104. Wotton to Sir Edmund Bacon, 16 June 1614, in SL ii. 40; Hervey, Life (1921), 76–8.
105. Robinson, Dukes (1995), 101–2, 107–9; Fletcher, Apollo, 144 (August 1996), 64; Wilson, Lanier (1994), 204; Norgate, Miniatura (1919), pp. ix–x; Chaney and Wilks, Grand Tour (2014), 191. The gondola is noted in CSPD, 1623–25, 81.
106. Peacock, in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture (1993), 206–7, 212, 215–19; Braunmuller, in Peck (ed.), Mental World (1991), 232–3; Wilks, Journal of the History of Collections, 1/2 (1989), 168–74; Anderson, “Art Dealing” (2010), 50–5.
107. Chaney and Wilks, Grand Tour (2014), 232; Anderson, in Howard and McBurney (eds), Image (2014), 124–35.
108. SL ii. 194–201; Harris with Savage, Architectural Books (1990), 499–500.
109. Wotton, Elements (1624), 41–2; Kruft, History (1994), 231–2; Myers, Literature (2013), 51–62.
110. Cavendish, Horae (1620), 383–4; Gent, Picture (1981), 14–17, 69–86.
111. Jones, On Palladio (1970), i. 9, 12, 46; ii, bks I, 36, 50, and IV, 29; Wilks, Court Historian, 12/2 (2007), 164, 166. Jones went to Denmark, perhaps not for the first time, with a mission to convey the Garter to Christian (Wilks, Court Historian, 12/2 (2007), 157–8).
112. Chaney and Wilks, Grand Tour (2014), 60.
113. Jones, On Palladio (1970), i. 1, and ii, first flyleaf; Serlio, Architecture (1611), I.1, fo.1.1r, II.3, fo. 2.5r.
114. Orgel and Strong, Jones (1973), i. 7, 18; Lewcock, Davenant (2008), 46–9.
115. Limon, Masque (1990), 56–8, 69, 72, 75.
116. Peacock, Designs (1995), 84–5, 91, 96, 104–7, 181, 269, 305.
Chapter 2
1. Bentivoglio, Memorie (1864), i. 26–30, 79, 82; Bentivoglio to Francesco Bivero (a Dominican in Brussels), 10 April 1616, in Bentivoglio, Collection (1764), 69.
2. Bentivoglio, Relationi (1630), i. 205–9.
3. Bentivoglio, Relationi (1630), i. 209–12; Loomie, HLQ 34 (1970–1), 303–5. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 235, estimates that Catholics amounted to a twentieth of the population of England.
4. Bentivoglio, Relationi (1630), i. 210–15; Patterson, James (1997), 77–84.
5. Earle, Microcosmographie (16387), no. 13 (quote); Walsham, Church Papists (1993), 11–12, 76–7, 80.
6. Bentivoglio, Relationi (1630), i. 216–18.
7. Questier, English Historical Review, 123 (2008), 1134–6, 1141, 1149–50, 1156, and Newsletters (2005), 9–15. The Venetian ambassadors kept track of James’s vacillations, e.g., CSPV, 1603–7, 138, 166 (11 March and 7 July 1604), lenient; 232, 270 (30 March and 14 September 1605), hesitant; 279–80, 321, 323 (12 October 1605, 24 February and 10 March 1606), severe.
8. McCullough, Sermons (1998), 6, 103, 105, 117–20, 125.
9. James VI & I, Basilikon doron (1603), 41–2; Croft, James (2003), 155, 158–9; Cozzi, Rivista storica italiana, 79 (1967), 1110.
10. McCullough, Sermons (1998), 107–12.
11. Kepler, in Werke (1937–98), xii. 30–5; Rothman, Pursuit (2017), 90.
12. White, in Fincham, Church (1993), 219–22.
13. Quoted in Hill, Bench (1988), 264, 212.
14. Sir John Harrington, in Akrigg, Pageant (1962), 80 (quote), 82; Roberts, Entertainment (1606), 10; Anon. (1606), 20, 28.
