6. Gilbert, De magnete [1600] (1958), 322, 327, 341; Westman, Copernican Question (2011), 407, fig. 77.
7. Gattei, in Albrecht et al. (eds), Tintenfass (2014), 335–61.
8. Urban’s Adulatio perniciosa (“Perilous Flattery” in the translation by Gattei, Life (2019), 305), in Galileo, Opere (1656), i. fo. +5r (Gettei, ll. 11–12); in another verse in the same poem (Gettei, ll. 35–6), Urban mentions Galileo’s observation of sunspots.
9. William Boswell to provost of King’s College, Cambridge, 3 October 1628, in RCHM, Report, 1 (1870), 68.
10. Guiducci to Galileo, 8 November 1624, in OG xiii. 226.
11. Favino, Ciampoli (2015), 93, 96, 99; Gabrieli, Contributi (1989), i. 464 (10 December 1625); HG 261–3.
12. HG 285–6, 304–5, 321; Favino, Bruniana e Campanelliana, 3/2 (1997), 268–9.
13. Bentivoglio, Memorie (1864), i. 103–4.
14. Letter of 5 August 1634, OG xvi. 120.
15. Bünger, Bernegger (1893), 20–1, 62, 67–71, 77, 93–4.
16. Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 195, 203–6; Bernegger to Caspar Hofmann, Altdorf, 21 July 1638, in Reifferscheid, Briefe (1889), 573–4, 936; Garcia, Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du Protestantisme français, 146 (2000), 311–18; Patterson, James (1997), 149–51.
17. Galileo, Nova-antiqua (1636); Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 211–18; Garcia, Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du Protestantisme français, 146 (2000), 317–18, 320, 324–32.
18. Bünger, Bernegger (1893), 81–2, 122–4, 206, 277.
19. Garcia, Bruniana & Campanelliana, 10 (2003), 46–7, 51–5.
20. Cf. Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 85–8, 92–5.
21. Cf. Feingold, in Galluzzi, Novità (1983), 416; Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 187–90; Galileo, OG xiv. 399–401, 422.
22. Batho, Library, 15 (1960), 255–7.
23. Sir William Lower to Harriot, 21 June 1610, quoted by Roche, Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences, 32 (1982), 11–12.
24. Shirley, Ambix, 4 (1949), 56–9, 63–4; Batho, Library, 15 (1960), 247–8.
25. Markham, “Introduction,” in Hues, Tractatus (1889), pp. xxv–xxviii, xxxvi–xl, and index entry “Copernicus.”
26. Pontanus, in Hues, Tractatus (1639), quotes on pp. 24, 145–6, 4, resp., the middle two from Scaliger.
27. Hill, Philosophia (16192), 122, 156–8; Trevor-Roper, Catholics (1987), 5, 10–12, 29–31; McColley, AS 4 (1939), 391, 396–7, 404n. (citing an epigram of 1619); Massa, JHI 38 (1977), 228, 230, 235, 238–9. For brief mention of other early British Copernicans, Drake, in McMullin (ed.), Galileo (1967), 417–24, and Omodeo, Copernicus (2014), 37–43.
28. Plot, Natural History (1705), 228; Lydiat, Praelectio (1605), 59, 61–5, 68–72; Johnson, Vanity (1749), 14 (the verse). “Monster” and “Fool” are Scaliger’s epithets.
29. Bainbridge, Description (1619), dedication (“Foelix novi anni auspicium | et | D: Astronomiae tandem instaurandae symbolum;” Smith, Vitae (1707), 5–6.
30. Bainbridge, Description (1619), 5–6 (Aristarchus), 12, 14, 19, 22.
31. Bainbridge to Hanniball Baskerville (his patient), 15 January 1622, and 14 December and 3 February 1627, in Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. Letters, 41.5 (formerly Add. MS 14923).
32. Bainbridge, Description (1619), 28–9, 31–9, 41–2.
33. Hallowes, Halifax Antiquarian Society, Transactions (1962), 84; Carpenter, Geography (1625), 143 (quote); DNB, s.v. “Savile.”
34. Sharpe, Cotton (1979), 70; Tyacke, in Pennington and Thomas (eds), Puritans (1978), 76–8; Curtis, Oxford (1959), 231; Smith, Vitae (1707), 7–9, 12–13; Bainbridge, Procli sphaera (1620), dedication.
