59. Carlin, Chase Your Shadow, p. 204.
60. Wiener and Bateman, Behind the Door, p. 430, 22, 450.
61. Carlin, Chase Your Shadow, p. 102.
62. Zakes Mda, Black Diamond, Calcutta: Seagull, 2014, p. 119.
63. Gillian Slovo, ‘Barrel of a Gun? The Armed Struggle for Democracy in South Africa’, Ralph Miliband Lecture, LSE, 5 May 2014.
64. Wiener and Bateman, Behind the Door, p. 84.
65. Ibid., p. 454.
66. Masipa, Judgement, pp. 3317, 3332–3.
67. Steinberg, ‘Pistorius Has Become a Source of Racial Shame’.
68. Masipa, Judgement, p. 3315.
69. Wiener and Bateman, Behind the Door, p. 464
70. Ibid., p. 355.
71. Masipa, Judgement, p. 3310.
72. Orford, ‘Oscar Pistorius Trial’, also cited in Wiener and Bateman, Behind the Door, p. 453.
73. Masipa, Judgement, p. 3334.
74. Ibid., p. 3330. Masipa cites S v Ngema (1992) (2) SACR 651 (d).
75. Ibid., p. 3333.
76. S v Mithiza 1970 (3), SA 747A, cited in Masipa, Judgement, p. 3324 (my italics).
77. S v Bradshaw, 1977 (1) PH 860 (A) Wessels, cited in Masipa, Judgement, p. 3348.
78. S v Sigwatia, 1967 (4) SA 566 (A) Holmes JA, cited in Masipa, Judgement, p. 3349.
79. Laurence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, 1759, edited by James Aiken Work, New York: Odyssey Press, 1940, pp. 406–7.
80. Proust, In Search of Lost Time, Vintage edition, Volume 4, Sodom and Gomorrah, p. 10; Penguin, Vol. 4, p. 13; Pléiade, 3 vols, Vol. 2, p. 609 (translations modified or rather merged).
81. Junichirō Tanizaki, In Praise of Shadows, London: Vintage, 2001, pp. 11, 20.
82. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966, pp. 208, 166, 186.
83. Carlin, Chase Your Shadow, p. 112.
84. Gevisser, Lost and Found, p. 283.
85. Sigmund Freud, ‘Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis’ (The ‘Rat Man’), 1909, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 10, London: Hogarth, 1955, p. 233.
86. Gevisser, Lost and Found, p. 294.
87. Hedley Twidle, ‘The Oscar Pistorius Case: History Written on a Woman’s Body’, New Statesman, 7 March 2013.
88. Rebecca West, Black Lamb, Grey Falcon: A Journey through Yugoslavia, 1942, London: Canongate, 1997, p. 896.
7. Political Protest and the Denial of History – South Africa and the Legacy of the Future
1. Rouen Thebus, ‘In Conversation with Dudu Ndlovu: Useful Tips When Chairing Plenaries/Meetings’, Pathways to Free Education 2, Strategy and Tactics, 2018, p. 63.
2. Simon Rakei, ‘Community and Struggles and the Tactics of Land Occupations in Conversation with Petrus Brink’, Pathways to Free Education 2, Strategy and Tactics, 2018, p. 20.
3. Brian Kamanzi, ‘Decolonising the Curriculum: The Silent War for Tomorrow’, Daily Maverick, 28 April 2016.
4. Leigh-Ann Naidoo, ‘The Anti-apartheid Generation Has Become Afraid of the Future’, Mail & Guardian, 17 August 2016.
5. ‘Lovelyn Nwadeyi’s Empowering Message: We All Have Agency and We Must Use It to Disrupt the Status Quo’, Mail & Guardian, 29 June 2016, https://mg.co.za/article/2016-06-29-we-all-have-agency-and-we-must-use-it-to-disrupt-the-status-quo/. Thanks to Albie Sachs for bringing Nwadeyi’s speech to my attention.
