The candidates marched: Sparks, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, 375; Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas, 219.
Douglas was physically struggling: Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas, 221.
Douglas’s anger grew: Sparks, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, 385.
In Schurz’s telling: Bancroft and Dunning, eds., The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 2:90–96.
Douglas continued his mockery: For the debates, see National Park Service, “The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858,” https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/debates.htm; Sparks, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858.
“I was really shocked”: Koerner, Memoirs, 2:65–68.
Douglas signaled: Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas, 275.
A week after the last debate: Ibid., 271.
Douglas traveled in luxury: Ibid., 272.
“The planting”: CW, 3:334.
On November 1: “Mississippi or Illinois—Which?,” Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1858; Sheahan, The Life of Stephen A. Douglas, 438–42; Michael E. Woods, “Was There a Plot to Kill Stephen Douglas?,” The Journal of the Civil War Era, January 30, 2018; Claim of Rob’t M. and Stephen A. Douglas of Rockingham County, North Carolina (Washington: Powell & Ginck, 1872).
Election Day was November 2: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 677; Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas, 284; Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness, 119; Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 1:398.
Had the Republicans carried three: Hansen and Nygard, “Stephen A. Douglas, the Know-Nothings, and the Democratic Party in Illinois,” 129; Bruce Collins, “The Lincoln: Douglas Contest of 1858 and Illinois’ Electorate,” Journal of American Studies 20, no. 3 (December 1986): 391–420
Late on election night: Allen Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans, 1999), 226.
Lincoln’s friends: Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, transcribed and annotated by the Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois. Letter from David Davis to Abraham Lincoln, November 7, 1858.
He felt no regret: CW, 3:339.
Within a week, Lincoln was calculating: CW, 3:336–37.
“The fight must go on”: CW, 3:337.
Lincoln tried to rouse Ray: CW, 3:341–42.
Within a month, Lincoln had collected transcripts: Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press, 183.
On January 6: Cole, The Centennial History of Illinois, 180.
On the day of Douglas’s election: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, 467.
But a clerk: Charles S. Zane, “A Young Lawyer’s Memories of Lincoln,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 14, nos. 1–2 (April–July, 1921): 79.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: THE PHOENIX
Four days before the election: Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard: Journalist and Financier, 1835–19001 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), 1:96.
Mary Todd Lincoln: Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 264.
Trumbull, who was the beneficiary: White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull, 427–31.
To others who knew Lincoln: Allen Thorndike Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Publishing, 1886), 443.
A year later, in 1859: Ibid., 446.
Two years later, in 1860: Sparks, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, 205–6.
Two days after the election: William Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power (Boston: Little, Brown, 1937), 52–53; Jeriah Bonham, Fifty Years’ Recollections (Peoria, Ill.: J.W. Franks & Sons, 1883), 178–79.
On November 5: “Horace White to Abraham Lincoln, November 5, 1858,” House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/27477.
“Fell, I admit”: Osborn Hamiline Oldroyd, ed., The Lincoln Memorial: Album-Immortelles (New York: G.W. Carleton), 472–76.
On November 24: “Death of Maj. Thos. L. Harris,” Illinois State Journal, November 25, 1858; Miller, Lincoln and His World, 4:273; CW, 3:344–45.
On the evening of January 5: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, 83; Chas. C. Chapman & Co., History of Knox County, Illinois (Chicago: Blakely, Brown & Marsh, 1878), 410; Emanuel Hertz, Lincoln Talks: A Biography in Anecdote (New York: Viking, 1939), 164–65.
Shortly after the election: Francis Fisher Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln (Chicago: Browne & Howell, 1913), 209–10.
A few months later, that spring: Ibid., 228–29.
At the onset of the Senate campaign: Newton, Lincoln and Herndon, 222–23.
Just days after Lincoln’s loss: Ibid., 234.
Herndon’s conflation: “The Illinois Election—Triumph of Douglas,” New York Times, November 5, 1858.
Toward the end of the campaign: William H. Seward, The Irrepressible Conflict (New York: The New York Tribune, 1860).
In New York, the speech: Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy, 222; Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 353.
Seward’s speech: CG, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, 244.
Senator Hammond: Barnes, James Buchanan, 83.
Herndon, while angry: Donald, Lincoln’s Herndon, 132; Walter Stahr, Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 176.
The fury in Illinois: “A Matter with Messrs. Greeley & Co.,” Chicago Press and Tribune, February 2, 1859.
Lincoln returned to his law practice: CW, 3:397.
Lincoln always maintained his focus: CW, 3:344–45.
Again and again, he hammered: CW, 3:364–70.
Lincoln ended: CW, 3:375–76.
Lincoln’s stupendous ideological reinvention: CW, 3:377.
The Republican State Central Committee: Koerner, Memoirs, 2:80.
On April 20: Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, 80–82.
Throughout the spring: Carl Schurz, Speeches of Carl Schurz (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1865), 51–75; “Massachusetts Citizenship—Speech of Wm. H. Herndon,” Illinois State Journal, May 17, 1859; Alison Clark Efford, “Abraham Lincoln, German-Born Republicans, and American Citizenship,” Marquette Law Review 93, no. 4 (Summer 2010): 93, http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol93/iss4/37.
