Winthrop voted for the war: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 141–46; Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 213–20.
The Conscience Whigs: Sumner, Works, 1:303–16, 331.
Sumner’s battle with Winthrop: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 122–28, 112; Sumner, Works, 1:502; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:79–97.
As these controversies simmered: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 129.
The largest mansion: George S. Hillard, Life, Letters, and Journal of George Ticknor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 1:390–2, viii–ix; Edwin Percy Whipple, Recollections of Eminent Men (Boston: Ticknor, 1886), 270; William Cullen Bryant II and Thomas G. Voss, eds., The Letters of William Cullen Bryant (New York: Fordham University Press, 1992), 6:307.
Ticknor had been Sumner’s: Katherine Wolff, Culture Club: The Curious History of the Boston Athenaeum (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009), 125; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:7–8; Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 299; Charles Francis Adams, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1891), 1:127–28; Carolyn L. Karcher, The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992), 39–40, 192; Hillard, Life, Letters, and Journal of George Ticknor, 1:ix.
But the social insulation: Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 246.
Then Sumner led a contingent: Ibid., 225; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:144–46.
In 1847: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 161; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:153; Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 248.
“Be not Atticus: James Spear Loring, The Hundred Boston Orators (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1852), 630.
Sumner was already involved: Samuel Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: With Extracts from His Journals and Correspondence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1891), 2:174; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 164–65; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:161.
When the Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor: Sumner, Works, 2:80–81.
In August, Sumner attended: Edwin Percy Whipple, The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1889), 581; Sumner, Works, 2:144.
The Boston Atlas: Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:178; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 161.
Sumner was drafted to run: Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 129, 131, 134.
Sumner’s advocacy: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 163.
Samuel Lawrence, Abbot’s brother: Ibid., 170; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:181–82.
Nathan Appleton: Nathan Appleton, Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of Lowell (Lowell: B.H. Penhallow, 1858), 29; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:181; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 170.
Sumner always believed: Robert L. Hall, “Massachusetts Abolitionists Document the Slave Experience,” in Donald M. Jacobs, ed., Courage and Conscience: Black & White Abolitionists in Boston (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 85; Stephen Kendrick and Paul Kendrick, Sarah’s Long Walk: The Free Blacks of Boston and How Their Struggle for Equality Changed America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 13–20; Hillary J. Moss, Schooling Citizens: The Struggle for African American Education in Antebellum America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 181.
On December 4, 1849: Sumner, Works, 2:327–76.
In 1850: Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Volume 59 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1853), 209; Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 253.
The demarcation line: Daniel Webster, Webster’s Speeches (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1897), 103–56; John Niven, Salmon P. Chase: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 135.
The Whig Party of Massachusetts: Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Complete Works (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904), 11:202–4; Taylor, Young Charles Sumner and the American Enlightenment, 291, 298; Adams, Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 127–28.
On the eve of the election: Sumner, Works, 2:398–424.
Sumner’s electrifying speech: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 196.
The balloting that began: Henry David Thoreau, The Writings of Henry David Thoreau (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1893), 10:174; Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 51.
In mourning Whigs wore black: Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 51; Benjamin Robbins Curtis, A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1879), 138–50.
“He was sent to work”: Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Contemporaries (Boston: Riverside Press, 1900), 283.
Sumner soon encountered the overriding reality: Ibid., 282; Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War 222; CG, 32nd Congress, 1st Session, 1952; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:290; Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 190.
Sumner would envision the future: Sumner, Works, 6:307.
Sumner, meanwhile, wrote: Ibid., 3:50; Daniel Drayton, Personal Memoir of Daniel Drayton (Boston: Bella Marsh, 1853), 116–17.
Sumner argued that the slave was “a person”: Sumner, Works, 3:87–196; James Oakes, Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013), 32–33.
When Sumner took his seat: CG, 32nd Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 113–25.
At the Massachusetts Free Soil Party convention: Sumner, Works, 3:205.
CHAPTER SIX: CYCLOPS
“This Congress is the worst”: Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:361.
The outsiders at the fringe: Ibid., 3:350; CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 275–82.
Sumner resumed his opposition: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 108–9.
After his disquisition: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 116–17.
But it was not strictly a play: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 232–34.
Butler may have been more familiar: David S. Reynolds, Mightier Than the Sword: Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Battle for America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2011), 137–47.
The exact Latin line: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Or, Life Among the Lowly (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1879), 374.
Butler offered his own: Frances Smith Foster, Witnessing Slavery: The Development of Ante-bellum Slave Narratives (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), 130; J. Blaine Hudson, Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002), 37.