6. Javier Espinoza and Gordon Rayner, ‘Rhodes Will Not Fall’, Daily Telegraph, 29 January 2016.
7. Ben Quinn and Richard Adams, ‘Rhodes Statue: Tech Boss Pledges to Cover Funds Pulled by “Racist Donors”’, Guardian, 20 June 2020.
8. See Stefan Collini, ‘Inside the Mind of Dominic Cummings’, Guardian, 6 February 2020. Cummings is currently Boris Johnson’s chief adviser.
9. Brad Evans, interview with Neo Muyanga, ‘Songs in the Key of Revolution’, Violence, edited by Brad Evans and Natasha Lennard, London: City Lights, 2018, p. 190.
10. Eve Fairbanks, ‘How South Africa’s Youth Turned on Their Parents’ Generation’, Guardian, 18 November 2015.
11. Davies, ‘Who Was the Man in the Green Blanket?’
12. Fairbanks, ‘South Africa’s Youth’.
13. Muyanga in Evans and Lennard (eds), Violence, p. 190 (italics original).
14. ‘Lovelyn Nwadeyi’s Empowering Message’.
15. Ibid.
16. N. Chabani Manganyi, Mashangu’s Reverie and Other Essays, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1977, pp. 65, 44, 6.
17. Terreblanche, Lost in Transformation, p. 20.
18. Lungisile Ntsebeza, ‘Land Distribution in South Africa: the Property Clause Revisited’, in Lungisile Ntsebeza and Ruth Hall (eds), The Land Question in South Africa: The Challenge of Transformation and Distribution, Cape Town: HSRC, 2007.
19. Victoria Collis-Buthelezi, ‘Response to “The Legacy, or, What I Have Learnt From You”’, University of Cape Town VC Open Lecture, 16 March 2017, published in Jaco Barnard-Naudé, Decolonizing the Neoliberal University: Law, Psychoanalysis and the Politics of Student Protest, London: Birkbeck Law Press; London: Routledge, 2021.
20. Arendt, ‘Lying in Politics’, Crises of the Republic, pp. 1–48.
21. Paul Erasmus, Confessions of a Stratcom Hitman, Johannesburg: Jacana, 2020; Jonathan Ancer, Betrayal: The Secret Lives of Apartheid Spies, Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2020; for a discussion of these books see Jason Burke, ‘Yet to Be Reconciled – Books Expose Secret History of Apartheid that Many Don’t Want to Hear’, Guardian, 13 July 2020.
22. Mogobe B. Ramose, ‘An African Perspective on Justice and Race’, Themes, 2001, p. 1, https://them.polylog.org/3/frm-en.htm.
23. Drucilla Cornell, ‘Rethinking Ethical Feminism through uBuntu’, Law and Revolution in South Africa: uBuntu, Dignity, and the Struggle for Constitutional Transformation, New York: Fordham University Press, 2014, pp. 141–7.
24. Ramose, ‘An African Perspective’, p. 7.
25. Cornell, ‘Rethinking Ethical Feminism’, p. 206 n. 11.
26. Kéba M’Baye, cited in Ramose, ‘An African Perspective’, p. 3.
27. Freud, ‘The Disillusionment of the War’, p. 285.
28. D. W. Winnicott, ‘Fear of Breakdown’, International Review of Psychoanalysis, 1974.
29. Lacan, ‘The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis’, p. 86.
30. I discuss this more fully in Jacqueline Rose, Introduction, Sigmund Freud, Mass Psychology and Other Writings, translated by J. A. Underwood, London: Penguin Classics, 2004.
31. Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, ‘Introduction – Breaking Intergenerational Cycles of Conflict’ in Breaking Intergenerational Cycles of Repetition: A Global Dialogue on Historical Trauma and Memory, edited by Pumla Gobodo- Madikizela, Opladen, Berlin, Toronto: Barbara Budrich, 2016 (conference at UFree State, 2012), pp. 1–11.
