by Paul Connett
5. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity, ” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm.
6. R. M. M. Sawan, G. A. S. Leite, M. C. P. Saraiva, et al. , “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-Exposed Rats, ” Toxicology 271, no. 1–2 (2010): 21–26.
7. J. Bigay, P. Deterre, C. Pfister, and M. Chabre, “Fluoroaluminates Activate Transducin-GDP by Mimicking the Gamma-Phosphate of GTP in Its Binding Site, ” FEBS Letters 191, no. 2 (1985): 181–85.
8. J. Bigay, P. Deterre, C. Pfister, and M. Chabre, “Fluoride Complexes of Aluminium or Beryllium Act on G-Proteins as Reversibly Bound Analogues of the Gamma Phosphate of GTP, ” EMBO Journal 6, no. 10 (1987)): 2907–13.
9. A. Strunecka and J. Patocka, “Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Aluminofluoride Complexes, ” Fluoride 32, no. 4 (1999): 230–42.
10. L. Li, “The Biochemistry and Physiology of Metallic Fluoride: Action, Mechanism, and Implications, ” Critical Reviews of Oral Biology and Medicine 14, no. 2 (2003): 100–114.
11. K. L. Kirk, Biochemistry of the Elemental Halogens and Inorganic Halides (New York: Plenum Press, 1991).
12. J. Zhang, W. J. Zhu, X. H. Xu, and Z. G. Zhang, “Effect of Fluoride on Calcium Ion Concentration and Expression of Nuclear Transcription Factor Kappa-B Rho65 in Rat Hippocampus, ” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, March 2010 (in press).
13. E. Gazzano, L. Bergandi, C. Riganti, et al. , “Fluoride Effects: The Two Faces of Janus, ” Current Medicinal Chemistry, May 24, 2010 (in press).
14. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards, page 36 (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=36.
15. Ibid. TABLE 2-6 “Summary of Typical Fluoride Concentrations of Selected Food and Beverages in the United States, ” page 40. Note: levels of fluoride in breast milk from a fluoridated area (1 mg/L) measured at 0. 007-0. 01 mg/L and levels of fluoride in breast milk from a nonfluoridated area measured at 0. 004 mg/L, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=40.
16. O. B. Dirks, J. M. Jongeling-Eijndhoven, T. D. Flissebaalje, and I. Gedalia, “Total and Free Ionic Fluoride in Human and Cow’s Milk as Determined by Gas-Liquid Chromatography and the Fluoride Electrode, ” Caries Research 8, no. 2 (1974): 181–86.
17. R. W. Dabeka, K. F. Karpinski, A. D. McKenzie, and C. D. Bajdik, “Survey of Lead, Cadmium and Fluoride in Human Milk and Correlation of Levels with Environmental and Food Factors, ” Food & Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 9 (1986): 913–21.
18. E. Koparal, F. Ertugrul, and K. Oztekin, “Fluoride Levels in Breast Milk and Infant Foods, ” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 24, no. 4 (2000): 299–302.
19. S. Chuckpaiwong, S. Nakornchai, R. Surarit, and S. Soo-ampon, “Fluoride Analysis of Human Milk in Remote Areas of Thailand, ” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health 31, no. 3 (2000): 583–86.
20. C. J. Spak, L. I. Hardell, and P. De Chateau, “Fluoride in Human Milk, ” Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 72, no. 5 (1983): 699–701.
21. R. W. Dabeka et al. , “Survey of Lead, Cadmium and Fluoride in Human Milk and Correlation of Levels with Environmental and Food Factors” (n. 17 above).
22. R. Latifah and R. Duguid, “Measurements of Ionic Fluoride in Milk, ” Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 15, no. 3 (1986): 299–304.
23. C. J. Spak et al. , “Fluoride in Human Milk” (n. 20 above).
24. G. N. Opinya, N. Bwibo, J. Valderhaug, et al. , “Intake of Fluoride and Excretion in Mothers’ Milk in a High Fluoride (9 ppm) Area in Kenya, ” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, no. 1 (1991): 37–41.
