31 Madison Carter, “Student Says Principal Forced Her to Remove Hijab and Prove Religion,” ABC News, https://www.wkbw.com/news/local-news/student-says-principal-forced-her-to-remove-hijab-and-prove-religion.
32 Alaa Elassar, “Muslim Woman Arrested at Black Lives Matter Protest Forced to Remove Hijab for Mugshot,” CBS News, June 25, 2020, https://cbs12.com/news/local/muslim-woman-arrested-at-black-lives-matter-protest-forced-to-remove-hijab-for-mugshot.
33 Linda Hirshman, Get to Work . . . And Get a Life Before It’s Too Late (Penguin Random House, 2007).
34 Michaele Ferguson, “Choice Feminism and the Fear of Politics,” American Political Science Association Journal 5, no. 1 (March 2010).
Chapter Six: Honor Killings, FGC, and White Feminist Supremacy
1 Human Rights Watch Oral Intervention at the 57th Session of the UN Commission “Violence Against Women and ‘Honour’ Crimes’ Item 12 - Integration of the human rights of women and the gender perspective; on Human Rights (April 6, 2001).
2 Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton University Press, 1996), 10–11. There are parallels between the use of data and surveillance to create the colonial state and to the contemporary creation of the carceral state, which involves similar mechanisms and uses data to create sentencing guidelines that treat Black defendants differently.
3 Padma Anagol, “The Emergence of the Female Criminal in India: Infanticide and Survival Under the Raj,” History Workshop Journal 63 (2002), 73.
4 Clare Anderson, “The British Empire 1789 to 1839,” in A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies (Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2016).
5 Indian Law Commission and Thomas Macaulay, The Indian Penal Code as Originally Intended (1837), 272.
6 Sally Sheldon, “The Decriminalisation of Abortion: An Argument for Modernisation,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 36, no. 2 (2016), 334–365.
7 D.J.R. Grey, “Gender in Late Nineteenth Century India,” in Transnational Penal Cultures: New Perspectives in Discipline, Punishment and Desistance, eds. Vivien Miller and James Campbell (Routledge, 2018), 40.
8 D.J.R. Grey, “Gender in Late Nineteenth Century India,” 43.
9 Anagol, “Emergence of the Female Criminal.”
10 Anagol puts the number at four-fifths of all female prisoners.
11 Clare Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean: Transportation from South Asia to Mauritius 1815–53 (Macmillan, 2000); Anagol, “Emergence of the Female Criminal.”
12 Anagol, “Emergence of the Female Criminal.”
13 Margaret Arnot, “Understanding Women Committing Newborn Child Murders in Victorian England,” in Everyday Violence in Britain 1850–1950 (Longman Publishers, 2020), 55.
14 It must be noted that the crime of “female infanticide” existed as separate from infanticide in general and was used to convict groups and tribal leaders to end the practice. All infanticide could have been dealt with in the same way, but the British chose not to do so.
15 Pompa Bannerjee, Burning Women: Widows, Witches and Early Modern European Travelers to India (Palgrave MacMillan, 2003).
16 Norberts Schurer, “The Impartial Spectator of Sati 1757–84” Eighteenth-Century Studies 42 No. 1 (Fall 2008).
17 Grey, “Gender in Late Nineteenth Century India,” 4.
18 “Hindoo Widows,” London Magazine 9 (December 1827), 544.
19 William Bowley, “Another Suttee Rescued,” Missionary Register, July 1829.
20 Jules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days (Createspace Independent Publishing), Chapter 12.
21 Gayatri Spivak, “Can the Sub-Altern Speak?” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, eds. C. Nelson and J. Greenberg (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 316.
22 Lata Mani, Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India (University of California Press, 1998).
23 Shakeel Anwar, “Development of Judicial System During British India,” Jagran Josh, February 12, 2018, https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/development-of-judicial-system-during-british-india-1518441346-1.
24 Tahir Wasti, The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan (Brill Publishers, 2009), https://brill.com/view/book/9789047425724/Bej.9789004172258.i-408_013.xml.
