103. Martin, Catalogus (1639).
104. A. Huguetan, editorial comment, in Galileo, Systema (1641), fo. *3.
105. Grove, Apollo, 123 (May 1986), 304.
106. Evelyn, Sculptura (1662), 111–12; Williamson, Miniatures (1898), 35; Watson, Burlington Magazine, 85 (1944), 226–7.
107. e.g., Rubens, Sara Breyll and Rogier Clarisse, and Van Dyck, A Lady (all at the Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco), and Van Dyck, Agostino Pallavicini (Getty Center, Los Angeles).
108. Alberti, On Painting (1966), 77; Lomazzo, Tracte (1598), 2.2, 2.5–2.7, 2.9, trans. Haydock, 10, 12–20, 21 (quote), 25; Blunt, Artistic Theory (1940), 140–59.
109. Haydock, editorial comment, in Lomazzo, Tracte (1598), ¶iiiv.
110. Junius, Painting (1638), 172–3, 341, 353.
111. Wotton, Elements (1624), 61, 84–7.
112. Piles, Art (1706), 31.
113. Lievens, Prince Charles Louis of the Palatinate with his Tutor Wolrad von Plessen (Getty Center).
114. Dou’s portrait, Prince Rupert of the Palatinate and his Tutor in Historical Dress (c.1631), is also at the Getty Center.
115. Quoted by Pace, SC 2 (1987), 179 (Junius’ Painting, 1638), and Word and Image, 2/1 (1986), 4 (Cowley’s The Mistress, 1647).
Chapter 9
1. Foster, Register (1889), 192–3; Cowper, Prospect (1985), 24, 30; Headlam, Inns (1909), 153–7; Hill, Bench (1988), 101. Francis Bacon and his brothers offer a parallel case of early admission and retention of the father’s rooms at the Inn; Jardine and Stewart, Hostage (1999), 69–71.
2. “Mr John Bankes’s observations on his travels,” Kingston Lacy, Dorset.
3. Howell, Instructions (1869), 41–2; Raymond, Itinerary (1648), A11v–A12; Moshenska, Stain (2016), 62.
4. Raymond, Itinerary (1648), fo. A9r, and Howell, Instructions (1869), 42, 63–5, resp.; Bacon, “Of Travel,” in “Essays,” in Philosophical Works (1905), 756–7 (n.d.), 74; Duppa (to whom Bankes applied in quest of Isham) to Isham, 20 January 1652, in Isham, Correspondence (1955), 52. “Affectation … is a general fault amongst English Travellers, which is both displeasing and ridiculous.” Earl of Essex to his cousin, 4 January 1596, in Fisher, Instructions (1633), 48–9, 55 (quote), 59–60.
5. Thomson, Tapestry (1973), 294–7; Hefford, in Murdoch (ed.), Boughton House (1992), 101, 104; Wyld, in Moore, Paston Treasure (2018), 386–7.
6. Richard Symmonds recorded the content of Cleyn’s studio in 1652; Baker, Lely (1912), ii. 183; Millar, Inventories (1972), p. xx, and Doort’s catalogue (1960), 171.
7. Walpole, Works (1798), iii. 252; Long, Miniaturists (1929), 72–3; Brown, Catalogue (1982), 61–2, figs 107–13.
8. The items, unfortunately not identified, survive in the founding collection of Oxford’s Ashmolean Museum; Tradescant, Musaeum (1656), fos N2–N4, and p. 40 (quote).
9. Venner, Via (1638), 13; Aikin, Biographical Memoirs (1780), 281.
10. Venner, Via (1638), 10–11, 23–5.
11. Aubrey, Lives (2018), i. 210–11 (story from Hobbes); Jardine and Stewart, Hostage (1999), 502–4.
12. Jardine and Stewart, Hostage (1999), 505–11.
13. BL, Sloane MS 113, 110v, 114v, 117.
14. BL, Sloane MS 113, fos 120, 121r.
15. Venner, Via (1638), 32–3, 93, 132–4.
16. Virgil describes the technique in the Fourth Georgic; cf. Wallace, Renaissance Quarterly, 56 (2003), 377–82; Ovid, Metamorphoses, trans. Sandys (1632), 676. Sampson managed the same trick with a lion, with disastrous consequences; Judges 14:5–9.
