On Violence and On Violence Against Women
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122. Jacques, ‘On the “Dispute”’.
123. Jacques, ‘He to She’.
124. Jacques, Trans, pp. 252, 280.
125. Hoyer (ed.), pp. 231, 260.
126. Judith Butler, Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?, London: Verso, 2009.
127. Avgi Saketopoulou, ‘Mourning the Body as Bedrock: Developmental Considerations in Treating Transsexual Patients Analytically’, Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association 62:5, 2014, pp. 781, 792. My thanks to Richard Sacks and colleagues at the Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies in New York for drawing this article to my attention.
128. Stone, ‘The Empire Strikes Back’, p. 230.
129. Dean Spade, ‘Mutilating Gender’, Transgender Studies Reader 2, p. 322.
130. Stone, ‘The Empire Strikes Back’, p. 231.
131. David Willets, ‘Officer and a Gentlewoman’, Sun, 19 January 2015; Rachel Williams, ‘Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Parents and Adopters Step Forward’, Guardian, 4 March 2015; Diane Taylor, ‘100% Surge in Children Seeking Gender Change’, Guardian, 6 November 2016; Jenny Kleeman, ‘Boys Will Be Girls Will Be Boys’, Guardian Weekend, 12 September 2015; Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, ‘GIDS Referrals Increase in 2017/2018’, 17 May 2018, https://tavistockandportman.nhs.uk/about-us/news/stories/gids-referrals-increase-201718/.
132. Kristina R. Olson, Lily Durwood, Madeleine DeMeules and Katie A. McLaughlin, ‘The Mental Health of Transgender Children Who Are Supported in Their Identities’, Pediatrics 137:3, 2016, p. 1.
133. Kleeman, ‘Boys Will Be Girls’; Lancashire County Council v TP (2019), England and Wales Family Court, 30, para. 58; Vickie Pasterski, ‘What Is the Essence of Gender?’, TED, April 2019.
134. See for example Jon Brooks, ‘The Controversial Research on “Desistance” in Transgender Youth’, KQED Science, 23 May 2018.
135. Kleeman, ‘Boys Will Be Girls’.
136. Talbot, ‘About a Boy’, p. 102.
137. Ibid., p. 101.
138. Kleeman, ‘Boys Will Be Girls’.
139. Michael Savage, ‘Gender Identity Treatments for Young to Get Expert Review’, Observer, 2 February 2020.
140. Lucy Bannerman, ‘Calls to End Transgender “Experiment on Children”’, The Times, 8 April 2019.
141. Ibid.; see also Jamie Doward, ‘Governor of Tavistock Foundation Quits over Damning Report into Gender Identity Clinic’, Guardian, 23 February 2019; The Christian Institute, ‘NHS Trans Clinic Governor Quits over “Serious Ethical Concerns”’, 28 February 2019, www.christian.org.uk.
142. Leslie Feinberg, ‘Transgender Liberation – A Movement Whose Time Has Come’, Transgender Studies Reader.
143. Stephen Whittle, ‘Foreword’, Transgender Studies Reader, p. xv.
144. Afsaneh Najmabadi, ‘Reading Transsexuality in “Gay” Tehran (Around 1979)’, Transgender Studies Reader 2; Gayatri Reddy, With Respect to Sex – Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India, New Delhi: Yoda Press, University of Chicago Press, 2006.
145. Ashley, First Lady, p. 12.
146. Editors’ note to Magnus Hirschfeld, ‘The Transvestites – The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress’, Transgender Studies Reader.
147. Ashley, First Lady, pp. 2, 17.
148. Casey Quackenbush, ‘Caitlyn Jenner Says Voting for Trump Was “a Mistake”’, Time Magazine, 26 October 2018.
149. Bissinger, ‘He Says Goodbye’, pp. 66–7.
150. County, Man Enough, pp. 30, 69, 177, 184.
151. Sarah Lamble, ‘Retelling Racialized Violence, Remaking White Innocence – The Politics of Interlocking Oppressions in Transgender Day of Remembrance’, Transgender Studies Reader 2, p. 33.
