Canon, 257
carbon dioxide (CO2), atmospheric levels of, 61, 271–273
carbon molecules, shape-based computing based on variety of, 194–195
Carson, Rachel, 244
cDNA (complementary DNA), 109–110, 231
Celltak, 128
cellular automaton theory, 224
Center for Early Events in Photosynthesis, 63–64
Center for Rural Affairs, 49, 50
ceramics production, 100
chameleons, 6
chemicals industry, toxic emissions from, 95
chemivars, 177
Chesapeake Bay, mussels used to monitor metal residue in, 129
chimpanzees, self-medication by, 161–165, 168
Chiras, Daniel, 256, 271
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), atmospheric damage caused by, 122–123, 273, 281
chloroplasts, 63, 65, 259
Ciamician, Giacomo, 62, 63, 69
cilia, 222
Clean Air Act (1989), 123
Clean Air Act (1990), 280
Clinton, Bill, 239, 280
coherent quantum states, 225–229
Colinvaux, Paul, 258, 261
Collaborative Research, 128
collagen, 119, 125
command-and-control laws, 244, 278
community-supported agriculture (CSA), 56
complementary DNA (cDNA), 109–110, 231
composite materials, 115, 116–117, 131, 141–142, 265
compressional strength, 143
Computer, 230
computers:
brain function vs., 186–187, 189–202
evolution programs for, 209–211
holographic memory in, 217–219
miniaturization limit for, 191
computing, molecular, 202–237
directed evolution for, 207–212, 229–230
DNA processing approach to, 230–235
fuzzy capability of, 206
light-based digital operations for, 84–86, 212–219
microtubular model for, 219–230
quantum theory in, 206
shape-based interactions in, 193, 194–195, 203–207
tactilizing processor posited for, 203–207, 208–209, 229
Comstock, Gary, 48–49
Congress, U.S., soil conservation efforts of, 16, 49
Connection Machine, 198
Conrad, Debby, 235
Conrad, Joseph, 57
Conrad, Michael, 187–213, 227, 234
background of, 187, 188–189
on brain function vs. silicon computers, 189–202
on molecular computing, 192–193, 198–200, 202–213, 219, 226, 229–230, 233, 235–236, 237
tactilizing processor conceived by, 203–207, 229
consciousness:
biological structure at root of, 196–198, 221–224
quantum argument for, 225–228
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 46, 47
Cooper, William, 248–253, 263, 264, 276, 277, 278
cooperative systems, 258–260
CO2 (carbon dioxide), atmospheric levels of, 61, 271–273
Cragg, Gordon, 146
Craighead, Frank, 183
Craighead, John, 183
Crawford, Michael, 154–155
crystallization:
experimental technologies for, 111–118
fourteen natural shapes of, 103
protein templates for, 102–117
crystallography, 71–72, 131
CSA (community supported agriculture), 56
Cullin, Dave, 217
Cultural Survival, 177
cuttlefish, 6
cytoskeletons, 219, 221–223, 229, 230
Daniels, Joe, 140–145
Dawkins, Richard, 210
Death of Nature, The (Merchant), 236, 241
Deisenhofer, Johann, 72
Déjà Shoe, 257
Delaware, University of, 118
dematerialization, 265
Deming, W. Edwards, 243, 264
dental surgery, bone growth and, 144
design:
computer evolution programs for, 209–211
environmental impact as factor in, 281–283
role in sustainability movement, 282
diet, animal selection of, 147–172, 178–184
in evolutionary process, 154–156, 158–159
indigenous cultures’ adoption of, 182–183
for medicinal purposes, 161–169, 178
olfactory senses used in, 156–157
seasonal reproductive patterns linked to, 169–172
toxins avoided in, 147–151, 158–159, 178, 183
directed evolution, 209
Dirks, Gary, 75
dirt eating, 153–154
DNA:
complementarity of, 109–110, 231
computer processing based on, 230–235
in protein synthesis, 109–110, 238
dragonflies, 6
Drake, James, 31, 32
Dreams of Reason, The (Pagels), 185
Driving Force, The (Crawford and Marsh), 154–155
duckweed, 59–60, 285–287
Duke University Primate Center, 146–147, 150
Du Pont, 262, 268
Dust Bowl, 13, 16, 17
Dwellings (Hogan), 285, 295
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 247
E. coli bacteria, protein synthesis with, 82, 106–108, 110, 137–138, 208
Ecolyte, 87
Ehrenfeld, David, 289
Ehrlich, Paul, 148, 244
Einstein, Albert, 104, 247
Eisley, Loren, 8–9
Eisner, Thomas, 174, 175–176
electric cars, 113