15. Heiberg, Christian 4 (2006), 120; Summerson, Jones (2000), 6–7; Gotch, Jones (1928), 26–8.
16. Anon. (1606), 9 (quote); Giovani Carlo Scaramelli to Doge and Senate, 24 April, 28 May, 12 and 19 June 1603, and Piero Duodo and Nicolo Molin to same, 11 December 1603 (quote), in CSPV, 1603–7, 11, 40–2, 47, 52, 122.
17. Scaramelli to Doge and Senate, 24 April, 8 May, 30 July (quote) 1603, and Molin to same, 1 December 1604, in CSPV, 1603–7, 11, 20, 70, 195.
18. SL i. 81–4; Ord, SC 22/1 (2007), 8–10.
19. Wotton to Salisbury, 1 September 1606, in SL i. 360.
20. Lockhart, Denmark (1996), 78; Heiberg, Christian 4 (2006), 152–6.
21. Bentivoglio, Memorie (1864), i. 26–30, 79, 82; Bentivoglio to Francesco Bivero, 10 April 1616, in Bentivoglio, Collection (1764), 69.
22. Bentivoglio, Relationi (1630), i. 227–332.
23. Laud and Buckeridge, “Epistle Dedicatory,” in Andrewes, XCVI. Sermons (1631), fos A3–A5; Andrewes, Morall Law (1642), esp. 253–6, 373–4, for Andrewes’s early Puritanism.
24. Andrewes, Selected Sermons (2005), 179–90, 191 (quote); Mitchell, Pulpit Oratory (1932), 148–66.
25. Andrewes, Selected Sermons (2005), 153–4, 156–60, 193–7; CSPV, 1603–7, 327 (23 March 1606).
26. Andrewes, Selected Sermons (2005), 198–202.
27. Mocket, God (1615), 20–4, 63–9, 75–5, 84–7.
28. James VI & I, Declaration (1612), 6, 21, 29–32; Shriver, English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 455, 462, 460 (quotes), 454–8.
29. De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 41, 52–4, 59, 65, 70–3.
30. Bellany and Cogswell, Murder (2015), 93–103; Anthony, Medicinae chymicae … assertio (1610), 46–8; Debus, Paracelsians (1965), 142–3.
31. Milton, Delegation (2005), pp. xxii–xxxv, xlii, xlvii–liii; White, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 225; Fincham and Lake, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 31.
32. Montagu, Gagg (1624), fo. +2v, 108, 144–5; Tyacke, in Duke and Tamse (eds), Church (1981), 100; Milton, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 200, 208–9.
33. Andrewes, Selected Sermons (2005), 232, 235, 242.
34. McCullough, in Andrewes, Selected Sermons (2005), pp. xxvi–xxx; Lake, in Peck (ed.), Mental World (1991), 113–19; Milton, in Ashbee (ed.), Lawes (1998), 73–4.
35. McCullough, Sermons (1998), 155–6, 161, 163.
36. Laud and Buckeridge, in Andrewes, XCVI. Sermons (1631), fos A3v, A5r.
37. Isaacson, Narration [1650] (1817), 3–4; Lossky, Andrewes (1991), 11–12.
38. Foley, English College (1880), 356–7.
39. Eeles, Parish Church (1953), 58–61; Bouch, Prelates (1948), 244–7.
40. Fincham, Prelate (1990), 86, 180, 256–7.
41. Eeles, Parish Church (1953), 47; Collingwood, CWASS, Transactions, 10 (1910), 379; Crosthwaite, CWASS, Transactions, 2 (1876), 228–31.
42. Crosthwaite, Life (1873), 3, 7, 24; Prest, Diary (1991), 99; Bott, Keswick (1994), 185; Crosthwaite, CWASS, Transactions, 2 (1876), 226–7, 232, following Camden, and 6 (1883), 344–6; Esser, in Panayi (ed.), Germans (1996), 22–6.
43. Brathwaite, English Gentleman (16312), 126.
44. Hutchins, History (1973), iii. 239; Bott, Keswick (1994), 18–21.
45. Magrath, Queen’s College (1921), i. 206–24.
46. Jonson, Everyman out of his Humour (1599), in Works (2012), i. 249–420, dedication, quoted in Green, Inns (1931), 2–3; see also 11–17, 57–8, 80–96; Prest, Inns (1972), 230–2; Levack, Civil Lawyers (1973), 9–10, reports the 90% restriction to gentlemen.
