by Paul Connett
28. E. Czerwinski and W. Lankosz, “Fluoride-induced Changes in 60 Retired Aluminum Workers, ” Fluoride 10, no. 3 (1977): 125–36.
29. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 179 (n. 7 above).
30. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
31. Ibid.
32. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al. , “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (n. 11 above).
33. Ibid.
34. K. Baetcke, J. Blondell, W. Burnam, et al. , “A Preliminary Evaluation of Articles Related to Fluoride Cited by the Fluoride Action Network (FAN) as Objections to the Sulfuryl Fluoride Pesticide Tolerance Rule, ” U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Health Effects Division, November 18, 2003, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.nov.18.2003.epa.docket.pdf.
35. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
36. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/.
37. Ibid.
38. J. Franke, F. Rath, H. Runge, et al. , “Industrial Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf.
39. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 179 (n. 7 above).
40. C. G. Pandit, T. N. S. Raghavachari, D. S. Rao, and V. Krishnamurti, “Endemic Fluorosis in South India, ” Indian Journal of Medical Research 28, no. 2 (1940): 533–58.
41. K. Roholm, Fluorine Intoxication: A Clinical-Hygienic Study, with a Review of the Literature and Some Experimental Investigations (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag; London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd. , 1937), http://www.scribd.com/doc/11757791/Fluorine-Intoxication-Kaj-Roholm-1937-Copenhagen.
42. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004: First Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion (n. 19 above).
43. Presentation by Joyce Donahue, PhD, toxicologist, Office of Science and Technology, U. S. EPA Office of Drinking Water, to the National Research Council Committee: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water [BEST-K-02-05-A], August 12, 2003, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/nrc.aug.2003.epa..html.
44. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 7 above).
45. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate, Food and Nutrition Board (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, February 2004), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925.
46. Ibid. , appendix E.
47. M. C. Kiritsy, S. M. Levy, J. J. Warren, et al. , “Assessing Fluoride Concentrations of Juices and Juice-Flavored Drinks, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 127, no. 7 (1996): 895–902.
48. J. R. Heilman, M. C. Kiritsy, S. M. Levy, and J. S. Wefel, “Assessing Fluoride Levels of Carbonated Soft Drinks, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 130, no. 11 (1999): 1593–99.
49. J. G. Stannard, Y. S. Shim, M. Kritsineli, et al. , “Fluoride Levels and Fluoride Contamination of Fruit Juices, ” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 16, no. 1 (1991): 38–40.
50. U. S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods, ” prepared by Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; in collaboration with University of Minnesota, Nutrition Coordinating Center; University of Iowa, College of Dentistry; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center; National Agricultural Statistics Service, CSREES, USDA; and Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 2004, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluoride.food.levels.2004.pdf.
51. E. M. Bentley, R. P. Ellwood, and R. M. Davies, “Fluoride Ingestion from Toothpaste by Young Children, ” British Dental Journal 186, no. 9 (1999): 460–62.
52. S. M. Levy and N. Guha-Chowdhury, “Total Fluoride Intake and Implications for Dietary Fluoride Supplementation, ” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 59, no. 4 (1999): 211–23.
53. N. J. Fein and F. L. Cerklewski, “Fluoride Content of Foods Made with Mechanically Separated Chicken, ” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 9 (2001): 4284–86.
54. P. Pehrsson, R. Cutrufelli, K. Patterson, et al. , “The Fluoride Content of Brewed and Microwave Brewed Black Teas, ” U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2005, http://fluoridealert.org/re/pehrsson-2005.usda.pdf.
55. M. P. Whyte, “Fluoride Levels in Bottled Teas, ” The American Journal of Medicine 119, no. 2 (2006): 189–90.
56. M. P. Whyte, W. G. Totty, V. T. Lim, and G. M. Whitford, “Skeletal Fluorosis from Instant Tea, ” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 23, no. 5 (2008): 759–69.
57. J. E. Hallanger Johnson, A. E. Kearns, P. M. Doran, et al. , “Fluoride-Related Bone Disease Associated with Habitual Tea Consumption, ” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 6 (2007): 719–24. Note: Erratum on dosage error in article text in: Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 8 (2007): 1017, http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/6/719.full.
58. U. S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods” (n. 39 above).
59. A. W. Burgstahler and M. A. Robinson, “Fluoride in California Wines and Raisins, ” Fluoride 30, no. 3 (1997): 142–46, http://fluoridealert.org/re/burgstahler-1997.pdf.
60. G. S. Ostrom, “Cryolite on Grapes/Fluoride in Wines—A Guide for Growers and Vintners to Determine Optimum Cryolite Applications on Grapevines, ” CATI Viticulture and Enology Research Center, California State University, Fresno, published by the California Agricultural Technology Institute, CATI Publication #960601, June, 1996.
61. Amicus curiae brief of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Union (Local 2050, National Federation of Federal Employees), in: Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency and Lee M. Thomas, Administrator. In the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 1986, http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/union-brief1986.pdf; see also http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/epa/nrdc/index.html.
62. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 7 above).
63. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Washington, DC: Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, 1997), http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776.
64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries, ” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm. Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf.
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States, ” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50, no. RR14 (August 17, 2001): 1–42, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm.
