. 137–8.

  25 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 49–50; Ross, Richard III, p. 194.

  26 Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, pp. 112–13.

  27 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 58.

  28 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 198–201.

  29 TNA C81/1392/6; CCR 1476–1485, no. 1171 pp. 346–7.