152. Morgan Bassichis, Alexander Lee and Dean Spade, ‘Building an Abolitionist Trans and Queer Movement with Everything We’ve Got’, Transgender Studies Reader 2, pp. 653, 663.
153. Wesley Yang, ‘The Revolt of the Feminist Law Profs’, Chronicle Review, 7 August 2019.
154. Katy Steinmetz, ‘The Transgender Tipping Point: America’s Next Civil Rights Frontier’, Time Magazine, 29 May 2014.
155. Margot Sanger-Katz and Noah Welland, ‘Trump Administration Erases Transgender Civil Rights’, New York Times, 12 June 2020.
156. Margot Sanger-Katz and Erica L. Green, ‘Supreme Court Expansion of Transgender Civil Rights Undercuts Trump’s Restrictions’, New York Times, 15 June 2020.
3. Trans and Sexual Harassment – The Back-story
1. Sigmund Freud, ‘Katharina’, Studien über Hysterie, 1895, Gesammelte Werke 1, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag, London: Imago, 1952, p. 195n, 1924; ‘Case 4 – Katharina’, Studies on Hysteria, 1893–1895, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 2, London: Hogarth, 1955, p. 134n.
2. Christopher Bollas, ‘The Trauma of Incest’, Forces of Destiny, London: Free Association Books, 1999, pp. 48–9.
3. Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism, 1939, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 23, London: Hogarth, 1964.
4. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 18, London: Hogarth, 1955.
5. Sigmund Freud, ‘Female Sexuality’, 1931, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 21, London: Hogarth, 1961, p. 239; ‘Über die weibliche Sexualität’, 1931, Gesammelte Werke 14, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag, London: Imago, 1948, p. 533.
6. Sigmund Freud, Civilisation and Its Discontents, 1930 (1929), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 21, London: Hogarth, 1961, p. 104; Gesammelte Werke 14, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag, London: Imago, 1948, p. 464.
7. Helene Deutsch, ‘The Significance of Masochism in the Mental Life of Women’, 1930, and ‘The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction’, 1925, in Robert Fliess (ed.), The Psychoanalytic Reader – An Anthology of Essential Papers with Critical Introduction, New York: International Universities Press, 1969.
8. Suchet, ‘Crossing Over’, p. 177.
9. Sigmund Freud, ‘Hysterical Phantasies and Their Relation to Bisexuality’, 1908, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 9, London: Hogarth, 1959, p. 166.
10. Sara Ahmed, Cultural Politics of Emotion, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014, p. 35.
11. Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaw, cited in Jacques, Trans, p. 108.
12. Esi Edugyan, Washington Black, London: Serpent’s Tail, 2018, p. 367.
13. My thanks to Deborah Friedell for bringing this tweet to my attention.
14. See also Eliot Weinberger, ‘Ten Typical Days in Trump’s America’, London Review of Books 40:20, 25 October 2018, in particular, the thirty-one alleged instances of perjury in his testimony compiled by the activist group Demand Justice.
15. Bob Woodward, Fear: Trump in the White House, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018, p. 37.
16. Benjamin Margolis, ‘The Object-oriented Question: a Contribution to Treatment Technique’, Modern Psychoanalysis 8:1, 1983, p. 35.
17. Freud, ‘Case 4 – Katharina’, p. 132.
18. Ibid., p. 127.
19. Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 30 May 1893, in Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes, 1887–1902, edited by Anna Freud, Marie Bonaparte and Ernst Kris, translated by Eric Mosbacher and James Strachey, London: Imago, 1954, p. 73 and note.
20. Freud, ‘Case 4 – Katharina’, p. 132.
21. Butler, Gender Trouble.
22. All references in this section taken from Philip Kuhn, ‘In “The Dark Regions of the Min
d”: A Reading for the Indecent Assault in Ernest Jones’s 1908 Dismissal from the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases’, Psychoanalysis and History 17:1, 2015.
23. T. D. Savill, ‘A Clinical Lecture on the Psychology and Psychogenesis of Hysteria and the Role of the Sympathetic System’, The Lancet, 13 February 1909, p. 29, cited in Kuhn, ‘In “The Dark Regions”’.