66. Letter coauthored by Bruce Alberts, president of the National Academy of Sciences, and Kenneth Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, to Albert W. Burgstahler and others, November 20, 1998, http://www.fluoridation.com/fraud.htm.
67. Institute of Medi
cine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, 309 (n. 52 above).
68. Forum on Fluoridation (Dublin, Ireland: Stationery Office, 2002), page 110, http://fluoridealert.org/re/fluoridation.forum.2002.pdf.
69. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004: First Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion (n. 19 above).
70. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005: Second Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion: “Draft. Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation of Food Processing Facilities. PP# 3F6573, ” Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, June 2, 2005, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.hra-june2.2005.pdf.
71. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006: Third Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion: “Final. Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation of Food Processing Facilities. PP# 3F6573, ” Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, January 18, 2006, http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sf.hra-jan18.2006.pdf.
72. Ibid.
73. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project, “Fluoride Residue Tolerances Approved for Food by US EPA as of July 15, 2005, ” http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluoride.tols.july.2005.html.
Chapter 21
1. J. Tickner and M. Coffin, “What Does the Precautionary Principle Mean for Evidence-Based Dentistry?” Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 6, no. 1 (2006): 6–15.
2. C. Raffensperger and J. Tickner, Protecting Public Health and the Environment:Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
3. R. Bailey, “Precautionary Tale: The Latest Environmentalist Concept—The Precautionary Principle—Seeks to Stop Innovation Before It Happens. Very Bad Idea, ” Reason Magazine, April 1999, http://reason.com/archives/1999/04/01/precautionary-tale.
4. R. Bailey, “Are Chemicals Killing Us? Hit & Run, ” Reason Magazine, May 21, 2009, http://reason.com/blog/2009/05/21/are-chemicals-killing-us.
5. J. D. Graham, “The Perils of the Precautionary Principle: Lessons from the American and European Experience, ” The Heritage Foundation, Policy and Research Analysis, January 15, 2004, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Regulation/hl818.cfm.
6. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571.
7. J. Tickner and M. Coffin, “What Does the Precautionary Principle Mean for Evidence-Based Dentistry?” (n. 1 above).
8. Ibid.
Chapter 22
1. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991), 142.
2. P. Mansfield, “The Distribution of Urinary Fluoride Concentration in the UK, ” Fluoride 32, no. 1 (1999): 27–32.
3. Open Letter by Professor Trevor Sheldon, DSc, FMedSci, of the University of York, Department of Health Sciences, Heslington, York, UK, January 3, 2001, http://www.appgaf.org.uk/archive/archive_letter_shel/.
4. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride, ” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html.
5. J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride and Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity, ” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98. Extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm.
6. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings After Ten Years, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
7. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera, I. R. Martín-Domínguez, R. Trejo-Vázquez, et al. , “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico, ” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 139–49, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdf.
8. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland, ” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
9. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland, ” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf.
10. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera et al. , “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico” (n. 7 above).
11. L. Morgan, E. Allred, M. Tavares, D. Bellinger, and H. Needleman, “Investigation of the Possible Associations between Fluorosis, Fluoride Exposure, and Childhood Behavior Problems, ” Pediatric Dentistry 20, no. 4 (1998): 244–52.
12. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571.
13. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al. , “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation, ” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855. Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf.
14. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf.
15. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al. , “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang, ” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf; also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm.
16. X. S. Li, J. L. Zhi, and R. O. Gao, “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children, ” Fluoride 28, no. 4 (1995): 189–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/li-1995.pdf.
17. L. B. Zhao, G. H. Liang, D. N. Zhang, and X. R. Wu, “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence, ” Fluoride 29, no. 4 (1996): 190–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/zhao-1996.pdf.
18. Y. Lu, Z. R. Sun, L. N. Wu, et al. , “Effect of High-Fluoride Water on Intelligence in Children, ” Fluoride 33, no. 2 (2000): 74–78, http://fluoridealert.org/re/lu-2000.pdf.
19. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland” (n. 8 above).
20. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 9 above).
21. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water (n. 12 above).
22. Bazian Ltd. , “Critical Appraisal of ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s standards. ’” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.basian.nrc.feb09.pdf.
23. Bazian Ltd. , “Independent Critical Appraisal of Selected Studies Reporting an Association between Fluoride in Drinking Water and IQ. ” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/iq.bazian.feb09.pdf.
24. National Health and Medical Research Council, The Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation (n. 1 above).
25. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland” (n. 8 above).
26. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 9 above).
27. Y. Li, C. Liang, C. W. Slemenda, et al. , “Effect of Long-term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking Water on Risks of Bone Fractures, ” Journal
of Bone and Mineral Research 16, no. 5 (2001): 932–39.
28. E. B. Bassin, D. Wypij, R. B. Davis, and M. A. Mittleman, “Age-specific Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water and Osteosarcoma (United States), ” Cancer Causes and Control 17, no. 4 (May 2006): 421–28.
29. G. L. Waldbott, A. W. Burgstahler, and H. L. McKinney, Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978).
30. W. Wagner and R. Steinzer (eds. ), Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
31. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts, ” an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf.
32. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/.