35. Bainbridge, “Antiprognosticon” (1623), Bodleian, Add. MS A380, fo. 201v; the date appears from fo. 199v.
36. Bainbridge, in Oxford University, Oxoniensis academiae parentalia (1625), fo. K1r.
37. Bainbridge, “De stella Veneris” (c.1630), Bodleian, Add. MS A380, fos 205v–206r, 208r (quote).
38. Feingold, Apprenticeship (1984), 56–7, 60, 67–8, 103, 117–19, 125, 190–2.
39. Carpenter, Geography (1625), 75–6, 111–13, 93–4 (quote); cf. Carpenter, Philosophia (1622), 271–99, and Feingold in Galluzzi (ed.), Novità (1983), 412–13, 417–20.
40. Gellibrand, Discourse (1635), 20–2; the observation, which was spurious, suggested that the latitude of a given place changes slowly in time. Gellibrand transcribed exactly from Galileo’s Dialogo (1632), in OG vii. 471.
41. Russell, in Dobrzycki, Reception (1972), 214, 217–21; Sellers, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 37/4 (2006), 412–14.
42. These and other examples from Feingold, in Poole (ed.), Wilkins (2017), 9–16.
43. Galileo to Micanzio, 1 December 1635, OG xvi. 355; correspondence among Walter Warner, Robert Payne, John Pell, and Charles Cavendish, 1634–36, 1641, 1644, in Halliwell, Collection (1841), 68, 72–7; Hobbes to Cavendish, 15/25 August 1635, in Hobbes, Correspondence (1994), i. 28–9.
44. Feingold, in North and Roche (eds), Essays (1985), 266–72, 274–5 (the high opinion of Payne’s brain); Jonson, quoted in Brown, SC 9/2 (1994), 166–7; Jacquot, AS 8 (1952), 17–21; Payne to Cavendish, 22 March 1631, BL, Add. MS 70499, fo. 151, signs himself “Your Lordship’s most oblig’d and devoted Chapleine.” Payne’s translation of Galileo is preserved in BL, Harley MS 6796, fos 317–30; Galileo to Micanzio, 1 December 1635, OG xvi. 355.
45. Hobbes to Wm Cavendish, 26 January/5 February 1634, in Hobbes, Correspondence (1994), i. 19 (quote). A copy of the original Dialogo was offered for sale in London in 1639; Martin, Catalogus (1639), 69.
46. Letter of 1 December 1635, in OG xvi. 355; T. Salusbury to Giovanni Buonamici, 16 August 1636, cited by Favaro, Rivista delle biblioteche, 18–19 (1889), 88, mentions a finished translation.
47. Webbe, Minae (1612), 105–7; Salmon, Study (1988), 16, 22–31; Malcolm, in Hobbes, Correspondence (1994), i. 20 n. 10.
48. A “Catalogue of … Popish Physicians,” quoted in Salmon, in Salmon, Study (1988), 16, from John Gee, The Foot out of the Snare: With a Detection of Sundry Late Practices and Impostures of the Priests (1624).
49. Aubrey, Lives (1898), i. 366.
50. Hobbes, Elements of Philosophy (1656), in English Works (1962), i, pp. viii–ix (first quote), and as quoted by Jesseph, Perspectives in Science, 12/2 (2004), 195; Gargani, Hobbes (1971), 19–20, referring to Short Tract on First Principles (c.1630). Cf. Goldsmith, Hobbes’ Science (1966), 242.
51. Gargani, Hobbes (1971), 55–8.
52. Clucas, SC 9/2 (1994), 252–3, 256–7.
53. Quoted by Favaro, Amici (1983), ii. 990, from R. White, Hemispherium dissectum (1648).
54. Bradley, in Carter (ed.), Renaissance to the Counter Reformation (1965), 349, 357–8.
55. Bradley, in Carter (ed.), Renaissance to the Counter Reformation (1965), 351–4, 361, 366; Henry, BJHS 15 (1982), 223–9.
56. Clancy, Archivum historicum Societatis Jesu, 40 (1971), 69–79, 86–8; Tutino, Thomas White (2008), 5–6.
57. White, De mundo dialogi tres (1642), as summarized by Jacquot and Jones, in Hobbes, Critique (1973), 47–53.
58. Southgate, Covetous (1993), 9–10, 15–16, 32, 95–100; Tutino, Thomas White (2008), 31–5.
59. Hobbes, Critique (1973), 178 (“Galilaeus, non modò nostri, sed omnium saecularum philosophus maximus”); chs 16–17 (on the tides); Jacquot, Notes and Records, 9 (1952), 189; Hobbes, Thomas White (1976), 170–91, 253–4.