24. Ellen Pinsky, Mortal Gifts – Death and Fallibility in the Psychoanalytic Encounter, Abingdon and New York: Routledge, p. 63.
25. Ibid.
26. Juliet Mitchell, Mad Men and Medusas – Recalling Hysteria and the Effect of Siblings on the Human Condition, London: Penguin, 2000.
27. Robin Pogrebin and Kate Kelly, The Education of Brett Kavanaugh – An Investigation, New York, Random House, 2019.
28. Women and Equalities Committee, Transgender Equality – First Report, p. 3.
29. For a full discussion of this history, see Moustapha Safouan, Jacques Lacan and the Question of Psychoanalytic Training, translated with an introduction by Jacqueline Rose, London: Macmillan, 2000.
30. Kristina Harrison et al., ‘Standing Up for Transsexual Rights’, Guardian, Letters, 5 May 2018.
31. Alexandra Topping, ‘Prison Assaults Reignite Debate over Transgender Inmates in Women’s Jails’, Guardian, 10 September 2018; Jamie Grierson and Jessica Elgot, ‘Justice Minister: Women’s Safety Key When Placing Transgender Prisoners’, Guardian, 20 October 2018.
32. Nazia Parveen, ‘“It Was a Terrifying Time.” Neighbours Recall “Manipulative and Controlling” Trans Offender’, Guardian, 12 October 2018.
33. Bornstein, Queer and Pleasant Danger, p. xiv.
34. Suchet, ‘Crossing Over’; Sandra Silverman, ‘The Colonised Mind: Gender, Trauma, and Mentalization’, Psychoanalytic Dialogues 25, 2015.
35. Saketopoulou, ‘Mourning the Body’.
36. André Green, ‘The Neuter Gender’, 1973, in Rosine Jozef Perelberg (ed.), Psychic Bisexuality – A British-French Dialogue, London: Routledge, The New Library of Psychoanalysis, 2018, p. 254.
37. Moustapha Safouan, La Civilisation post-oedipienne, Paris: Herman, Collection ‘Psychanalyse’, 2018, p. 128.
38. Grigoriadis, Blurred Lines, p. 56.
39. Stryker, ‘My Words’.
40. Gambino and Durkin, ‘LGBT Groups Outraged over Trump Proposal’.
41. Spade, ‘Mutilating Gender’, p. 320.
42. Audre Lorde, ‘The Uses of Anger’, Your Silence Will Not Protect You, London: Silver Press, 2017, p. 113.
43. Freud, ‘Why War?’, 1933 (1932), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 22, London: Hogarth, 1964, p. 210; ‘Warum Krieg?’, Gesammelte Werke 16, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag, London: Imago, 1950, p. 21.
44. Freud, ‘The Disillusionment of the War’, Essay 1, ‘Thoughts for the Time on War and Death’, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 14, London: Hogarth, 1957, p. 282.
45. Kantor and Twohey, She Said, p. 244.
46. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 7, London: Hogarth, 1953, p. 146n; Gesammelte Werke 5, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag, London: Imago, 1946, p. 44n.
47. Daisy Johnson, Everything Under, London: Jonathan Cape, 2018.
48. Safouan, La Civilisation post-oedipienne, p. 40.
49. For a searching critique of the concept of happiness in our times, see Sara Ahmed, The Promise of Happiness, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010.
50. Weinberger, ‘Ten Typical Days’.
51. Anna Burns, Milkman, London: Faber, 2018, p. 1.
52. Bollas, ‘The Trauma of Incest’.
53. Burns, Milkman, pp. 5, 178, 166.
54. Ibid., pp. 303, 171, 193, 282.
55. Ibid., p. 127.
56. Ibid., pp. 76, 128, 264.
57. Ibid., p. 112.
58. Ibid., pp. 147, 45, 314.
59. Ibid.
60. D. W. Winnicott, ‘Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena’, Playing and Reality, London: Routledge, 1971.