25 Rafia Zakaria, “It Will Take More Than Laws to End Honor Killings in Pakistan,” CNN, March 28, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/28/opinions/pakistan-honor-killings-afzal-kohistani-zakaria/index.html; Nabih Bulos, “After Woman’s Brutal Killing by Her Father, Jordan Asks at What Price ‘Honor,’ ” Los Angeles Times, July 28, 2020, https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-07-28/jordan-honor-killing-protests-violence-against-women; “India Struggles to Stem Rise in ‘Honor Killings,’ ” All Things Considered, NPR, July 27, 2010, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128567642.
26 These are a general reference to the sort of cases in which honor killings occur.
27 Rothna Begum, “How to End ‘Honor’ Killings in Jordan,” Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/03/how-end-honor-killings-jordan; Raghda Obeidat, “Jordan’s Struggle to Erase the Stain of Honor Crimes,” News Decoder, May 22, 2019, https://news-decoder.com/honor-crimes-jordan-reform/.
28 Donna Coker, “Heat of Passion and Wife Killing: Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill,” Gender Race Class Equity and Criminal Law Project (January 1992), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314892172_Heat_of_Passion_and_Wife_Killing_Men_Who_BatterMen_Who_Kill.
29 Courtney Smith, “Who Defines ‘Mutilation’? Challenging Imperialism in the Discourse on Female Genital Cutting,” Feminist Formations (2011).
30 Smith, “Who Defines ‘Mutilation’?”
31 Saida Hodzic, The Twilight of Cutting: African Activism and Life After NGOs (University of California Press, 2017), 104.
32 Hodzic, The Twilight of Cutting, 131.
33 Smith, “Who Defines ‘Mutilation’?”
34 Sara Johnsdotter, “Meaning Well and Doing Harm: Compulsory Genital Examinations of Swedish African Girls,” Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 27, no. 2 (2019).
35 Rebecca Ratcliffe, “FGM Rates Fall from 71 Percent to 8 Percent in Africa, Study Shows,” Guardian, November 7, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/nov/07/fgm-rates-in-east-africa-drop-20-years-study-shows.
36 “Special Agents Renew Efforts to Fight Female Genital Mutilation at Dulles Airport,” ICE Press Release, June 14, 2019, https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/special-agents-renew-efforts-against-female-genital-mutilation-dulles-airport.
37 Rafia Zakaria, “Weaponized Bodies: FGM as a Pretext for Exclusion,” Adi, https://adimagazine.com/articles/weaponized-bodies/.
38 Howard Goldberg PhD, et al., “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk,” Public Health Reports 131, no. 2 (2016), 340, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765983/.
39 ICE, “Special Agents Renew Efforts.”
40 It is unknown why the Trump administration has implemented the programs at airports instead of at nonpunitive venues where the women and girls can actually trust those engaging with them without fear.
41 “FBI and ICE Commended for Fighting FGM at World Policing Awards,” Homeland Security Today, November 21, 2019, https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/customs-immigration/ice-fbi-commended-at-world-policing-awards-for-fighting-female-genital-mutilation/.
42 Independent Medical Review Team, “Executive Summary of Medical Abuse Findings About Irwin Detention Center,” October 21, 2020, https://www.scribd.com/document/481646674/Executive-Summary-of-Medical-Abuse-Findings-About-Irwin-Detention-Center/.
43 Associated Press, “US Deports Migrant Women Who Alleged Abuse by Georgia Doctor,” NBC News, November 11, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-deports-migrant-women-who-alleged-abuse-georgia-doctor-n1247372.
44 Diana Gonzalez, “Forced Sterilizations: A Long and Sordid History,” March 18, 2016, American Civil Liberties Union of Southern
California, https://www.aclusocal.org/en/news/forced-sterilizations-long-and-sordid-history.
Chapter Seven: “I Built a White Feminist Temple”
1 Audre Lorde, “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House,” available at http://s18.middlebury.edu/AMST0325A/Lorde_The_Masters_Tools.pdf.
2 Kimberlé Crenshaw, “De-Marginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, no. 1, https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf.
3 Moore v Hugh Helicopters, 708 F.2d 475, United States Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit, June 1983.
