participate in 153–4
(EELT) 9
gas within galaxies 105–6
European Space Agency 3–4,
Gentleman’s Magazine 76–7
218–19
Glaisher, James 84–5, 86 f, 88
expansion of the Universe 15–16,
Google 231
28–9, 49, 54–5, 58, 155–9, 174–5
Google Earth 229–30
Eve Online 238–40
‘grand design’ spirals 42
Eyewire 236–7
gravitational lenses 43 f, 171–3
gravity 51, 58, 107–8, 155–6, 158,
F
171–2
Facebook 231, 242–3
Gray, Jim 29, 116
facial recognition software 60–1
Green Park, London 74, 74 f
feedback 196–7
Green Pea galaxies 203–4, 204 f
Fermi bubbles 201
Fermi satellite 201
H
fireworks display (1749) 74–8
Habsburg Empire 73
FIRST (map of the sky) 175
Hale Telescope, Mount Palomar,
Fischer, Debra 209–10
California 8–9
Fitzroy, Robert 89
Halley, Edmund 79–81, 83
Flamsteed, John 81–3
1715 eclipse map 82 f
flight 84–5
Hanny’s Voorwerp 186, 190–3, 199
Fold.it 237–9
size of 193
formation of galaxies 104
temperature of gas in 192
Forston, Lucy 234–5 n
Hart, Tom 135–6
Fossey, Steve 166
Harvard observatory 220–1
‘fourth paradigm’ of scientific
heartbeat stars 214–15
discovery 29–31
Heliospheric Imagers (HIs) 117–18,
Fuller, Jim 214
120
helium 30–1, 155–6, 158–9
G
Herschel, William 6
G2 gas cloud 200–1
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 30–2
Gal, Jozef 140–1
Higgs boson 36–7
Gal, Yarin 233
HMS Mantua 130–1
galactic year 53–4
logbook 132 f
galaxies 14–16, 39, 42, 61, 108
Hooker telescope 45–6
262 Index
hot-air balloons 84–7
KIC8462852 star 207, 212–14, 216–17
Howe, Jeff 87
Kı̄lauea volcano 11
Hubble, Edwin 44–51, 46 f
Kitt Peak, Arizona 45–6 n
Hubble–Lemaître law 49 n
krill 145–6
Hubble Space telescope 48–9, 105,
112–13, 201, 202 f
L
Hubble’s constant 55 n, 158, 161–2
LaCourse, Daryll 213–15
Hubble’s law 49
Lai, Dong 214
human–computer interaction 179
Land, Kate 63–5
Human Genome Project 2, 35
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 2, 35–8,
hydrogen 30–1, 52–53, 69–70,
233–4
155–6, 158–9
Large Magellanic Cloud 155, 193
hydrogen cyanide 12–13
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
hypothesis testing 18–19
(LSST) 33–34, 163–4, 173, 235,
242, 245 n
I
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 47–8
IC2497 galaxy 186, 195–7, 199–200
Lemaître, George 49 n
inattentional bias 189
lenses 172–3, 175–6
infrared 195–6, 215, 217–18, 222
Lepus constellation 154
International Astronomical Union
light 19–20
(IAU) 49 n
polarization of 21 f, 23–4
International Science and
light curves 210, 213 f, 214
Engineering Fair 17
light echo 196
IRAM radio telescope 69–70, 69 f
LIRG (luminous infrared galaxy) 196
island Universes 39
London 166
Longo, Michael 64–6, 68
J
Lovell Telescope 175
Jackson, Roy 211–12
luminosity 30–1, 157, 201–3, 212
James Clark Maxwell Telescope
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 125, 125 f
(JCMT) 12
lunar rocks 123–4
Jarvis, Matt 191
Johnson, Samuel 76
M
Jupiter 215–16, 218
M33 galaxy 54
M82 galaxy 166–8
K
M87 galaxy 57, 195
Kamil Crater, Egyptian Sahara
machine learning 121–2, 164–5, 179,
229–30
230–1, 233–4
Kant, Immanuel 153
Magellanic Clouds 47–9, 155, 193, 199
Kayahara, Nobuyuki 67
Magellanic star 47–8
Keck telescopes 32
magnetic fields 19–20, 24–5, 113–14,
Keel, Bill 192
118, 121–2, 230
Kepler Input Catalogue (KIC) 207
Mantell, W. B. D. 92, 93 f
Kepler planets 208
Mars 124 n
Kepler telescope 207–9
Marshall, Phil 177
Index 263
mass of galaxies 110
observatories 4–5, 13
Masters, Karen 70, 240
O’Donnell, Jim 121 n
Mauna Kea volcano, Hawai’i 9–10,
Old Weather project 129–31, 239–40
10 f, 169
orbits 53–4
Maxwell, James Clerk 19
Orion 29–30
megaparsec 55 n
Orion Nebula 6–8, 12–13, 44–5
Met Office 89–90, 126–8
over-fitting 25–6
Meyer-Rochow, Victor 140–1
OverWhelmingly Large Telescope
Mice galaxy 105
(OWL) 9
Microsoft 116
Milky Way 14–15, 39, 49, 53–4, 97, 108,
P
115, 190–1, 199–201, 204–5
Palomar Mountain, California 8–9, 165
1604 supernova 155
Palomar Transient Factory 165, 168
collision with Andromeda
Pan-STARRS telescope 169
104, 106
parallax 30
colour of 114
partial eclipse 79–80
Magellanic Clouds 47–8
pattern recognition 60–1, 121, 237–8
Mill Hill observatory, London 166
Peas Corps 203–5
Moon, the 123–5, n
Penguin Watch 148–51
Moon Zoo 126
penguins C5
Moore, Patrick 108
Perlmutter, Saul 157–8
More, Anupreeta 177
Philae lander 218–19
Mount Wilson 45–6
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Murray, Phil 63 n
Society 74–5
Musk, Elon 229 n
planet candidates 210–11
Planet Hunters 207, 210–12, 211 f,
N
216–17, 240
NASA 125, 201, 207, 229
planet hunting 171
nebulae 6–7, 12–13, 44–7, 156, 190–1,
Planetary Response Network 227–8
193–4
Pluto 218–19
neural networks 169, 231–5, 243
polarization 20
New Scientist magazine 91
Pollack, Guy 166–7
Newton’s theory of gravity 171
Port Lockroy 146
NGC 1129 galaxy
44 f
potassium 124
NGC 3338 galaxy 43 f
Predicting the Weather: Victorians and the
NGC 4395 galaxy 109–10
Science of Meteorology
night sky 2–3
(Anderson) 84
Northern Lights 118–19
proper motion 97
nuclear fusion 30–31, 52–3, 155
publishing articles in journals 198
Nuffield Foundation 17
Q
O
quantum physics 160
OʼBrien, Dara 173
quantum theory 160
OʼBrien, Tim 175
quasars 196–7, 200
264 Index
R
silhouette illusion 67
Radio Galaxy Zoo project 195
Simmons, Brooke 109, 221–2, 227–8
radio telescopes 34, 69–70
Simpson, Edwin 179
rainfall measuring 88–90
Simpson, Rob 174
red radio ring 175–6
Skogli, Kjetil 119
red spirals 70
Sloan, Alfred P. 14
redshift 55–6, 158, 175 n
Sloan Digital Sky Survey 14–17,
reionization 205
28–9, 31–2, 40–1, 54–6, 64–5,
Rescue Global 228
190–1
Riess, Adam 157–8
Sloan Digital Sky Survey telescope,
Rigel star 29–30
New Mexico 14 f
Robins, Benjamin 74–6, 78
Sloan Great Wall 57
Rosetta probe 3–4, 218–19
Smethurst, Becky 114–15
rotation of galaxies 64
Smith, Arfon 116–17
round galaxies 50–1
Snapshot Serengeti 179, 182
Royal Astronomical Society 40,
SOHO satellite 122
98–9 n
Solar Stormwatch 121–3
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
solar weather 117–18, 120
84–5, 90–1, 100–1
southern lights 118
Rutherford, Ernest 51