4. Feminism and the Abomination of Violence
1. See Diane Wood Middlebrook, Anne Sexton – A Biography, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991; Jacqueline Rose, The Haunting of Sylvia Plath, London: Virago, 1991.
2. For an account of these disputes, see Jacqueline Rose, ‘This is Not a Biography’, On Not Being Able to Sleep – Psychoanalysis in the Modern World, London: Chatto and Windus, 2003.
3. Catharine A. MacKinnon, ‘Human Rights and Global Violence Against Women’, Are Women Human? and Other International Dialogues, Cambridge: Harvard, 2006, p. 28.
4. Subsequently printed in Robbie Duschinsky and Susan Walker, Juliet Mitchell and the Lateral Axis – Twenty-first-century Psychoanalysis and Feminism, Critical Studies in Gender, Sexuality and Culture, London: Macmillan, 2015, pp. 207–27.
5. Christina Lamb, ‘50,000 Women Raped and the World Shrugs’, Sunday Times, 9 December 2018.
6. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, ‘Violence Against Women – an EU wide survey’, March 2014, http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-results-report; see also Beatrix Campbell, The End of Equality, Manifestos for the 21st Century, University of Chicago Press and Seagull, 2014.
7. World Bank, Gender-based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls), 2 April 2019, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls.
8. ‘Rape Has “Effectively Become Decriminalised”, Women’s Rights Activists Warn’, Morning Star, 12 September 2019; Caelainn Barr, Alexandra Topping and Owen Bowcott, ‘Rape Prosecutions Fall to 10-year Low in Spite of Sharp Rise in Complaints’, Guardian, 13 September 2019; see also Caelainn Barr and David Pegg, ‘Prosecutions for Rape at Lowest Level for Five Years, New Figures Reveal’, Guardian, 6 March 2019.
9. www.cps.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cps-vawg-report-2019.pdf; ‘A Sharp Rise in Domestic Killings Must Lead to Action, Not Despair’, Guardian, leader article, 14 September 2019.
10. Caelainn Barr and Owen Bowcott, ‘“Secret Targets” Could Explain Plunge in Rape Convictions’, Guardian, 13 November 2019.
11. Caelainn Barr and Owen Bowcott, ‘CPS Faces Legal Action for “Failing to Pursue Rape Cases”’, Guardian, 25 September 2019.
12. Caelainn Barr and Alexandra Topping, ‘Downing Street Plans Rape Prosecution Targets for Police and CPS’, Guardian, 9 August 2020.
13. Andrew Van Dam, ‘Less than 1% of Rapes Lead to Felony Convictions’, Washington Post, ‘Wonderblog’, 6 October 2018.
14. ‘A Sharp Rise in Domestic Killings’; Laith Al-Khalaf and Alexandra Topping, ‘Women Killed by Men Knew Assailant in 94% of Cases’, Guardian, 20 February 2020.
15. Jamie Grierson, ‘Number of Female Homicide Victims Reaches 14-year High’, Guardian, 14 February 2020.
16. Arkadi Gerney and Chelsea Parsons, ‘Women Under the Gun’, Center for American Progress, 18 June 2014, also reported in Social Solutions: https://www.socialsolutions.com/blog/domestic-violence-statistics-2018/.
17. Jane Martinson, ‘Extent of Violence against Women in EU Revealed’, Guardian, 5 March 2014.
18. Hannah Summers, ‘Women’s Refuges Turn Away Victims Who Speak No English’, Guardian, 9 August 2020.
19. MacKinnon, ‘Human Rights and Globa
l Violence Against Women’, p. 28.
20. Hannah Arendt, ‘Lying in Politics’, Crises of the Republic, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1972, p. 34.
21. Arendt, The Human Condition, pp. 5, 6.
22. Arendt, On Violence, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1970, pp. 3, 14.
23. Seyla Benhabib, ‘Feminist Theory and Hannah Arendt’s Concept of Public Space’, History of Human Sciences 6:2, 1993; Mary Dietz, ‘Hannah Arendt and Feminist Politics’, Hannah Arendt – Critical Essays, Albany: Suny University Press, 1994.