60. Cf. Southgate, History of European Ideas, 18 (1994), 53, 57.
61. Petersson, Digby (1956), 83–4, 89–91, 98–9, 120, 140; Moshenska, Stain (2016), 141–4.
62. Petersson, Digby (1956), 21, 152, 158, 162, 180, 214–20.
63. Petersson, Digby (1956), 188–9; Foster, Downside Review, 100 (1982), 123 (first quote), 125–30; Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 303 (second quote); Watson, in Parkes and Watson (eds), Scribes (1978), 288–90, 301; Foster, Oxoniensia, 46 (1981), 109–12; Donaldson, Bodleian Library Record, 8 (1967–72), 253–4, 257
.
64. Digby, Two Treatises (1644), “Preface,” fo. O5r, 70, 83–4.
65. Shapiro, Wilkins (1969), 13–25, 55; “Life of the Author,” in Wilkins, Works (1708), fo. A2r.
66. Campanella, Defense (1994), 62–110; McColley, AS 4 (1939), 152–67.
67. Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 71–6.
68. Godwin, Man in the Moone (1937), 2 (“discovery age”), 18–22, 23 (“philosophers”), 33.
69. Rahn, in Neuber and Zittel (eds), Copernicus (2015), 158, 163–4; Cressy, American Historical Review, 111 (2006), 966–7; Hicks, Dialogues of Lucian (1634), 11–22, 12 (quote); Henderson, in Poole (ed.), Wilkins (2017), 133–45.
70. Wilkins, Discovery (1638), 85–6 (quote), 95–142.
71. Wilkins, Discovery (1638), 44, 50–1, 54–9, 88–94.
72. Wilkins, Discovery (1638), 143–66, 112, 193–5.
73. Wilkins, Discovery (1638), 36 (quote), 38–9, 174–5 (quote).
74. Ross, Commentum (1634), 10, 16–17, 33, 62 (quote); McColley, AS 3 (1938), 156–62; Dix, Classical Philology, 90/3 (1995), 256–8; Drake, in McMullin (ed.), Galileo (1967), 422.
75. Quoted from Ross, History of the World (1652), 83, by Allan, SC 16/1 (2001), 83; Ross issued his challenge specifically to Nathanael Carpenter.
76. Wilkins, Discourse (1640), 148–9.
77. Prynne, Perpetuities of a Regenerate Man’s Estate (1627), quoted by Kirby, Prynne (1931), 12.
78. Ross, New Planet (1646), 1–2, 9.
79. Ross, Leviathan (1653), fo. A4v.
80. HG 204, 212. Cf. Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 56–70, 79–81; McColley, AS 3 (1938), 168–72, 183; Deason, in Mckee and Armstrong (eds), Probing (1989), 327–34.
81. Wilkins, Discourse (1640), 169–75, 194–5 (quote), 203–6, 226–32.
82. Wilkins, Discourse (1640), 236–7, 241–3.
83. Cf. Nonnoi, Saggi (2000), 105–111. The frontispiece does not appear in either printing of the Discovery in 1638; McColley, AS 1 (1936), 330–4.
84. Cf. Nicolson, AS 4 (1939), 2–3, 8, 16–17; Camden, Isis, 19/1 (1933), 26–31, 37–42.
85. Wharton, Works (1683), 322.
86. Montgomery, Ambix, 11 (1963), 68–9; Manschreck, Melanchthon (1941), 103–5.
87. Wohlwill, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften, iii (1904), 263–7.
88. Calvin, Admonicion (1561), fos A5–6, fo. A8v.
89. Calvin, Admonicion (1561), fos B3v, C3, C6r (quote).
90. Calvin, Admonicion (1561), fos B1v, B2v–B3r, B4v.
91. Calvin, Admonicion (1561), fos D8r, D1v–D2r, resp. Cf. Probes, Westminster Theological Journal, 37/1 (1974), 32–3.
92. James VI & I, Daemonologie (1603), 13.
93. Bacon, De augmentis (1623), III.4, in Bacon, Philosophical Works (1905), 462, 464.
94. Bacon, De augmentis (1623), II.13, in Bacon, Philosophical Works (1905), 445.
95. Carleton, Astrologomania (1624), “Epistle dedicatory” (by Thomas Vicars, Carleton’s chaplain), 4–8, 9 (quote), 57–60, 70–2.