Emperor’s New Mind, The (Penrose), 226, 228
emulsions, 123–124
endosymbiotic hypothesis, 258–259
energy production:
in agriculture, 19–20, 50–53
efficient use and, 260–263
environmental damage caused by, 59, 61
from fossil fuels, 61
hydrogen as source of, 84
photosynthesis model for, 59–63
solar, 59–94
environmental degradation:
in agriculture, 15–17, 19, 48–49
as economic accounting factor, 278–281
energy production as leader in, 59, 61
from four materials industries, 95
of ozone layer, 122–123
preventive strategies for, 267–269
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Mussel Watch program of, 129
enzymes, 103, 104
lock-and-key interactions of, 187
Estes, Richard, 161
ethnobotany, 176–177
evolution:
capacity for change required in, 201, 202
dietary choices and, 154–156, 158–159
at molecular computing level, 202–203, 207–212, 229–230
sporadic progress of, 5
Ewel, John J., 12, 24, 40–41
fabbers, 115–117
family farms, decline of, 20
Farm Bill (1995), 49–50
Farming in Nature’s Image (Piper), 15–16
Faulkner, D. John, 180, 181
feedback mechanisms, 274–275
fermentation, 157
ferritin, 115
fertility, seasonal, 170–172
fertilizers, 14, 18, 20, 44, 47
fiber production:
by mussels, 124–125
of spider silk, 132–136
Fischbach, Gerald D., 199
fish, 6
foam materials, 122–124
forestry, sustainable yields in, 271
forests:
as models for agriculture, 38–43
as models for business, 248–254
fossil fuels, solar energy in, 61
Franklin, Benjamin, 87
free-form manufacturing, 116
Freema
n, David, 203
frogs, 6, 180
From Ecocities to Living Machines (Todd), 39
Fukuoka, Masanobu, 36–37, 57
functional economy, service leases vs. product ownership in, 265–266
Furlong, Clement, 106–108, 110
Gaia hypothesis, 258, 294
Galef, Bennett G., Jr., 169
gamagrass, eastern, 28, 33–34
Gathering the Desert (Nabhan), 43
gel electrolysis, 108–109
General Motors, 113, 239
genetic algorithms, 211
genetic engineering, 5, 107–109
Geography of Childhood, The (Nabhan and Trimble), 288
Gifford, David, 230, 233
Glander, Kenneth, 146–147, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 168–169, 171, 178, 183
glass:
energy employed in production of, 95
silane primers used on, 121
glass-transition temperatures, 132
Global Business Network, 239
Goldberg, Ina, 128
Goodall, Jane, 163, 164, 168
Gore, Albert, Jr., 247
Graedel, Thomas, 266, 282–284
Grassland, The (Manning), 15, 18
Great Plow-up, 16
Greenler, Robert, 131
Green Revolution, 17, 160
groundwater, contamination of, 19
Guillet, James, 86–94
Gust, J. Devens, Jr., 63–64, 69–70, 74–75, 76–82, 85–86, 87
hailstorms, 12
Halobacterium halobium, 213–214, 215, 216–217
Hameroff, Stuart, 219–230, 235
Hamiltonian path problem, 231–233
Hardy, Thomas, 293
Hart, Robert, 41
Hassebrook, Chuck, 49
Havel, Václav, 1
Hawken, Paul, 239, 280
Heat-Moon, William Least, 54
heavy metals, 128–129
Hebb, Donald O., 197, 222
Hegel, G.W.F., 228
Henderson, Hazel, 281
Hogan, Linda, 285, 295
holistic medicine, 4
Holland, John, 211
holographic memory, 217–219
Home Economics (Berry), 292
Hong, Felix, 207, 213–215
horsehair, 144
Howard, Sir Alfred, 41
How to Survive on Land and Sea (Craighead and Craighead), 183
Huaorani Indians, 1, 3
Huber, Robert, 72
Huffman, Michael, 146, 161–163, 164, 168, 182
Hughes Aircraft Corporation, 216
Humbert, Rich, 98–99, 101–102, 105, 106, 108–110
hummingbirds, 7
Hunter, Emily, 54–55
hybrid cultivation, 17
hydrogen gas, as fuel source, 84
immune system, 204
indigenous cultures:
biomimicry in dietary choices of, 182–183
botanical lore from, 176–177
disappearance of, 177
nature respected by, 1, 3, 9, 11, 293, 294–295, 297
industrial ecology:
development of, 239–248, 283–284
goal of, 242
mechanisms for economic shift to, 277–284
natural systems models for, 248–254
ten principles for, 253–277
industrialization:
of agriculture, 17–20, 53
environmental damage linked with energy sector for, 59
Industrial Revolution, 5
limits on, 238, 242, 249
mass production and, 264
nature exploited in, 2, 238
information:
from environmental feedback mechanisms, 274–275
human capacity for handling of, 294
Ingenhousz, Jan, 60