25. Ibid.
26. J. Ekstrand, L. O. Boreus, and P. de Chateau, “No Evidence of Transfer of Fluoride from Plasma to Breast Milk, ” British Medical Journal 283, no. 6294 (1981): 761–62.
27. J. Ekstrand, C. J. Spak, J. Falch, et al. , “Distribution of Fluoride to Human Breast Milk Following Intake of High Doses of Fluoride, ” Caries Research 18, no. 1 (1984): 93–95.
28. A. Carlsson, “Current Problems Relating to the Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fluorides, ” Lakartidningen 25 (1978): 1388–92.
29. I. Inkielewicz and J. Krechniak, “Fluoride Content in Soft Tissues and Urine of Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride in Drinking Water, ” Fluoride 36, no. 4 (2003): 263–66, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/03-36-4/364-263.pdf.
30. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland, ” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf.
31. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland, ” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
32. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 92 (n. 14 above).
33. Ibid.
34. C. Justus and L. P. Krook, “Allergy in Horses from Artificially Fluoridated Water, ” Fluoride 39, no. 2 (2006): 89–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/392/files/39289-94.pdf.
35. David Kennedy, DDS, produced the DVD Poisoned Horses for the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, 2008. Excerpts are available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9RXfOuylWo.
36. C. Justus and L. P. Krook, “Allergy in Horses from Artificially Fluoridated Water” (n. 34 above).
37. O. Naidenko, “Dog Food Comparison Shows High Fluoride Levels, ” Environmental Working Group, June 2009, http://www.ewg.org/pets/fluorideindogfood.
Chapter 13
1. B. Spittle, Fluoride Fatigue: Is Fluoride in Your Drinking Water—and from Other Sources— Making You Sick? (Dunedin, New Zealand: Paua Press, 2008), http://www.pauapress.com/fluoride/files/1418.pdf.
2. G. L. Waldbott, Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants, 2nd ed. (St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1978).
3. G. L. Waldbott, “Chronic Fluorine Intoxication from Drinking Water, ” International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 7, no. 2 (1955): 70–74.
4. H. T. Petraborg, “Chronic Fluoride Intoxication from Drinking Water (Preliminary Report), ” Fluoride 7, no. 1 (1974): 47–52.
5. J. J. Shea, S. M. Gillespie, and G. L. Waldbott, “Allergy to Fluoride, ” Annals of Allergy 25 (1967): 388–91.
6. H. T. Petraborg, “Hydrofluorosis in the Fluoridated Milwaukee Area, ” Fluoride 10, no. 4 (1977): 165–69.
7. B. Spittle, Fluoride Fatigue (n. 1 above).
8. D. M. Green, “Pre-Existing Conditions. Placebo Reactions and ‘Side Effects, ’” Annals of Internal Medicine 60 (1964): 255–65 (as cited by D. R. Taves, 1979 [see n. 9 below]).
9. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation, ” in: Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides, ed. E. Johansen, D. R. Taves, and T. O. Olsen, AAAS Selected Symposium, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979), 295–321.
10. G. W. Grimbergen, “A Double Blind Test for Determination of Intolerance to Fluoridated Water (Preliminary Report), ” Fluoride 7, no. 3 (1974): 146–52, http://fluoridealert.org/re/grimbergen-1974.pdf.
11. G. L. Waldbott, “Facts About Fluoridation, ” Seminar, Rice University, Houston, Texas, October 16, 1974. Cited by Phillip Sutton in Fluoridation, 1979: Scientific Criticisms and Fluoride Dangers, submission to the Commission of Inquiry into the Fluoridation of Victorian Water Supplies, published with an appendix in January 1980.
12. J. D. Shulman and L. M. Wells, “Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-Use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age, ” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 150–58.