96. Geree, Astrologo-mastix (1646), 17–19 (quote).
97. Baldini, in Fragnito (ed.), Church (2001), 90–1, 96–7.
98. HG 253–4, 287–90; Shank, in McMullin (ed.), Church (2005), 74–7.
99. Hodson, Divine Cosmographer (1640), 49–51, 149.
100. Hodson, Divine Cosmographer (1640), opp. title page.
101. Peacham, Gentleman (1634), 58–9, 71–2.
102. Gadbury, editorial comment, in Wharton, Works (1683), fos A6v, a3v–a4r.
103. Wharton, Works (1683), 44–5.
104. Heydon, Defense (1603), fo. ¶3r, and pp. 370–1, 386.
105. Feingold, Apprenticeship (1984), 133, 140; Camden to Heydon, 6 July 1610, in Camden, Epistolae (1691), 128–30.
106. Wharton, Works (1683), 128, 131. Eade, Forgotten Sky (1984), 4–103, gives a good overview of the intricate astrology of the period.
107. Wharton, Works (1683), 131; Spencer, Faerie Queene [1596], V, Proem, stanzas 5–7; (1977), 528.
108. Ernst, in Galluzzi (ed.), Novità (1983), 259–61; Wharton, Works (1683), 132–6.
109. Kepler, Werke (1937–98), i. 183.
110. Wharton, Works (1683), 138–40.
111. Julius Ceasar, II.ii.
112. Howard, Defensative (1620), fo. 74v; Chamberlain to Carleton, 26 November 1612, in Chamberlain, Letters (1965), 225 (letter 155).
113. Howard, Defensative (1620), fos 57v, 56v, 53r–v, 98r, resp.; James to Cecil, October 1605, in James VI & I, Letters (1984), 265–6.
114. Hill, Philosophia (16192), 131–2; cf. Andersson, Howard (2009), 136–9; Peck, Northampton (1982), 101–21.
115. James VI & I, Poems (1955–8), ii. 175, 172, resp.
116. Ussher to unknown, 1619, in Parr, Life (1686), 71.
117. Nausea, Treatise (1618), fos C3v, D1r, E2r; Urbánek, in Christianson et al. (eds), Tycho Brahe (2002), 282–3 (100 tracts).
118. Wotton to Sir Robert Norton, 27 November 1618, in SL i. 270; Corbett, Poems (1955), 65 (quote).
119. Corbett, Poems (1955), 64–5; Bennett and Trevor-Roper, in Corbett, Poems (1955), pp. xii–xiii, xviii, xxiv.
120. Kepler, De cometis libelli tres (1619), in Werke (1937–98), viii. 131–262, on 257–60; HG 218–19, 233–8, 253–9, 260; Snell, Descriptio (1619), 36–8, 67 (quote).
121. Cf. Rusche, English Historical Review, 80 (1965), 322.
122. Cf. Sondheim, JWCI 2/3 (1939), 245, 250–4; Camden, Isis, 19/1 (1933), 69–73; Bosanquet, Library, 10 (1930), 365.
123. Naworth, Prognostication (1642), “Of Autumne;” Cartwright, in Cartwright, Comedies (1651), 150 (IV.ii); Steele, Plays (1968), 262.
124. Cf. Clark, Shakespeare (1929), 31, 51, 78–86, 130–3; Hutchinson, in Curry (ed.), Astrology (1987), 95, 99, 104–8.
125. Cymbeline (1610), V.iv, stage directions, and ll. 107–8.
126. Lyly, Gallethea [1592], fo. E1v; (1998), 30; Jonson, Alchemist (1610), I.iii.54–7; Fletcher, Bloody Brother (1639), fos G2v, G(bis)4, IV.ii.
127. Leech, Fletcher Plays (1962), 90; Edwards and Gibson, editorial comment, in Massinger, Plays (1976), iv. 5.
128. Massinger, City Madam (1632), II.ii, in Massinger, Plays (1976), iv. 44–5. Cf. Eade, Forgotten Sky (1984), 197–200.
129. Melton, Astrologaster (1620), 5–6.
130. Massinger, Duke of Milan, II.i, in Massinger, Plays (1976), i. 248 (ll. 354–6).
131. Tomkis, Albumazar (1615), I.i, I.v, fos B1, C4r; Della Porta, Lo astrologo (1606), I.i.
132. Tomkis, Albumazar (1615), I.iii, fo. B4.
133. Tomkis, Albumazar (1615), I.v, fo. C1v.
134. Jonson, “Staple” (1625), in Jonson, [The Works] (1925–52), vi. 329, and “Alchemist” (1610), III.iv.87–97; Davenant, Gondibert (1651), II.xvii, III.iii.55, in Gladisch (ed.), Gondibert (1971), 168, 266.