insecticides:
agricultural use of, 13, 14, 18–20, 47, 48–49
plants as source of, 179
insulin, 82, 103, 107, 208
International Society for Molecular Electronics and Biocomputing, 206–207
Ireland, C. M., 180
iron-oxide crystals, 114, 215–216
Jackson, Dana, 22
Jackson, Laura, 28
Jackson, Wes, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 28, 293
background of, 21–22
on farming community, 20, 53–54, 55
Natural Systems Agriculture promoted by, 21, 35–36, 37, 46, 48, 49–50, 56, 57
on perennial polycultures, 26–27, 30, 44, 51, 58
Jacobson’s organs, 156
Janzen, Dan, 175
Javanese agriculture, 39–40
Jefferson, Thomas, 20
Johns, Timothy, 154
Johnsongrass, 29
Joint Program on Drug Discovery, Biodiversity Conservation and Economic Growth, 174
Joyce, Gerald, 209
Jung, Carl, 228
just-in-time manufacturing, 269
Kaplan, David L., 133, 136–138
Kaufmann, Stuart, 24
Kelly, Kevin, 186, 196
keratin, 140, 141–143, 144
Kevlar, 132, 135, 137
Koyukons, 294
Land Institute, The, 11, 20–21, 22–36, 46–56
Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) film, crystal growth on, 111–112
Laoch, Paul, 75
lasers, 88, 225
Laudise, Bob, 239–240, 243–244, 246–247, 257, 266, 268, 278, 284
Lawrence, Rick, 216
lemurs, 146–147, 150
Letters to the Earth (Twain), 8
Levy, Steven, 234–235
Lewis, Randolph V., 127, 129, 133, 135, 138
Liberman, E. A., 198
“Library of Babel, The” (Borges), 185–186
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), 283
light:
digital information processing based on, 85–86, 212–219
laser, 88, 225
limits, power of, 7–8
Lipkin, Richard, 132
liquid crystal, 131, 133
local economic self-reliance, 276–277
Lovins, Amory, 262, 269
Lyons, Oren, 288
McChesney, Charles, 173
McKey, Doyle, 151
McKibben, Bill, 8
Magainin Inc., 180
magnetic media, iron-oxide crystals in, 114, 215–216
magnetotactic bacteria, 114–115
Mann, Stephen, 114–115
Manning, Richard, 15, 18, 20
Margulis, Lynn, 258–259
marine life, pharmaceutical research on, 173, 180–181
Marriott, Bernadette, 152–154, 160
Marsh, David, 154–155
material resources, minimal use of, 264–267
materials exchange brokerages, 274
Materials Research Society (MRS), 95–98, 112
materials science, biomimicry in:
abalone nacre and, 99–112
biodegradability models for, 126
in composite products, 115, 116–117
four principles of natural materials and, 96, 117
with inorganic structures, 98–118
life-friendly manufacturing processes from, 96, 97
mussel adhesion and, 118–129
ordered hierarchical structures in, 96, 99–100
with organic models, 117–129
protein templates in, 96, 102–117
rhinoceros horn and, 97, 140–145
self-assembly process of, 96, 101–104
spider silk and, 129–139
Matfield Green Project, 54–55
Mathis, Paul, 77
medicines:
in animal diets, 161–169, 178–184
directed evolution of, 209
of indigenous cultures, 176–177, 182
plant sources for, 147, 161–169, 172–179, 182–183
toxic defenses as source for, 179–181
membrane potential, 67–68, 86
Mendel, Gregor, 31, 209
Merc
hant, Carolyn, 236, 241
metal production, 95
metal residues, mussels used in monitoring of, 128–129
Michel, Hartmut, 71–72
microtubules, 219, 221–230
Milton, Katherine, 150–151
Mission to Planet Earth, 273
Moi (Huaorani leader), 1, 9
Mollison, Bill, 37–39, 44, 57
monkeys:
black colobus, 151
howler, 150–151, 158, 166–167, 171
red colobus, 168
rhesus, 153, 154
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 123
Moore, Ana, 69, 74, 76–78, 79, 82, 83
Moore, Thomas A., 64–69, 74–78, 82, 83, 85–86, 87, 90
Morse, Daniel, 103, 111–112
MRS (Materials Research Society), 95–98, 112
muriqui, 170–171
mussel, blue, 118–129
mussels, adhesive functions of, 97, 118–122, 124–129
Mussel Watch, 129
mutagenesis, 72
Nabhan, Gary Paul, 12, 43, 288
nacre, 99–112
National Academy of Sciences, 152
National Biological Survey, 292
National Cancer Institute, 175
National Cancer Laboratory, 146
National Institutes of Health, 165, 173
National Science Foundation, 64
Natural Product Sciences, 179
nature:
humanity’s place in, 1–2, 3, 8–9, 11, 241–242, 287–295
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