4 Moore v Hugh Helicopters.
5 Crenshaw, “De-Marginalizing,” 140.
6 Leslie McCall, “The Complexity of Intersectionality,” Signs 30, no. 3 (2005), 1771.
7 Christina Bose, “Intersectionality and Global Gender Equality,” Gender and Society (January 2012), 67.
8 Momin Rahman, “Queer as Intersectionality: Theorizing Gay Muslim Identities,” Sociology 44, no. 5 (2010), 944.
9 Crenshaw, “De-Marginalizing,” 154.
10 Layla Saad, “I Built a White Feminist Temple and Now I Am Taking It Down,” Layla F. Saad, November 19, 2017, http://laylafsaad.com/poetry-prose/white-feminist-temple.
Chapter Eight: From Deconstruction to Reconstruction
1 Emily Shugerman, “Don’t Forget the White Women: Members Say Racism Ran Rampant at NOW,” Daily Beast, August 12, 2020, https://www.thedailybeast.com/national-organization-for-women-members-say-racism-ran-rampant/.
2 National Organization of Women, “Structures and By-Laws,” https://now.org/about/structure-and-bylaws/structure-of-now/.
3 Caroline Kitchener, “How Many Young Women Have to Cry?: Top Feminist Organizations Are Plagued by Racism, 20 Staffers Say,” Lily, July 13, 2020, https://www.thelily.com/how-many-women-of-color-have-to-cry-top-feminist-organizations-are-plagued-by-racism-20-former-staffers-say/.
4 Kitchener, “How Many Young Women.”
5 Kitchener, “How Many Young Women.”
6 Kitchener, “How Many Young Women.”
7 Audre Lorde, “The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism,” Keynote Address to the National Women’s Studies Association, published in Women’s Studies Quarterly 9, no. 3 (Fall 1981), 6–9.
8 Shugerman, “Don’t Forget the White Women.”
9 Abby Disney Podcast, https://www.forkfilms.com/all-ears/?event=kimberle-crenshaw.
10 “Poverty Rate by Race/Ethnicity,” statistics collected by the Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/poverty-rate-by-raceethnicity/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
11 “The State of Working America,” Economic Policy Institute, http://www.stateofworkingamerica.org/index.html%3Fp=4193.html.
12 Robin Bleweis et al., “The Basic Facts About Women in Poverty,” Fact Sheet, Center for American Progress, August 3, 2020, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2020/08/03/488536/basic-facts-women-poverty/.
13 Bleweis et al., “The Basic Facts.”
14 Dierdre Woods, “Invisible Women: Hunger, Poverty, Racism and Gender in the UK,” Right to Food and Nutrition Watch, https://www.righttofoodandnutrition.org/files/rtfn-watch11-2019_eng-26-32.pdf.
15 “Intersecting Inequalities: The Impact of Austerity on Black and Ethnic Minority Women in the UK,” Runnymede Trust, https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Executive-Summary-Intersecting-Inequalities-October-2017.pdf.
16 Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth, Redistribution or Recognition: A Political-Philosophical Exchange (Verso 2003).
17 Fraser and Honneth, Redistribution, 18.
18 Lorde, “Uses of Anger,” 6.
19 Aurielle Marie-Lucier, “Women’s March on Washington: To White Women Who Were Allowed to “Resist” While We Survived Passive Racism,” Essence, January 23, 2017, https://www.essence.com/holidays/black-history-month/white-women-racism-womens-march-washington-privilege/.
20 Adrienne Milner, “Colour-Blind Racism and the Women’s March 2017: White Feminism, Activism and Lessons for the Left,” in The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racist Violence (Zed Books, 2018), 86.
21 Milner, “Colour-Blind Racism,” 86.
22 Emma Kate Symons, “The Agenda for the Women’s March Has Been Hijacked by Organizers Bent on Highlighting Women’s Differences,” New York Times, January 19, 2017.
23 Erin Delmore, “This Is How Women Voters Decided the 2020 Election,” NBC News, November 13, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/know-your-value/feature/how-women-voters-decided-2020-election-ncna1247746.
24 Marisa J. Lang, “Nobody Needs Another Pink Hat: Why the Women’s March Has Been Struggling for Relevance,” Washington Post, January 12, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-womens-march-sparked-a-resistance-three-years-later-its-a-movement-struggling-to-find-relevance/2020/01/11/344ccf22-3323-11ea-a053-dc6d944ba776_story.html.
25 Crenshaw, “De-Marginalizing,” 154.
26 Gita Sen and Caren Grown, Development, Crises and Alternative Visions: Third World Women’s Perspectives (Monthly Review Press, 1987), 22.