47. Prest, Inns (1972), 47–8, 52–5, 64–5; Fletcher, Pension Book (1901), 293, 308, 311, 313–17; Charles’s Lenten tantrum occurred on 18 March 1633.
48. Green, Inns (1931), 43–4, 49–50.
49. Biographia Britannica (1747–66), i. 471 (first quote); Clarendon, History (1849), ii. 137 (second quote).
50. Baker, Readers (2000), 259, 275, 329, 506, 525.
51. Fletcher, Pension Book (1901), 215; Ornsby, Selection (1878), 114–16, 209, 259, app. xxxv; the estimate converts the 11-shilling fees for copying, advising, filing, etc., to 5 shillings an hour.
52. Matthew, in Woodruff (ed.), Belloc (1942), 117–18, 122–3, 130; Victoria History. Cumberland (1901–5), ii. 283–5; Scot, Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), VI.vi, xix, xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, and V.v.82–5 (quote). Mathew, Age (1951), 245–58, takes Lord William as his example of the early Stuart antiquary.
53. Reinmuth, Recusant History, 12 (1973–4), 226, 228, 232–3.
54. Harrington, 1615, quoted in McCullough, Sermons (1998), p. v.
55. McCullough, Sermons (1998), 126, 195; Morrissey, Politics (2011), 25, 38–9; D-BKL/H/A/77.
57. Hall, Sermon (1642), fo. A2v; Bankes, Story (1853), 76–9; Kerling, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, Transations, 22/3 (1970), 3.
58. Sibbes, Soule’s Conflict (1635), fos A2v, A5r; Dever, Sibbes (2000), 66–70, 73, 82–3, 86–90; Adlington, in Archer (ed.), Worlds (2011), 54, 57–8.
59. Lloyd, Memoires (1668), 586 (s.v. “Bankes”). Cf. Prest, Inns (1972), 213.
60. SL i. 125; Loomie, HLQ 34 (1970–1), 308; Hervey, Life (1921), 155.
61. Pagnini, Costantino (2006), 134–5, 141–5, 147–9.
62. Antonio Foscarini, Venetian ambassador to England, to Doge and Senate, 30 November 1612, CSPV, 1610–13, 453–4.
63. Crinò, in Chaney and Ritchie (eds), Oxford (1984), 107–13; Watson and Avery, Burlington Magazine, 115 (1973), 494–502; SL i. 114–16, 119–22, 131–2.
64. Thrush, in Clucas and Davies (eds), Crisis (2003), 25–31; Barroll, Anna (2001), 153–6, 171.
65. Glarbo, Afhandlinger (1956), 50–80.
66. Nichols, Progresses (1828), ii. 69n., quoting a contemporary source (Pegge’s Curialia, pt 4, p. 63); Heiberg, Christian 4 (2006), 227, 230; Williams, Anne (1970), 178–9.
67. Akrigg, Pageant (1962), 321–8; CSPV, 1621–3, 550–1, and 1623–5, 208.
68. Glabro, Afhandlinger (1956), 50–80; Murdoch, Britain (2000), 42, 48.
69. Croft, James (2003), 84–5, 113; Hill, in Keblusek and Noldus (eds), Double Agents (2011), 41; Chaney, Evolution (1998), 209–10; Barnes, in Howarth (ed.), Art (1993), 1, 4–7.
70. Huxley, Porter (1959), 25, 30–1, 53–4, 72, 75, 81.
71. Redworth, Prince (2003), 65–9.
72. Baldwin, Chapel (1990), 100, 236; Matthew and Calthorp, Life (1907), 193–7, 213–15, 220; Redworth, Prince (2003), 69–71, 134–7.
73. Brotton and McGrath, Journal of the History of Collections, 20 (2008), 1, and Brotton, in Samson (ed.), Spanish Match (2006), 19–24.
74. Akrigg, Pageant (1962), 222.
75. Huxley, Porter (1959), 95, 100–1, 117.
76. Huxley, Porter (1959), 110.
77. McCullough, Sermons (1998), 183–5, 195, 196 (quote, from the preacher Daniel Price), 197–9, 204–6.
78. Crinò, in Crinò, Fatti (1957), 55–6; Matthew and Calthorp, Life (1907), 141–3, 148–50, 155.
79. Baldwin, Chapel (1990), 129; Petersson, Digby (1956), 29, 57, 264–74; Moshenska, Stain (2016), 80–3, 111–12; Bacon, Sylva sylvarum (1627), 264–5, in Bynum, Journal of the History of Medicine, 21 (1966), 9.
80. Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 308.
81. Micanzio to Cavendish, 27 December 1619, and 5 June, 29 October 1620, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 99, 113, 121; Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 195–250, and De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 215–59, also review this correspondence.
82. Micanzio to Cavendish, 10 September 1621, 5 February 1622, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 144, 148 (quote).
83. Micanzio to Cavendish, 19 August 1622, 26 May and 8 June 1623, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 199–200, 234 (quote), 237.
84. Sarpi to Dohna, 20 May 1609, in Benzoni, Archivio veneto, 98 (1967), 22; Lievsay, in Bluhm, Essays (1965), 112–15; Belligni, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 140; Cogswell, in Cust and Hughes (eds), Conflict (1989), 107–9.
85. Micanzio to Cavendish, 3 June, 21 October, 2 November, and 9 December 1622, 30 June and 13 July 1623, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 182–3, 208, 212, 217–18, 242, 245; CSPV, 1621–3, 493–4.
86. Micanzio to Cavendish, 24 February, 6, 13, 20, 27 May 1622, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 157, 170–1, 175, 178.
87. Micanzio to Cavendish, 12 March 1621, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 180.
88. Micanzio to Cavendish, 2 August, 27 October 1623, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 248–9, 255.
89. Micanzio to Cavendish, 21 February, 24 April 1620, and 28 September 1618, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 80 (quote), 101 (quote), 110.
90. Ranier Zen, CSPV, 1621–3, 493–4.
91. Middleton and William Rowley, The World Tost at Tennis (1620), in Middleton, Works (2010), 1416 (ll. 163–8).
92. Thus 3000, in Hogg, in Hogg (ed.), Jacobean Drama (1995), 291–5; Limon, Dangerous Matter (1986), 102–18.
93. Bold, in Middleton, Game (1929), 11, 17–20; quotes from Game, II.ii, pp. 71–2 (slightly varied in Middleton, Works (2010), 1848–9, ll.13–14, 48–52); Heineman, in Mulgrave and Shewring (eds), Theatre (1993), 242–8; Limon, Dangerous Matter (1986), 6–7, 98–129.
94. Croft, James (2003), 106–9; McCullough, Sermons (1998), 139–41, 209.
95. Gardiner, England (1875), i. 13 (quote), 21–6, 30–3; Alexander, Weston (1975), 51–2; Croft, James (2003), 123–5; Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 86–9.
96. Gardiner, History (1893–4), i. 39–42, 69, 82–3.
97. Gardiner, England (1875), i. 161–2.
98. Lando, in CSPV, 1621–3, 450–3.
99. Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 14, 75, 84, 88–91.
100. White, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 225–9; Fincham and Lake, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 37–40; Tyacke, in Fincham (ed.), Church (1993), 62, 66–9.
101. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 35–8 (quote, 37), 56, 65, 87.
102. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 166, 292–5, 305; ii. 207–9, 214, 222, 276–7; Laud to Brent, 9 September 1635, in Laud, Further Correspondence (2018), 131–2.
103. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 252–8, 253; Steele, Plays (1968), 259–60 (quote); Elliott et al. (eds), Records, xvii.1 (2004), 519–64.
104. Strode, Floating Island (1655), II.iv, IV.xiii, V.vi.
105. Questier, Newsletters (2005), 288–9.
106. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 24–8, 35–9; Jones, HLQ 40 (1977), 215–16.
107. Prynne, Pleasant Purge (1642), fo. A4r, pp. 100–1.
108. Prynne, Love-Lockes (1628), fo. a3, p. 2, and fo. a2, resp.
109. Hill, Bench (1988), 263, re Sir Julius Caesar.
110. Prynne, Healths-Sicknesse (1628), ¶¶ 2v, 5r.
111. According to Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 270.
112. Burton [and Prynne], Tragedie [1626] (1642), fo. A3r and pp. 28, 1, 29 (quotes); fos A4v–B1r, on Bellarmine.
113. Burton, For God (1636), fo. B1r (quote).
114. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 4–5.