The reality, however: Howard Bodenhorn, The Color Factor: The Economics of African-American Well-Being in the Nineteenth Century South, New York: Oxford University Press, 71.
Butler concluded his two-day marathon: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 240.
But the surprise obscure quotation: “Queries Respecting the Slavery and Emancipation of Negroes in Massachusetts, Proposed by the Hon. Judge Tucker of Virginia, and Answered by the Rev. Dr. Belknap,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Series 1 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1835; reprint of 1795 publication), 4:191–211, http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=693&br=1; Justin Winsor, ed., The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1881), 2:485–86; Jeremy Belknap, Life of Jeremy Belknap (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847), 160; C. Vanderford, “A Dissertation on Slavery: With a Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of It, in the State of Virginia” (1796), February 4, 2015, Encyclopedia Virginia, online, http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/A_Dissertation_on_Slavery_With_a_Proposal_for_the_Gradual_Abolition_of_It_In_the_State_of_Virginia_1796; Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Pre
ss, 1968), 555–60.
“Sir, the bill”: Sumner, Works, 3:340–44.
Two nights later, on May 26: Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 2:435–41.
The pro-Pierce newspapers: Archibald Henry Grimké, The Life of Charles Sumner: The Scholar in Politics (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1892), 231–32.
“Southern Men Threatening Personal Danger”: “Southern Men Threatening Personal Danger to Senator Sumner,” New York Times, May 31, 1854.
The article in the Washington Union: “Abolition Mob and Murder in Boston,” Washington Union, May 28, 1854.
“If you really think there is any danger”: Grimké, The Life of Charles Sumner, 233.
“Slavery,” Sumner pledged: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 262; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:377.
After Southern senators objected: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 1517.
Two days later, Sumner again spoke: CG, 33rd Congress, 1st Session, 1011–15.
But the effort to remove Sumner: “Effort to Expel Senator Sumner,” New York Times, June 30, 1854.
In late 1854: Mary Niall Mitchell, Raising Freedom’s Child: Black Children and Visions of the Future After Slavery (New York: NYU Press, 2010), 72–74; “Letter from Hon. Charles Sumner—Another Ida May,” New York Times, March 1, 1855; Henry Greenleaf Pearson, The Life of John A. Andrew: Governor of Massachusetts, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), 1:57–58.
Sumner had “created quite a sensation”: “A White Slave from Virginia,” New York Times, March 9, 1855.
Two months after Mary Mildred Botts: Sumner, Works, 4:12.
CHAPTER SEVEN: A VOICE FROM THE GRAVE
Even before his election: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 173.
“Good! Good! Good!”: Richard H. Sewell, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 273; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 174–79.
Chase and his political agents: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 248–50; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 177–78, 53, 78.
Chase was not the sole person: Lewis Clephane, Birth of the Republican Party, With a Brief History of the Important Part Taken by the Republican Association of the National Capital (Washington, D.C.: Gibson Bros., 1889), 8–9.
Since the passage of the Nebraska Act: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 319–21.
Blair arranged with the Republican Association: Clephane, Birth of the Republican Party, 9.
Blair placed Douglas: Ibid., 19–23.
“FRANCIS P. BLAIR TURNED BLACK REPUBLICAN”: “FRANCIS P. BLAIR TURNED BLACK REPUBLICAN,” Washington Union, December 11, 1855; “The Administration Organ on Blair,” New York Times, December 12, 1855.
The dinner party: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 250–51; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 178–79; Sewell, Ballots for Freedom, 277; Sumner, Works, 4:78; Pamela Herr and Mary Lee Spence, eds., The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 66; Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 264.
The year 1856: Pleasant A. Stovall, Robert Toombs (New York: Cassell Publishing Company, 1892), 128–39; Betty G. Farrell, Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 60–63; Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1868), 1:625–47.
After Blair’s Christmas summit: Walter C. Clephane, “Lewis Clephane: A Pioneer Washington Republican,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. (Washington, D.C.: The Society, 1918), 21:271; Sewell, Ballots for Freedom, 279; Francis P. Blair, A Voice from the Grave of Jackson! (Washington: Buell & Blanchard, 1856); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 478.
When Jackson died: Blair, A Voice from the Grave of Jackson!; Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 16; James W. Sheahan, The Life of Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Harper & Brothers 1860), 59–72.
Pierce’s vacuum: Nichols, Franklin Pierce, 454; Alexander H. Stephens and Howell Cobb, eds., The Correspondence of Robert Toombs (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1913), 368–72.