Days after the Springfield protest: “Mr. Lincoln on the Massachusetts Amendment,” Illinois State Journal, May 19, 1859; CW, 3:380.
Immediately after Lincoln’s letter: Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press, 187–93; Baringer, Lincoln’s Rise to Power, 84–85; William E. Barton, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 420–3; Paul M. Angle, ed., New Letters and Papers of Lincoln (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 204–7.
Without personal familiarity: CW, 3:284.
Chase wrote back: Salmon P. Chase to Abraham Lincoln, June 13, 1859, Letter, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mal/017/0174800/0174800.pdf.
Lincoln replied on June 20: CW, 3:386.
In July 1857: Miller, Lincoln and His World, 4:200–201.
In September 1859: R.J.M. Blackett, The Captive’s Quest for Freedom: Fugitive Slaves, the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, and the Politics of Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 173–76; Monaghan, The Man Who Elected Lincoln, 146–52; Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln, 248.
Out of the blue: Josiah Lucas to Abraham Lincoln, June 13, 1859, Letter, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mal/017/0175300/0175300.pdf.
Sargent was at the center: Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 1:59–63.
Lincoln heard from Sargent: Nathan Sargent to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, June 13, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mal/017/0175600/0175600.pdf.
Lincoln’s response: CW, 3:387–88.
On the Fourth of July: CW, 3:390–91.
Colfax wrote back: Schuyler Colfax to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, July 14, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mal/017/0177300/0177300.pdf.
Galloway observed: Samuel Galloway to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, July 23, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mal/017/0178500/0178500.pdf.
Lincoln replied on July 28: CW, 3:394–95.
Jesse Fell: Morehouse, The Life of Jesse W. Fell, 58.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: ICARUS
James Buchanan had accepted: Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, 241.
“There is no such entity”: Holst, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States, 352; “The Democratic Party,” Washington Union, February 25, 1859.
Douglas believed his victory: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 682.
Douglas appealed: Ibid., 680–85; Stephen A. Douglas, Speeches of Senator S.A. Douglas (Washington, D.C.: Lemuel Towers, 1859), 4–7, 14.
Buchanan’s blithe spirit: Klein, President James Buchanan, 329.
Buchanan’s war: Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 372–75.
While Douglas was steaming: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 684–87.
The Chicago Press and Tribune reported: “Our Washington Letter,” Chicago Press and Tribune, December 22, 1858.
Upon returning to Washington: “Our Washington Correspondence,” New York Times, January 13, 1859; Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 690.
Douglas was cut: Woods, “Was There a Plot to Kill Stephen Douglas?,” “The Duello,” Harper’s Weekly, January 9, 1859; Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 364.
The Slidell affair: Washington Union, January 25, 1859.
On February 23: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 695–97.
Davis had risen: William J. Cooper, Jr., Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 288–96.
Then Davis laid down the conditions: Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 348, 356.
Douglas piped up: CG, 35th Congress, 2nd Session, 1246–60.
James M. Mason: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 695–97.
It had become a truism: Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 379, 382.
Visiting Chicago: Ibid., 384.
The Douglas bandwagon: Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy, 260–1; “Meeting of the New York Democratic State Committee,” New York Herald, August 4, 1859.
Buchanan’s peevishness: Klein, President James Buchanan, 333–35.
Refreshed from his summer vacation: Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 2:47.
Douglas decided to publish: Sheahan, The Life of Stephen A. Douglas, 468–98.
The most important lasting effect: Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 710; Jeremiah Black, Observations on Senator Douglas’s Views of Popular Sovereignty (Washington, D.C.: Thomas McGill, 1859), 5, 20.
Gwin was Broderick’s antagonist: Arthur Quinn, The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 12–16; Sheahan, The Life of Stephen A. Douglas, 500–501.
The antislavery Broderick: Jeremiah Lynch, The Life of David C. Broderick: A Senator of the Fifties (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1911), 161–229; Edward Dickinson Baker, Oration of Colonel Edward D. Baker, Over the Dead Body of David C. Broderick, a Senator of the United States, 18th September, 1859 (New York: De Vinne Press, 1889); Milton, The Eve of Conflict, 391; Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 2:121.
When Broderick was struck down: William T. Bascom to Abraham Lincoln, Letters, September 1, 1859, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/ms000001.mss30189a.0185300; September 9, 1859, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/ms000001.mss30189a.0187200, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.
In his private jottings: Gary Ecelbarger, The Great Comeback: How Abraham Lincoln Beat the Odds to Win the 1860 Republican Nomination (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013), 53; CW, 3:198–99.
Lincoln again stalked Douglas: Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, 446.
In Ohio: “Mr. Lincoln in Ohio,” Chicago Press and Tribune, September 19, 1859.
Again, he reprised himself: CW, 3:423–25.
On his way to Cincinnati: Bert S. Bartlow, William H. Todhunter, et al., Centennial History of Butler County, Ohio (Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen, 1905), 123–24.
While Southerners and proslavery Northern Democrats: CW, 3:438–62.