115. Cf. Sharpe, Personal Rule (1992), 758–65; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 236–7 (quote); Howell, Collection (1816), iii, col. 745; Sanderson, Compleat History (1658), 218–19.
116. Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 237; Woodford, Diary (2012), 377, for 26 November 1640.
117. Geree, Character (1646), 1–6.
118. Thomas, Lord Coventry, to Assize Judges, July 1635, in Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 831–2; cf. Questier, Newsletters (2005), 278.
119. Prynne, Popish Royal Favourite (1643), 15–16, 19.
120. Sanderson, Compleat History (1658), 219–20.
121. Albion, Charles I (1935), 193–200; Anon., A Refutation (1681), re Cottington; Havran, Catholics (1962), 51–2, 55, 59.
122. Leyburn to Biddulph, 19 July 1633, and “Short Instruction” (1635), in Questier, Newslettters (2005), 192, 246–7.
123. Laud, Works (1847–60), iii. 219; iv. 332.
124. Sitwell, Recusant History, 5 (1960), 136–41, 145–7, 162–6; Davidson, “Catholicism” (1970), 655.
125. Anon., Nuntioes (1643), 4–5, 8–13.
126. Albion, Charles I (1935), 172–5, 179–87; Birrell, “Introduction,” in Berington (ed.), Memoirs (1970).
127. Kraus, Staatssekretariat (1964), 30, 85, 138–40, 148.
128. Conn, Vita (1624), fos †3v–†6v, cited in Favino, Bruniana e Campanelliana, 3/2 (1997), 269; Allacci, Apes (1633), 126–7, largely following Dempster, Histo
ria (1627), 170–2.
129. Conn, Assertionum catholicarum (1629), fos +1, +4r, and pp. 154, 157.
130. Schreiber, Carlisle (1984), 81–7; Mathew, Age (1951), 57–9.
131. Nicius, Pinacotheca (1643), 132–3; Lutz, Kardinal (1971), 406–7; Albion, Charles I (1935), 118–44.
132. Questier, Newsletters (2005), 52, 90–1, 108, 130–1, 151–5, 161–2, 166–7, 206, 225 (correspondence of January–February 1632 to 1 July 1634); Villani, in Visceglia (ed.), Papato (2013), 314–16.
133. SL i. 100–7; James to Salisbury, September 1609, in James VI & I, Letters (1984), 312–13; Jaitner, in Schoppe, Philoteca (2004), i.1. 78–9, 102; Schoppe, in Schoppe, Philoteca (2004), i.1. 580, 599–601; Sells, Paradise (1964), 65–6. “Starving turncoat” and “mud-caked quack” are Wotton’s compliments, as quoted in Reeves, News (2014), 144.
134. Schoppe, “Catalogus virorum doctorum,” in Schoppe, Philoteca (2004), i.2. 617–27; Bentivoglio to Conn, December 1639, in Ciampoli, Lettere (1676), pt 1, 71.
135. HG 257–8, 300–8; D’Addio, Scioppio (1962), 20–8, 171–5, 244–6.
136. Ciampoli, Poesia (1626), 4, 30.
137. Conn to Barberini, 16 September 1636, in Ranke, History (1875), v. 453.
138. Leyburn to Edward Bennett, 3 September 1636, in Questier, Newsletters (2005), 287–90; Hervey, Life (1921), 326–7.
139. Huxley, Porter (1959), 163–5; Laud to Charles I, 16 November 1637, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vii. 382.
140. Huxley, Porter (1959), 235–7; Selden, Table Talk (1856), 137. If we are to believe Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 400–1, Selden was an expert in seduction.
141. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 235–6.
142. Conn to Barberini, 12 March 1637, in Ranke, History (1875), v. 456.
143. Questier, Newsletters (2005), 295, 302–3, 305, 317, 321 (letters of November 1636 to 15 March 1638); Conn to Barberini, 17 September 1638, quoted by Worsley, Cavalier (2007), 136.
144. Conn to Barberini, 16 September 1636, in Ranke, History (1875), v. 453.
145. Meyer, American Historical Review, 19 (1913), 22; Albion, Charles I (1935), 189; Havran, Catholics (1962), 148–9; Cropper, “Introduction,” in Cropper (ed.), Diplomacy (2000).
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