The only way for Douglas: Quincy Daily Whig, May 10, 1856; Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 224; Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 290–91.
“Doing Him Honor,”: “Doing Him Honor,” Illinois State Journal, May 3, 1856.
“An Evil Genius”: “An Evil Genius,” New York Times, May 3, 1856.
By mid-May: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 515; Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 225; Murat Halstead, Trimmers, Trucklers & Temporizers: Notes of Murat Halstead from the Political Conventions of 1856, eds., William B. Hesseltine and Rex G. Fisher (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1961), 19.
In Washington, on May 18: William C. Davis, John C. Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015), 142.
Newspapers across the country: Annals of Kansas, Territorial Kansas Online, http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=view_image&file_name=annals_000082&document_id=102054&FROM_PAGE=; Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), 2:334; Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, 688.
On May 19: New York Tribune, May 19, 1856.
As Charles Sumner carefully prepared: Nason, The Life and Times of Charles Sumner, 213.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE HARLOT SLAVERY
“In this dark midnight hour”: Anna Laurens Dawes, Charles Sumner (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1892), 88–89; Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:441.
The authors of the Kansas debacle: Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War, 220, 263, 236; George Henry Haynes, Charles Sumner (Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs, 1909), 165.
Sumner scorned the Southern: Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:433; “Reminiscences of Sumner,” James Redpath to Elias Nason, April 10, 1874, http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvmemory/jbdetail.aspx?Type=Text&Id=1023.
But any speculative search: Sumner, Works, 3:131; Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, eds., The Puritans in America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 91.
No less than George Washington: John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931–1944), 25:484–85.
“Notwithstanding the heat”: Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:441.
The crime he described: Dawes, Charles Sumner, 91–92.
His particular targets: Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 2:480
In pointing to slavery’s: Samuel May, The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1861), 50–60; Sally Gregory McMillen, Lucy Stone: An Unapologetic Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 133; Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, Reputed President of the Underground Railroad (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1880), 563.
The “pious matron”: Margaret Douglass, Educational Laws of Virginia: The Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglass (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1854), 35, 62–64; Michael D. Pierson, “ ‘All Southern Society Is Assailed by the Foulest Charges’: Charles Sumner’s ‘The Crime Against Kansas’ and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric,” The New England Quarterly 68, no. 4 (December 1995): 531–57.
Sumner’s picture of the domestic: C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 29.
Butler had intervened: Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, 3:271.
“the most un-American”: Jesse Macy, The Anti-Slavery Crusade: A Chronicle of the Gathering Storm, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920, 176.
“Is it his object”: Ibid., 176.
Douglas took offense: Charles Sumner, Recent Speeches and Addresses, 1851–1855 (Boston: Higgins & Bradley, 1856), 542–43.
Sumner now face
d Mason: Sumner, Works, 4:125–256.
Thirteen years later: Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 233.
“You had better go down”: “Alleged Assault on Senator Sumner,” House of Representatives, 34th Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 182 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1856), 25, 42, 45.
The next day, on the floor of the House: CG, 34th Congress, 1st Session, 1363, 1365.
CHAPTER NINE: THE ASSASSINATION OF CHARLES SUMNER
David Rice Atchison: David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 239; P. Orman Ray, The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship (Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark, 1908), 225–26.
Atchison sent a scouting party: Spring, Kansas, the Prelude to the War for the Union, 122; Phillips, The Conquest of Kansas, by Missouri and Her Allies, 297.
The Ruffians broke into the offices: Phillips, The Conquest of Kansas, by Missouri and Her Allies, 297–99; Ray, The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, 225–26.
“LAWRENCE TAKEN!”: Daniel W. Wilder, The Annals of Kansas (Topeka: George W. Martin, 1875), 100.
“Important From Kansas”: “Important from Kansas: A General Reign of Terror,” New York Times, May 22, 1856; “General Jackson Vindicated Against Mr. Blair’s Imputation of Black Republicanism,” and “The Testimony of an Enemy on the Kansas Question,” Washington Union, May 22, 1856; “To the Citizens of Sangamon County,” Illinois State Journal, May 22, 1856.
As Sumner’s crime against Kansas speech: “Alleged Assault on Senator Sumner,” 43.
The next evening, with news: Arnold Burges Johnson, “Recollections of Charles Sumner,” Scribner’s Monthly 8 (New York: William H. Cadwell, 1874), 482.
As the natural crucible: Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father’s House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 65–73; Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York, Oxford University Press, 1975), 67–85.
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