27 Nimmi Gowrinathan, Kate Cronin-Furman, and Rafia Zakaria, “Emissaries of Empowerment,” Deviarchy, https://www.deviarchy.com/emissaries-of-empowerment/.
28 Chantal Mouffe, For a Left Populism (Verso 2019), 4.
Conclusion: On Fear and Futures
1 Audre Lorde, “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House,” available at http://s18.middlebury.edu/AMST0325A/Lorde_The_Masters_Tools.pdf.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abercrombie, Alexander, 124
abortion. See reproductive rights
Abu-Lughod, Lila, 84
academia, 104–5, 108–10, 129–30, 139, 176–77
accommodation, 201
activism, 29, 39, 131–32. See also suffrage
Addario, Lynsey, 98, 99–100
Adoption Help International, 128
affirmative change, 198
Afghanistan, 71–72, 84–85, 94–100, 153. See also War on Terror and feminism
An African City (TV show), 120
Afridi, Shakil, 89
Ahmad, Ayn al-Hayat, 26–28
aid industrial complex, 72–73, 89. See also white savior complex
Akroyd, Annette, 24, 25
alienation, 5–6
al-Sha’arawi, Huda, 26–28
American Association of University Women (AAUW), 181–82, 184
Amnesty International USA, 8–9, 173, 174, 197–98
Anglobalization, 87
Anthony, Susan B., 12
anti-racism, 59
anti-rape activism, 131
appropriation, 175
arms exports, 92, 93
Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne), 148–49
asexuality, 108–9
austerity, 191
Bangladesh, 64–65
Barker, Kim, 95
Batliwala, Srilatha, 59, 65
Beijing 25 Conference, 76
Bell, Gertrude, 18–20, 21
Bernard, Bayle, 23
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 41–42
Bewah, Kally, 126–27
bigotry, 45–46, 54
Black Lives Matter, 74, 195, 196
Black people, 37–38, 39, 43–45, 225n2
Black women
and anti-rape activism, 131
and civil rights movement, 43
and de Beauvoir, 44–45, 46
as essential workers, 195–96
and feminist organizations, 180–82
and intersectionality, 169–72
and poverty, 190
stereotypes, 127–28, 135–36
and Trump, 197
&
nbsp; voting, 41–42
at Women’s March, 194–95
World’s Fair, 39
Blackburn, Helen, 29
Blair, Tony, 203–4
Bland Fanatics (Mishra), 84
Bolivia, 69
The Bookseller of Kabul (Seierstad), 95–96
Bose, Christine, 171–72
Bowley, William, 148
bravery, 99
Britain, 122–24. See also colonialism
British East India Company, 142
Brown, Helen Gurley, 115–16, 203
Brown, Wendy, 64
Bruce-Raeburn, Angela, 73–74
Burke, Tarana, 131
Bush, George W., 85, 86–87
Cadesky, Jessica, 93
cameos, 55
“Can the Sub-Altern Speak” (Spivak), 11–12
Canada, 92–93
capitalism
dominance of, 202–5
and empowerment, 62–65
and feminist consumers, 112–13, 114–15, 116–18
and political parties, 203–4
Sexual Politics (Millet), 114
and sexuality, 108, 133–35
See also individualism
Chambers, E. M., 126
choice feminism, 137–38
CIA, 49, 53, 110. See also War on Terror and feminism
cigarettes, 112–13
civil disobedience, 29. See also activism
civil rights movement, 43
civil-rights cases, 187–90, 191–92
class
academic settings, 105–6
Bell, 18–19
and clean stoves in India, 66
and feminist leadership, 5
and gender equality, 58
recognition/redistribution, 192–94
and white supremacy, 9
and Women’s March, 195–96
Zakaria as lawyer, 187–90, 191–92
See also poverty
Clement, Marguerite, 26–28
clothing, 24–25, 64–65, 73, 75
Cocanco, Cesar, 69
Cohn, Bernard, 142
Colombia, 62
colonialism
and Austen, 12
courts, 150–51
ethnography, 142, 225n2
French Napoleonic Penal Code, 153
imperial superiority, 18–19, 20–28, 142–49
Against White Feminism Page 20