13. R. Feltman, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluoride Salts: A Progress Report, ” Dental Digest 62 (1956): 353–57.
14. J. Rorty: see appendix 1 in: The American Fluoridation Experiment by F. B. Exner and G. L. Waldbott (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1957), 229–41.
15. R. Feltman and G. Kosel, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluorides—Fourteen Years of Investigation—Final Report, ” The Journal of Dental Medicine 16 (1961): 190–99.
16. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978).
17. G. L. Waldbott, A Struggle with Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation (New York: Carlton Press, 1965).
18. J. J. Shea et al. , “Allergy to Fluoride” (n. 5 above).
19. T. E. Douglas, “Fluoride Dentifrice and Stomatitis, ” Northwest Medicine 56, no. 9 (1957): 1037–39.
20. M. A. Saunders, “Fluoride Toothpaste: A Cause of Acne-Like Eruptions” (letter), Archives of Dermatology 111 (1975): 793.
21. M. A. Saunders, “Fluoride Toothpaste as a Cause of Acne-Like Eruptions” (letter in reply to Ervin Epstein’s letter), Archives of Dermatology 112 (1976): 1033–34.
22. J. R. Mellette, J. L. Aeling, and D. D. Nuss, “Fluoride Tooth Paste: A Cause of Perioral Dermatitis” (letter), Archives of Dermatology 112, no. 5 (1976): 730–31.
23. J. R. Mellette, J. L. Aeling, and D. D. Nuss, “Perioral Dermatitis, ” Journal of the Association of Military Dermatologists 9 (1983): 3–8.
24. T. E. Douglas, “Fluoride Dentifrice and Stomatitis” (n. 19 above).
25. B. L. Riggs, E. Seeman, S. F. Hodgson, et al. , “Effect of the Fluoride/Calcium Regimen on Vertebral Fracture Occurrence in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Comparison with Conventional Therapy, ” New England Journal of Medicine 306, no. 8 (1982): 446–50.
26. A. Singh, S. S. Jolly, and B. C. Bansal, “Skeletal Fluorosis and Its Neurological Complications, ” The Lancet 1 (1961): 197–200.
27. J. L. Shupe, “Fluorine Toxicosis and Industry, ” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 31, no. 2 (1970): 240–47.
28. J. J. Franke, F. Rath, H. Runge, et al. , “Industrial Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf.
29. Y. Wang, Y. Yin, L. A. Gilula, and A. J. Wilson, “Endemic Fluorosis of the Skeleton: Radiographic Features in 127 Patients, ” American Journal of Roentgenology 162, no. 1 (1994): 93–98.
30. L. I. Popov, R. I. Filatova, and A. S. Shershever, “Aspects of Nervous System Affections in Occupational Fluorosis” (article in Russian), Gigiena Truda I Professional’nye Zabolevaniia 5 (1974): 25–27.
31. K. Czechowicz, A. Osada, and B. Slesak, “Histochemical Studies on the Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Metabolism in Purkinje’s Cells, ” Folia Histochemica et Cytochemica 12, no. 1 (1974): 37–44.
32. G. L. Waldbott et al. , Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, 161 (n. 16 above).
33. J. Routt Reigart and J. R. Roberts, Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th ed. , U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 735-R-98-003, 1999.
34. J. D. Shulman and L. M. Wells, “Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-Use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age” (n. 12 above).
35. C. J. Spak, S. Sjöstedt, L. Eleborg, et al. , “Studies of Human Gastric Mucosa after Application of 0. 42% Fluoride Gel, ” Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 2 (1990): 426–29, http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/69/2/426.
36. B. L. Riggs, “Treatment of Osteoporosis with Sodium Fluoride: an Appraisal, ” Bone and Mineral Research 2 (1983): 366–93.