135. Middleton and Rowley, World Tost in a Blanket (1620), fo. F1r, in Middleton, Works (2010), 1428 (ll. 794–7), on deceit; Marmion, Companion (1633), IV.iii, V.ii (fos H1r, I3v).
136. Holiday, Technogamia [1618] (1630), fos G1–M3r, K3r (Galileo), O2v–O3r.
137. Howell to his brother, 1 April 1618 or 1619, in Howell, Epistolae (1890), i. 25–6 (quote), 531; ii. 705, 786–7.
138. Anon., Entertainment (1633), 16–22.
139. Heywood, London’s Fountaine (1632), fos C1v–C2r.
140. Strafford, quoted in Lilly, Collection (1645), 49. Strafford, Last Speeches (1641), has no such statement, but an admission of flying too close to the sun (pp. 4–5).
141. Charles I, Eikon [1649], ed. Knachel (1966), 7; Quarles, “Englands Complaint,” in his Fons lachrymarum (1648), 24–5.
142. D. Digges, Circumference (1612), and (with T. Digges) Paradoxes (1604), 78 (quote); T. Digges, Alae (1573), “Praefatio;” Aubrey, Lives (1898), i. 237–8, and (2018), i. 736.
143. Digges, Speech (1643), 4–6, and Paradoxes (1604), 78.
144. Bellany and Cogswell, Murder (2015), 236–7, 249, 402–3; Prest, Diary (1991), 107
.
145. Davenant, Gondibert (1651), II.v.16, II.v.20, in Gladisch (ed.), Gondibert (1971), 168–9.
146. Greville, Nature of Truth (1641), 103–6, 63.
147. William Gilbert, Dublin, to Ussher, 11 December 1638, in Parr, Life (1686), 492–4; HG 203, 211–12.
148. More, Platonicall poem (1642), verses 1.4, 1.33–4, 3.69.
149. Selden to Francis Taylor, 25 June 1646, in Toomer, Selden (2009), ii. 846.
150. Selden, De synedriis (1650–5), 532–3.
151. Galileo, “Lettera” (1615), in Galileo, Scienza (2009), 83; Selden, De synedriis (1650–5), 533. The points at issue disappear in John Henry Newman’s translation used in the Roman Breviary (1879), ii. 160: “O Lord, who throned in the holy height | Through plains of ether didst diffuse | The dazzling beams of light | In soft transparent hues || Who didst, on the fourth day, in heaven | Light the fierce cresset of the sun | And the meek moon of even | And stars that wildly ran.”
152. Isaacson, Narration (1817), 21.
153. Isaacson, Ephemerides (1633), “Explanation” of the frontispiece.
154. Isaacson, Ephemerides (1633), fos A3r, A4.
155. Quarles, Emblemes (1635), 180–1 (to avoid those evils that passing pleasure exposes).
Chapter 6
1. Oxford Univ., Oxoniensis academiae parentalia (1625), fo. H2r.
2. BL, Sloane MS 70, fos 66r, 53v; Bacon, “De gravi et levi,” in De augmentiis (1623), V.3, in Works (1857–74), i. 631–9; Bacon, Philosophical Works (1905), 512–14.
3. “Ex dono MW,” shelf mark Gamma 4.4; Hegarty, Biographical Register (2011), 486–7.
4. Hobbes, De corpore, quoted in Gargani, Hobbes (1971), 3.
5. Sloane MS 95, fos 198 (last quote), 201v–202r (first quote), 203r.
6. Sloane MS 95, fo. 210r; on Galileo’s criteria of “sensory experience and necessary demonstration,” HG 173, 204.
7. Munk, Roll, 1 (1878), 206: “sedulus literatus elegansque medicus.”
8. Laud to Wentworth, 4 December 1633 and 13 January 1633/4, in Laud, Further Correspondence (2018), 85, and Works (1847), 7, 56, resp.
9. Laud to Wentworth, 12 May 1635, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vii. 132, and 4 March 1634, in Strafford, Letters (1739), i. 375; Mayerne, Councels (1677), 74–5 (on stony gout); Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 166, 204.
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