32. Ibid., p. 1 (my italics).
33. The literature on this is now extensive and not without controversy but see, for example, Leon Mutesa et al., ‘Transgenerational Epigenomics of Trauma and PTSD in Rwanda’, Human Heredity and Health in Africa, https://h3africa.org/index.php/consortium/transgenerational-epigenomics-of-trauma-and-ptsd-in-rwanda/; Natan P. F. Kellerman, ‘Epigenetic Transmission of Holocaust Trauma: Can Nightmares Be Inherited?’, Israel Journal of Psychiatry 50:1, 2013;
Rachel Yehuda, ‘Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects’, World Psychiatry 17:3, October 2018. For a discussion of the transmission of trauma in relation to psychoanalysis, see Catherine Malabou, The New Wounded – From Neurosis to Brain Damage, translated from the French by Steven Miller, New York: Fordham University Press, 2012. The key text on the psychic transmission of trauma remains Nicolas Abraham, ‘Notes on the Phantom’ in Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, The Shell and the Kernel, edited by Nicholas Rand, University of Chicago Press, 1994. For one of the most valuable discussions of the psychic transmission of trauma, see Ilse Grubrich-Simitis, ‘From Concretism to Metaphor: Thoughts on Some Theoretical and Technical Aspects of the Psychoanalytic Work with the Children of Holocaust Survivors’, Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 39, 1984.
34. Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, ‘Memory and Trauma’ in Jillian Edelstein, Truth and Lies – Stories from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, London: Granta, 2001, p. 29.
35. Manganyi, Mashangu’s Reverie, pp. 20, 44.
36. Ibid, Preface, p. ii, p. 43, p. iii.
37. Frantz Fanon, Les Damnés de la terre, 1961, The Wretched of the Earth, 1961, Penguin edition, pp. 249–50, 203n., 238.
38. Manganyi, Preface, Mashangu’s Reverie, p. iv.
39. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Penguin edition, pp. 222–3.
40. Freud, ‘The Disillusionment of the War’, p. 279.
41. Margie Orford, ‘The Grammar of Violence: Writing Crime as Fiction’, Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa 25:2, 2013, pp. 220–9.
42. Brian Kamanzi, ‘#FeesMustFall: The Eye of the Hurricane’, Daily Maverick, 10 October 2016.
43. Manganyi, Mashangu’s Reverie, p. 22.
44. There is now an extensive literature on South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, unique at the time for holding its hearings in public. One of the most justly celebrated is Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull, Johannesburg: Random House, 1998. I discuss the Commission in ‘Apathy and Accountability – the Challenge of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission to the Intellectual in the Modern World’ in The Public Intellectual, edited by Helen Small, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
45. Hisham Matar, The Return, London: Random House, 2016, p. 247.
46. Ibid., p. 248.
47. Yvonne Vera, The Stone Virgins, New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2002.
48. Deborah Smith, ‘Introduction’ to Han Kang, Human Acts, translated from the Korean by Deborah Smith, London: Portobello, 2016, p. 2.
49. Kang, Human Acts, p. 274.
50. Ibid., pp. 100, 140, 158.
51. Slovo’s letter is available on the website of the UK arts organisation, Artangel, originally as part of their ‘Inside Prison’ project of 2016, Inside – Artists and Writers in Reading Prison, www.artangel.org.uk/project/inside/.
52. Kang, Human Acts, p. 100.
53. Ibid., pp. 51–3, 131.
8. One Long Scream – Trauma and Justice in South Africa
1. Lukhanyo Calata and Abigail Calata, My Father Died for This, Foreword by Paul Verryn, Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2018, pp. 25, 34–5.
2. Ibid., p. 226.
3. Ibid., pp. 213, 216.
4. Ibid., pp. 240, 225.
5. Ibid., p. 245.
6. Ibid., p. 246.
7. All unacknowledged quotes in this chapter are taken from this conference.
8. Ibid., pp. 250, 248, 249, 12, 251.
9. Ibid., p. 18.
10. Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, A Human Being Died that Night – Forgiving Apartheid’s Chief Killer, Preface by Nelson Mandela, Cape Town: David Philip, 2003, London: Portobello, 2006.