37. A. B. Hodsman and D. J. Drost, “The Response of Vertebral Bone Mineral Density during the Treatment of Osteoporosis with Sodium Fluoride, ” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 69, no. 5 (1989): 932–38.
38. A. K. Susheela, A. Kumar, M. Bhatnagar, et al. , “Prevalence of Endemic Fluorosis with Gastrointestinal Manifestations in People Living in Some North-Indian Villages, ” Fluoride 26, no. 2 (1993): 97–104, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/susheela-1993.pdf.
39. S. Dasarathy, T. K. Das, I. P. Gupta, et al. , “Gastroduodenal Manifestations in Patients with Skeletal Fluorosis, ” Journal of Gastroenterology 31, no. 3 (1996): 333–37.
40. K. F. Austen, M. Dworetzky, R. S. Farr, et al. , “Editorial: American Academy of Allergy Statement on the Question of Allergy to Fluoride as Used in the Fluoridation of Community Water Supplies, ” The Journal of Allergy 47, no. 6 (1971): 347–48.
41. G. L. Waldbott, A Struggle with Titans: Forces Behind Fluoridation (n. 17 above).
42. G. L. Waldbott et al. , Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma, 287–88 (n. 16 above).
43. Royal College of Physicians of London, Fluoride, Teeth and Health, (Kent, UK: Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd. , 1976), 64.
44. D. M. Myers, V. D. Plueckhahn, and A. L. G. Rees, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Fluoridation of Victorian Water Supplies for 1979–80, no. 14, (Melbourne: F. D. Atkinson, Government Printer, 1980), 114.
45. National Health and Medical Research Council, Report of the Working Party on Fluorides in the Control of Dental Caries, as Adopted at 100th Session (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1985), 109.
46. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991), 109.
47. World Health Organization, Appropriate Use of Fluoride for Human Health, page 87, Geneva, 1986, ISBN 92 4 154203 9. Note: This report is online in two parts. Page 87 is in the second part at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1986/9241542039_(part2).pdf. The first part is at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1986/9241542039_(part1).pdf.
48. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, page 69, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/.
49. Public Health Commission, Water Fluoridation in New Zealand. An Analysis and Monitoring Report, Wellington, New Zealand, July 1994, ISBN 0-478-08524-9.
50. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 89, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X.
51. M. Prival, “Fluoride and Human Health, ” Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1972. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/allergy/prival-1972.html.
52. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation, ” 299–300 (n. 9 above).
53. M. Prival, “Fluoride and Human Health” (n. 51 above).
54. D. R. Taves, “Claims of Harm from Fluoridation, ” 299–300 (n. 9 above).
55. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation, 142 (n. 46 above).
56. P. Robertson, personal communication to Paul Connett, 2008.
57. Ibid.
58. M. Kuza and W. Kazimierczak, “On the Mechanism of Histamine Release from Sodium Fluoride-Activated Mouse Mast Cells, ” Agents Actions 12, no. 3 (1982): 289–94.
59. P. E. Alm, “Sodium Fluoride Evoked Histamine Release from Mast Cells. A Study of Cyclic AMP Levels and Effects of Catecholamines, ” Agents Actions 13, no. 2–3 (1983): 132–37.
Chapter 14
1. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571.
2. Presentation by Joyce Donahue, PhD, toxicologist, Office of Science and Technology, U. S. EPA Office of Drinking Water, to National Academies’ National Research Council Committee: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water [BEST-K-02-05-A], August 12, 2003, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/nrc.aug.2003.epa.html.
3. National Research Council, Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993), 89, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904975X.
4. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 2 (n. 1 above).
&
nbsp; 5. American Dental Association, “Statement on Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards [the NRC 2006 report], ” news release, March 22, 2006.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Statement on the 2006 National Research Council Report, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards, ” Division of Oral Health. Posted originally on March 28, 2006. Date last updated: August 24, 2009, http://www.cdc.gov/FLUORIDATION/safety/nrc_report.htm.
7. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm.