BENTIVOGLIO, Guido (1579–1644). Student of Galileo and Cardinal Inquisitor against him.
BERNEGGER, Matthias (1582–1640). Professor of history in Strasbourg, translator of Galileo’s Dialogue.
BLACKWELL, George (1547–1612). Vatican’s “Archpriest” who combatted the Jesuits in England.
BODLEY, Sir Thomas (1545–1613). Founder of the University Library at Oxford, “the Bodleian.”
BRAHE, Tycho (1546–1601). Prince of pre-telescopic astronomers, author of a well-regarded earth-centered cosmology alternative to Ptolemy’s.
BRENT, Nathaniel (1573–1652). Translator of Sarpi’s Trent, lieutenant of Laud, Warden of Merton College.
BRUNO, Giordano (1548–1600). Dominican, Hermetic philosopher, Copernican, playwright.
BUCHANAN, George (1506–82). Scottish scholar, one-time Catholic, tutor to James VI.
BURTON, Henry (1578–1647/8). Clerk to Prince Henry; strict Puritan, mutilated with Bastwick and Prynne.
BURTON, Robert (1577–1640). “Democritus Junior,” author of the classic The Anatomy of Melancholy.
CAESAR, Sir Julius (1557/8–1636). Judge in the Admiralty Court; Chancellor of the Exchequer 1606–14.
CAMDEN, William (1551–1623). Animator of the Society of Antiquaries under Elizabeth and James.
CAMPANELLA, Tommaso (1568–1639). Defender of Galileo and astrological magician to Urban VIII.
CARLETON, Sir Dudley (1574–1632). Succeeded Wotton in Venice and abetted De Dominis’s flight.
CARLETON, George (1557/8–1628). Relative of Dudley Carleton, eventually Bishop of Chichester.
CARLO EMANUELE I, Duke of Savoy (1580–1630). Attempted a marriage alliance with England.
CARPENTER, Nathanael (1589–c.1628). Influential cosmographer who favored Tycho’s system.
CARR, Frances, Countess of Somerset (1590–1632). Daughter of Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk.
CARR, Robert, 1st Earl of Somerset (1587–1645). Favorite of James I, found guilty of murder.
CARY, Lucius, 2nd Viscount Falkland (1609/10–43). Opposed Crown over ship money, yet joined government as Secretary of State in 1642; center of the literary circle of Great Tew.
CAVENDISH, William, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1592–1676). Center of the “Cavendish circle,” equestrian.
CAVENDISH, William, 2nd Earl of Devonshire (1590–1628). Tutored by Hobbes; friend of Micanzio.
CECIL, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563–1612). James I’s first main minister.
CESI, Federico Angelo (1585–1630). Founder of the Accademia dei Lincei.
CHARLES I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1600–49). Reigned 1625–49.
CHARLES-LOUIS, Elector Palatine (1617–80). Nephew of Charles I, favored Parliament in Civil War.
CHARLETON, Walter (1619–1707). Oxford educated (Under Wilkins); antiquarian and physician.
CHILMEAD, Edmund (1610–54). Oxford scholar and translator; Burton’s colleague at Christ’s Church.
CHRISTIAN IV, King of Denmark and Norway (1577–1648). Brother-in-law to James VI and I.
CHRISTINA OF LORRAINE, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (1565–1637). Pious addressee of an open letter from Galileo arguing that in natural knowledge human science trumps scripture.
CIAMPOLI, Giovanni (1589–1643). Vatican operative, pupil and friend of Galileo and Conn.
CLAVIUS, Christoph (1538–1612). Senior mathematician at the Jesuits’ university in Rome.
CLEMENT VIII Aldobrandini (1536–1605), pope (1592–1605). Moderate, succeeded by the scrappy Paul V.
CLEYN, Francis (d. 1658). Taspestry designer and jack of all artistic trades.
COKE, Sir Edward (1552–1634). Champion of the common law and lawyers, rival of Francis Bacon.
CONN, George (?–1640). A Catholic Scot, papal representative in England, friend of Galileo.
COPERNICUS, Nicolaus (1473–1543). Author of De revolutionibus coelum coelestium (1543).
CORYATE, Thomas (1577–1617). English travel writer who published his experiences as Crudities.
COTTINGTON, Francis (1579?–1652). Old Spanish hand; secretary to Charles I when Prince of Wales; Chancellor of the Exchequer; ended a Catholic in Spain.
COTTON, Sir Robert (1570/1–1631). Pupil of Camden; MP; antiquarian with extensive library.
CRANE, Sir Francis (1579–1636). Close to Charles I; established the Mortlake tapestry works.
DANIEL, Samuel (1562–1619). Playwright often used by Queen Anna for her masques.
DAVENANT, Sir William (1606–68). Playwright favored by the Caroline court.
DE CAUS, Salomon (1576–1626). Huguenot engineer and architect, attached to the court of Prince Henry.
DE DOMINIS, Marc’Antonio (1560–1624). Catholic Archbishop of Split before fleeing to England.
DEE, ARTHUR (1579–1651). Son of John Dee, alchemist, royal physician.
DEE, JOHN (1527–1608/9). Mathematician and astrologer with a large library and laboratory at Mortlake.
DELAMAIN, Richard, the elder (d. c.1644). Instrument-maker and teacher patronized by Charles I.
DELLA BELLA, Stefano (1610–64). Designer of the inspired frontispiece to Galileo’s Dialogue.
DEMOCRITUS (c.460–c.370 bce). Scoffer at human folly; Robert Burton took the name Democritus Junior.
DE’ SERVI, Costantino (1554–1622). Florentine painter and architect attached to the court of Prince Henry.
DEVEREUX, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601). Over-reaching disobedient one-time favorite of Queen Elizabeth, disgraced for military inaction in Ireland, failed rebel.
DEVEREUX, Robert, 3rd Earl of Essex (1591–1646). Head of Royalist then of parliamentary forces.
D’EWES, Sir Simonds (1602–50). Antiquarian, diarist, anti-Royalist parliamentarian.
DIGBY, Sir Kenelm (1603–65). Studied with Thomas Allen; courtier, pirate, natural philosopher.
DIGGES, Sir Dudley (1582/3–1639). Son of mathematician Thomas Digges; Oxford-educated opposition MP.
DIGGES, Thomas (c.1546–95). Mathematician, father of Dudley Digges; studied with John Dee.
DIODATI, Élie (1576–1661). Calvinist lawyer instrumental in disseminating Galileo’s and Sarpi’s works.
DIODATI, Jean (1576–1649). Calvinist theologian, member of Sarpi’s group in Venice.
DOBSON, William (1611–46). Portraitist taught by Cleyn and encouraged by Van Dyck.
DONNE, John (1572–1631). Poet, friend of Wotton, author of sensitive reactions to Galileo’s astronomy.
DREBBEL, Cornelius (1572–1633). Dutch inventor, creator of a perpetual motion clock and tidal simulator.
DUPPA, Brian (1588–1662). Taught by Andrewes, promoted by Laud; tutor to the future Charles II.
DUTTON, John Crump (1594–1657). Wealthy lawyer; opposed Puritans and ship money; painted by Cleyn.
EARLE, John (c.1600–65). Oxford-educated sometime poet, member of Great Tew circle.
ELIOT, Sir John (1592–1632). Parliamentary leader; protégé then adversary of Buckingham; died in prison.
ELIZABETH I (1533–1603), Queen of England and Ireland (1558). Last of the Tudor monarchs.
FELTON, John (c.1595–1628). Assassin of Buckingham unhealthily given to reading.
FIENNES, William, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele (1582–1662). Godly Protestant; moderate MP; correspondent of Sir John Bankes.
FINCH, John, Baron Finch of Fordwich (1584–1660). Attorney General 1626, Speaker of the Commons 1628, Chief Justice of Common Pleas 1634, Lord Keeper 1639.
FORTESCUE, George (1578–1659). Present at the Roman College during Galileo’s visit in 1611.
FREDERICK V, Elector Palatine (1596–1632). Protestant leader, brother-in-law of Charles I.
FULLER, Thomas (1608). Royalist clergyman, church historian; his Pisgah-sight of Palestine (1650) illustrated by Cleyn; his Worthies of England (1662) a popular character book.
GAGE, George (c.1582–1638). English Catholic employed in the Spanish match, art connoisseur, friend of To
bie Matthew; not the priest George Gage (c.1602–52), against whom Prynne inveighed.
GALEN OF PERGAMON (129–c.210). The Ptolemy of medicine.
GALILEI, Galileo (1564–1642). Florentine one-time friend of Urban VIII; brilliant innovator in physics; discoverer of new worlds; author of Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632).
GELLIBRAND, Henry (1597–1637). Student of Savile and Bainbridge, almost won to Copernicus by Galileo.
GEREE, JOHN (1599/1600–49). Oxford-educated author of Character of a Puritan.
GODWIN, Francis (1562–1633). Bishop of Hereford; wrote a popular account of a voyage to the moon.
GREAVES, Sir Edward (1608–80). Studied medicine at Padua and Leyden; Reader in Physic in Oxford.
GREAVES, John (1602–52). Brother of Edward Greaves and Savilian professor of astronomy.
GREEN, Giles (fl. 1621–48). Confidant of Sir John Bankes, MP for Corfe Castle.
HALL, Joseph (1574–1656). Bishop of Norwich, known for religious writings and mild satires.
HAMPDEN, John (1594–1643). Opponent of ship money and episcopy; strong parliament man.
HARINGTON, John (1560–1612). Elizabethan courtier, translator of Ariosto, epigrammist.
HARRIOT, Thomas (1560–1621). Mathematician, astronomer, surveyor of Virginia.
HARVEY, William (1578–1657). Studied at Padua; royal physician, discoverer of blood circulation.
HATTON, Sir Christopher (1540–91). Chancellor to Elizabeth I, owner of Corfe Castle.
HATTON, Lady Elizabeth (1578–1646). Wife of Sir William Hatton and then of Edward Coke; close friend of Queen Anna; sold Corfe Castle to Sir John Bankes.
HEATH, Sir Robert (1575–1649). Protégé of Buckingham; Attorney General 1625.
HECKSTETTERS. Family of Cumberland miners into which Sir John Bankes’s sister married; his brother-in-law David Heckstetter was a fellow of Queen’s, Sir John’s Oxford college.
HENRIETTA MARIA of France, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1609–69). Married Charles I in 1625; her Catholicism and belief in the rights of kings helped destroy her husband.
HENRY, Prince of Wales (1594–1612). Eldest son of James VI & I and Anna of Denmark; militant Protestant and major art collector.
HENRY IV, King of France (1553–1610). Converted from Protestantism; relatively tolerant of Huguenots; father of Henrietta Maria by his queen, Marie de’ Medici.
HEYDON, Sir Christopher (1561–1623). Author of the authoritative Defence of judiciall astrologie (1603).
HEYDON, Sir John (1588–1653). Son of Sir Christopher Heydon, likewise a mathematician, soldier, and astrologer.
HEYLYN, Peter (1599–1662). Oxford-trained royalist polemicist and theologian; author of Microcosmos.
HILL, Nicholas (1570–c.1610). Eclectic philosopher associated with the Wizard Earl of Northumberland.
HOBBES, Thomas (1588–1679). Political philosopher, would-be mathematician, tutor to both William Cavendishes (of Devonshire and Newcastle), met and admired Galileo.
HOLLAR, Wenceslaus (1607–1677). Bohemian artist brought to England by Arundel, worked with Clyne.
HOLLES, Denzil, 1st baron Holles (1599–1680). Boyhood friend of Charles I but a strong parliamentarian.
HOWARD, Alethea (née Talbot), Lady Arundel (1585–1654). Wife of Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel.
HOWARD, Henry, 1st Earl of Northampton (1540–1614). Senior member of the Howard family rehabilitated by James I; succeeded Salisbury as Treasury Lord, 1612; wrote against astrology.
HOWARD, Thomas, 1st Earl of Suffolk (1561–1626). Half-brother of Northampton, Lord Treasurer 1614–18; cashiered for peculation; uncle of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel; father of Frances Carr.
HOWARD, Thomas, 14th Earl of Arundel (1586–1646). Catholic converted to Church of England; in and out of favor with the Crown; an extravagant and knowledgeable collector of art.
HOWARD, Lord William (1563–1640). Half-brother to Northampton and Suffolk; patron of John Bankes.
HOWELL, James (1594?–1666). Linguist, travel writer, glass merchant, courtier.
HYDE, Edward, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609–74). A lawyer close to Selden, Jonson, Falkland, and Laud; opposed ship money and other royal exactions but eventually joined with the king.
IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA, St (1491–1556). Founder of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).
ISAACSZ, Pieter (1569–1625). Danish–Dutch painter, recruited Cleyn into the service of Christian IV.
ISHAM, Sir Justinian (1611–75). Protégé of Bishop Duppa, friend of John Bankes junior.
JAMES VI, King of Scotland and James I, King of England and Ireland (1566–1625).
JONES, Inigo (1573–1652). Imported Italian architectural practice into England; staged masques for Queens Anna and Henrietta Maria.
JONSON, Ben (1572–1637). Prolific poet and playwright; put on masques in collaboration with Inigo Jones.
JUNIUS, Franciscus (1591–1677). Dutch pastor who entered Arundel’s service as tutor and librarian.
JUXON, William (1582–1663). Bishop of London and Lord Treasurer under Charles I.
KEPLER, Johannes (1571–1630). Wild but exact astronomer, friendly competitor of Galileo.
LAUD, William (1573–1645). Arminian Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633; patron of Maurice Williams.
LILLY, William (1602–81). Self-taught astrologer helpful to parliament during the Civil War.
LISTER, Sir Matthew (1571–1656). Educated at Oxford and Basel; royal physician under several reigns.
LITTLETON, Sir Edward (1589–1645), 1st baron. Moved from opposition MP to Solicitor General 1634; Lord Keeper after Sir John Finch.
LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo (1538–92). Authoritative theorist of art.
LONGOMONTANUS, Christian Sørenson (1562–1647). Assistant to Tycho Brahe on Hven, professor at the University of Copenhagen.
LOUIS XIII, King of France (1601–43). Uncooperative brother-in-law of Charles I.
LUMLEY, John, 1st Baron (1533–1609). Catholic whose books and paintings passed to Prince Henry.
LYDIAT, Thomas (1572–1646). Chronologist and cosmologist in the service of Prince Henry.
MARIA ANNA, Infanta of Spain (1606–46). Prospective bride of Prince Charles, later Queen of Hungary.
MARSHALL, William (fl. 1617–49). Designer–engraver of many poor quality and some witty title pages.
MATTHEW, Tobie (1546–1628). Vice Chancellor of Oxford, godly Archbishop of York, father of the apostate Tobie Matthew (1577–1655), a Catholic priest in and out of favor with James I.
MAYERNE, Sir Théodore Turquet de (1573–1655). Genevan Huguenot physician trained in Europe, migrated to England in 1610, became doctor to James I and Charles I.
MAYNE, Jasper (1604–72). Poet, converted from a Catholic family, patronized by Duppa and Bankes.
MEDICI, Cosimo II de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621). One-time student of Galileo.
MEDICI, Marie de’, Queen of France (1575–1642). Mother of Charles I’s queen, Henrietta Maria.
MELANCHTHON, Philip (1497–1560). Luther’s collaborator, “preceptor of Germany,” addicted to astrology.
MICANZIO, Fra Fulgenzio (1570–1654). Italian monk, close associate of Sarpi and friend of Wotton.
MILTON, John (1608–74). Peerless poet and a polemicist for Parliament; used Galileo against Rome.
MODENA, Leone (1571–1648). Venetian Rabbi whom Coryat tried to convert; a friend of Wotton.
MONTAGU, Richard (1577–1641). Stout defender of the church of England; Bishop of Worcester 1628.
MYTENS, Daniel (1590–1647/8). Dutch portrait painter active in London; clientele included royalty.
NEILE, Richard (1562–1640). Professional bishop (six dioceses, lastly York); patron of Laud.
NIJS, Daniel (1572–1647). Flemish merchant in Venice, art dealer and go-between Wotton and Sarpi.
NORGATE, Edward (1581–1650). Miniature painter, musician, good friend, and admirer of Cleyn.
NOY(E), Wi
lliam (1577–1634). Opposition MP from 1603; Attorney General 1631–34; chief deviser of ship money and deafforestation.
OGILBY, John (1600–76). Dancing master turned scholar and publisher, patron of Cleyn.
OLIVER, Isaac (c.1565–1617). Miniaturist, artist, and adviser on art to Queen Anna.
OUGHTRED, William (1575–1660). Mathematician in Arundel’s circle; disdained Delamain.
PALLADIO, Andrea (1508–80). Italian architect active in Venice whose work influenced Inigo Jones.
PARACELSUS, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493/4–1541). Anti-Galenic physician.
PAUL V BORGHESE (1550–1621). Tridentine pope, precipitated the Venetian interdict, approved edict against Copernican teachings, excommunicated Sarpi.
PAYNE, Robert (1596–1651). Oxford man, cleric, and natural philosopher in Cavendish circle.
PEACHAM, Henry (1578–c.1644). Authority on what made a complete gentleman.
PERCY, Algernon, 10th Earl of Northumberland (1602–68). Lord Admiral who went over to Parliament.
PERCY, Henry, 9th Earl of Northumberland (1564–1632). The “Wizard Earl,” patron of Hariot and others.
PHILIP IV, King of Spain (1605–65). Brother of Prince Charles’s inamorata Maria Anna.
PORTER, Endymion (1587–1649). Old Spanish hand, finished courtier, intimate of Charles I.
PRYNNE, William (1600–69). Oxford educated lawyer, uncontrollable Puritan writer.
PTOLEMY, Claudius (c.100–c.170). Author of the standard texts on earth-centered astronomy and astrology.
PYM, John (1584–1643). Anti-Catholic, anti-Royalist leader of the Long Parliament; protégé of the Earl of Bedford, close to John Hampden.
QUARLES, Francis (1592–1644). Royalist poet, anti-Arminian and anti-Catholic, yet took his most successful work, Emblemes (1635) from Jesuit sources; father of John Quarles (1624/5–65).
ROBINSON, Henry (1551/2–1616). Bishop of Carlisle; collaborated with Lord William Howard in policing the Scottish borders; placed his brother Giles as Vicar of Sir John Bankes’s parish church.
ROSS, Alexander (1591–1654). A chaplain of Charles I, aggressive and ignorant opponent of new ideas.
RUBENS, Peter Paul (1577–1640). Among his paintings, decoration of the ceiling of Inigo Jones’s Banqueting House; among his other activities, diplomatic negotiations between England and Spain.
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