SpaceWarps 173–4, 176–9, 185
SpaceX 229 n
S
spiral galaxies 42–3, 50–3, 57–8, 60,
‘S0’ galaxies 53–4 n
66, 108
satellites 228–9
flocculent spiral 54
satisfaction of search 189
Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
Saturn’s rings 216
34–5, 235
Schawinski, Kevin 59–62, 209–10
star clusters 7
Schmidt, Brian 157–8
star formation 42, 52–3, 59–60,
science 1
68–70, 105–7, 113–14, 175, 204–5
science communication 3–4
starburst galaxy 105–6
science fairs 17–18, 24–5
Stardust@home 62–3
scientists 2
Stargazing Live 173–4
Sclater, Philip 94
stars 162–3
Scott, Chris 117–18
colour of 30
Scottish Meteorological Office
colours of 29–30
90–1
source of power 30–1
‘seeing’ 45–6 n
starspots 162–3
Senex, John 81
stellar fusion 30–1
Serengeti National Park 179
STEREO spacecraft 117–18, 120–2
SETI (search for extraterrestrial
Sun, the 30, 53–4, 118
intelligence) 34 n
sunspots 162–3
Shakespeare’s World 225
supernovae 7–8, 33–4, 154–6, 158–9,
Sheppard, Alice 70–1, 224
161–2, 165, 168–9, 172, 193–5,
Shoemaker–Levy 9 (SL9) comet 218
242–4
Index 265
1604: 155
Very Large Array, New Mexico 175
2014J 167
Virgo Cluster 57, 115, 195
brightness of 159
volunteers 178–9
Suzaku telescope 199
Voorwerp, see Hanny’s Voorwerp
swarm 219–20, 220 f
Voorwerpjes 201
Symons, George James 88–9
Szalay, Alex 31–2, 62–3
W
Walmsley, Mike 232
T
Walsh, Ian 5
Tabby’s Star 220
water 23
Tabby’s star 216–17 n
waves 19–20
Targets of Opportunity 222–3
weather forecasting 84
telescope time 191
weather simulations 126–7
telescopes 4–6, 8–9, 45
white dwarf 156
television 173–4
Whitman, Walt 153
third reality 241
Wilde, Matt 166–7
tidal tails of stars 104–7
WIMPs (weakly interacting massive
Time Allocation Committee
particles) 37
(TAC) 191
Wired (magazine) 87
total eclipse of the Sun 79–81, 83
world wide web 35
transfer learning 234–5
Wright, Darryl 169
transient-hunting machine 163
Wright, Jason 219
tree of life 51–2
Wright, Lisa 225–6
tuning forks 49–51, 50 f
Wright, Tom 166–7
type 1a supernovae 155–9, 164,
WTF star (formerly KIC8462852)
167, 234
213 f, 214–16, 219–21, 223–5
U
X
Universe:
XMM-Newton telescope 199
computer model to study evolution x-rays 199
of the 25–6
humanity’s awareness of 39
Y
knowledge about the 15
yellow dwarf 97
University of Arizona 32–3, 163–4
Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin 44–5
University of Hertfordshire 17
Uranus 6
Z
Zooniverse 103–4, 117, 126, 131, 165,
V
169, 179, 183, 224, 227, 229–30,
vacuum energy 160–1
239–40
van Arkel, Hanny 186, 198
Penguin Watch 148–9
Vandenberg, Jan 63 n
Shakespeare’s World 225
Veale, Graham 5
SpaceWarps 173
Verma, Aprajita 177
zorillas 180–1, 181 f
Document Outline
Contents
Preface
Plates
1. How Science is Done
2. The Crowd and the Cosmos
3. No Such Thing as a New Idea
4. Into the Zooniverse
5. Too Many Penguins
6. From Supernovae to Zorillas
7. Serendipity
8. Is it Aliens?
9. Three Paths
References
List of Figure Credits
List of Plate Credits
Index
The Crowd and the Cosmos: Adventures in the Zooniverse Page 31