Lincoln’s Cincinnati speech: Gary Ecelbarger, “Before Cooper Union: Abraham Lincoln’s 1859 Cincinnati Speech and Its Impact on His Nomination,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 30, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 13.
On his way home: CW, 3:462–63.
Lincoln wrote Chase: CW, 3:470–71.
On October 13: CW, 3:490; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 1:570; Samuel Galloway to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, October 13, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/resource/mal.0196800; William T. Bascon to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, October 13, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/resource/mal.0196700.
The day before: James A. Briggs to Abraham Lincoln, Letter, October 12, 1859, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/resource/mal.0196600.
Lincoln “came rushing”: Herndon, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, 367; Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 13–14.
At 7:05: Correspondence Relating to the Insurrection at Harper’s Ferry, 17th October, 1859 (Annapolis: B.H. Richardson, 1860), 5; Klein, President James Buchanan, 334.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THIS GUILTY LAND
In early May of 1858: Report [of] the Select Committee of the Senate Appointed to Inquire into the Late Invasion and Seizure of the Public Property at Harper’s Ferry (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, 1860), 253.
Hugh Forbes: Renehan, The Secret Six, 122–28; Villard, John Brown, 285–87.
Forbes proposed: Villard, John Brown, 313–14; Renehan, The Secret Six, 128.
Seward said Forbes: “Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper’s Ferry Invasion,” 36th Congress, 1st Session, Senate. Rep. Com. No. 278, 253–54.
Forbes went to the Senate chamber: Ibid., 140–41.
After Forbes defected: Renehan, The Secret Six, 133–35.
For a month, from January 28, 1858: Douglass, Life and Times, 275–76; John Brown, Provisional Constitution and Ordinances for the People of the United States (St. Catherines, Ont.: William Howard Day, 1858).
Brown wrote his Boston benefactors: Villard, John Brown, 320; Franklin Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, and Martyr of Virginia (Cambridge, Mass.: Sampson Low, 1885), 438–40.
Sanborn raced to Boston: Maud Howe Elliott, Lord Byron’s Helmet (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 24–25; J.C. Furnas, The Road to Harpers Ferry (New York: William Sloan Associates, 1959), 341; Franklin Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years (Boston: R.G. Badger, 1900), 182.
And there was Parker himself: Theodore Parker, The Collected Works of Theodore Parker ed., Frances Power Cobbe (London: Trubner, 1865), 12:164–77.
Brown represented a stab: Renehan, The Secret Six, 113, 147, 151; Villard, John Brown, 181–82.
On May 8: Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist, 261–65; Villard, John Brown, 330–36.
Even while Brown recited: Villard, John Brown, 339, 341.
Sanborn was already frantically writing: Renehan, The Secret Six, 151–53; Villard, John Brown, 338–40.
Brown arrived in Boston: Villard, John Brown, 340.
Brown’s expedition: Helen Delay, “Richard Realf, Poet and Soldier,” The Home Monthly 8, nos. 10–11 (May 1899); “Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper’s Ferry Invasion,” 144; Renehan, The Secret Six, 166–68.
Brown resurfaced: Redpath, The Public Life of Capt. John Brown, 199; Villard, John Brown, 355; Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist, 274–75; Joel Tyler Headley, The Life of Oliver Cromwell (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1888), 234–61; Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 370–75.
For months, Brown suffered: Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist, 274; Villard, John Brown, 202–3
.
Hearing that a slave: Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist, 278–79; Villard, John Brown, 367–73; Robinson, Kansas, 406–7.
He launched into the history: William A. Phillips, “Three Interviews with Old John Brown,” The Atlantic Monthly, December 1879.
Brown’s fixation: Sanborn, Brown, 444–45.
Brown’s raid: Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, 164.
Brown came to Boston: Renehan, The Secret Six, 179–87.
Brown strangely appeared: “Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper’s Ferry Invasion,” 144.
That night Brown had dinner: Renehan, The Secret Six, 188.
On about July 12: Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist, 304; Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 271; John Stauffer and Zoe Trodd, eds., The Tribunal: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2012), 38–43.
On August 25: B.F. Gue, “John Brown and His Iowa Friends,” The Midland Monthly, February 1897 (Des Moines, Iowa: Johnson Brigham), 103–13.
In early September: Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, 182–83.
Brown summoned Frederick Douglass: Douglass, Life and Times, 277–79.
The sudden arrival of a windfall: McClure, Old Time Notes, 24–25; Sandra Harbert Petrulionis, To Set This World Right: The Antislavery Movement in Thoreau’s Concord (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 142; Villard, John Brown, 421.
Another trigger appeared: Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 278.
Some within the company: Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, 184; Osborne P. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry: A Narrative of Events at Harper’s Ferry (Boston: Published by the Author, 1861), 27–28.
Early on Sunday morning: Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, 27–32.
Upon entering Harpers Ferry: “Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper’s Ferry Invasion,” 22, 29–37.
The next man killed: Alexander R. Boteler, “Recollections of the John Brown Raid,” The Century Monthly 26, no. 4 (New York: The Century Co., 1883): 405–6; “Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper’s Ferry Invasion,” 39.
All the Powers of Earth Page 89