11. Calata and Calata, My Father Died for This, pp. 11–12.
12. Ibid., p. 217.
13. Michael Stanley Tetelman, We Can! Black Politics in Cradock, South Africa 1948–1985, Rhodes University: Institute for Social and Economic Research, Crory Library, 2012, p. 3; Calata and Calata, My Father Died for This, pp. 91–2, 123.
14. Tetelman, We Can!, p. 197.
15. Albie Sachs, The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter, revised and updated with Foreword by Desmond Tutu, and Introduction by Njabulo S. Ndebele, Cape Town: David Philip, 2011.
16. Albie Sachs, ‘A New African Jurisprudence: From Abstract Judicial Rulings to Purposive Transformative Jurisprudence’, We The People – Insights of an Activist Judge, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2016, p. 161; see also Sachs, Oliver Tambo’s Dream, Cape Town: African Lives, 2017, especially Lectures 3, ‘Does the Constitution Stand in the Way of Radical Land Reform’, and 4, ‘The Constitution as an Instrument of Decolonialisation and Achieving True Equality’; also personal communication.
17. Albie Sachs, personal communication.
18. Sachs, ‘A New African Jurisprudence’, p. 163.
19. Constitutional Court of South Africa, Port Elizabeth Municipality v Various Occupiers (CCT 53/03) [2004] ZACC 7; 2005 (1) SA 217 (CC); 2004 (12) BCLR 1268 (CC) (1 October 2004).
20. Eliza Kentridge, Signs for an Exhibition, Cape Town: Modjaji Books, 2015, p. 91.
21. Gobodo-Madikizela, A Human Being Died, pp. 40–1.
22. Freud, Studies on Hysteria.
23. W. R. Bion, ‘Attacks on Linking’, 1959, International Journal of Psychoanalysis 40.
24. Hugh Macmillan, Chris Hani, Auckland: Jacana, 2014, p. 9.
25. Lindiwe Hani and Melinda Ferguson, Being Chris Hani’s Daughter, Johannesburg: MF Books, 2017, p. 69.
26. Ibid., p. 91.
27. Krog, Country of My Skull, p. 42.
28. Sarah Nuttall, ‘Upsurge’ in Catherine Boulle and Jay Pather (eds), Acts of Transgression – Contemporary Live Art in South Africa, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2019.
29. Calata and Calata, My Father Died for This, p. 170.
30. Ibid., pp. 38, 103.
31. Penny Siopsis, This Morning Comes, video installation, 2018.
32. Jessica Benjamin, ‘Non-violence as Respect for All Suffering: Thoughts Inspired by Eyad El Sarraj’, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society 21:1, 2016.
33. An attempt to create a non-elite psychoanalysis in South Africa has been the ongoing project of the Ububele South African Psychotherapy Resource and Training Centre, which combines Western psychoanalysis with indigenous systems of knowledge in the treatment of children, and was founded by Tony and Hillary Hamburger on the outskirts of Alexandra township in 2009.
34. Calata and Calata, My Father Died for This, pp. 74–5.
35. Hani and Ferguson, Being Chris Hani’s Daughter, p. xii.
36. Macmillan, Chris Hani, pp. 25, 57–8.
37. Calata and Calata, My Father Died for This, p. 195.
38. Sisonke Msimang, The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela, Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2018, pp. 151, 157.
39. Njabulo S. Ndebele, The Cry of Winnie Mandela, Cape Town: David Philip, 2003 (revised edition, Picador Africa, 2013), p. 62.
40. Krog, Country of My Skull, pp. 39–44.
41. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, 491 Days, Prisoner Number 1323/69, Foreword by Ahmed Kathrada, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013, pp. 57, 38.
42. Ibid., pp. 39, 80, 234.
43. Msimang, The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela, p. 146.
44. Ndebele, The Cry of Winnie Mandela, p. 109.
45. Hani and Ferguson, Being Chris Hani’s Daughter, p. 172.
46. Msimang, The Resurrection of Winnie Mandela, pp. 148, 151.
47. Rosa Luxemburg, Redner der Revolution, Vol. 11, Berlin, 1928, cited in Nettle, Rosa Luxemburg, p. 250.
9. At the Border
On Violence and On Violence Against Women Page 40