17. Dee, Preface (1570), fos iiir–iiiiv.
18. Nardi, Lactis physica analysis (1634); De Vesme, Della Bella: Text (1971), 141, and Plates, 191; Ciancio, Galilaeana, 15 (2018), 85–7.
19. Corbett and Lightbrown, Frontispiece (1979), 6–9, 45.
20. How much of the posthumous Eikon, Charles wrote is disputed. Several versions of the frontispiece exist; Madan, New Bibliography (1950), 126–33, 175–87; Knachel, in Charles I, Eikon (1966), pp. xxi-xxxii. The Latin tags read: “I look at the blessed and eternal [things] of heaven,” “I kick the showy and heavy [things] of the world,” “I practice the hard and light [way] of Christ,” “unmoved victorious,” “valor increases when opposed.”
21. “Aspice vultus, ecce meos;” Quarles, Fons lachrymarum (1648).
22. Burnett, Title Page (1998), 8, 20–3; Daniel 12:4.
23. Bacon, Advancement, ed. Wats (1640); Rosenthal, JWCI 34 (1971), 206–15.
24. Wither, Collection [1635], “A Proposition to this Frontispiece.”
25. For the pictures Cleyn is about to describe, see Royal Academy of Arts, In the Age of Giorgione (2016), 27–8, 110–13.
26. Williams thus anticipated Meller, in Palluchini (ed.), Giorgione (1981), i. 228, 241–6, Wischnitzer-Bernstein, Gazette des beaux arts, 27 (1945), 198, 205–7, 210, and Cohen, Gazette des beaux arts, 126 (1995), 54–61.
27. Philipp Lansbergen, Tabulae motuum coelestium (1632); for other examples John Bankes may have known, Metze, Entwicklung (2004), 97–108; Gattei, in Albrecht et al. (eds), Tintenfass (2014), 341–2, 350; Remmert, Widmung (2005), 156–78.
28. SL ii. 486.
29. Tonini, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 715–20; Kainulainen, Sarpi (2014), 18; Gattei, in Beretta et al. (eds), Relics (2016), 68–9, 79–84, 89–90.
30. Milton, Areopagitica (1644), in Major Works (2003), 258–9; cf. Shea, Galilaeana, 13 (2016), 7, 11, 15–16, 20–2.
31. Culverwell, Discourse (1652), pt 1, “Introduction,” and pp. 155, 157, 159–60 (quote). Cf. Giudice, in Bucciantini et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 285.
32. Culverwell, “Spiritual Optics,” in Culverwell, Discourse (1652), pt 2, p. 195; Duppa to Isham, 10 September 1650, in Isham, Correspondence (1955), 17–18: “If I have not answered your expectations [for advice about behavior] in this return, condemn me not for it, for without Galilaeo’s glasses I cannot see spots on the moon.”
33. Duppa to Isham, 22 July 1651, in Conway, Letters (1992), 34: “for the Earth a heavy dull grosse body to move and the heaven and Starres who are light to stand still is as if a Prince should upon a festivall day appoint all the old and fat men and women to dance and all the younger men and women of sixteen and twenty to sit still.”
34. John had the quote down pat; Wilkins, Discourse (1640), fo. aa6r; Wilkins says much the same in his opening to New World (1640), 1–2.
35. Barclay, Mirrour (1631), i. 117–18.
36. Sharpe, Image Wars (2010), 193, quoting Van der Doort.
37. Cleyn may have remembered this from Charles I, Eikon [1649], ed. Knachel (1966), 27.
38. Quarles, Fons lachrymarum (1648), 10–11.
39. Cf. Battistini, Annali d’italianistica, 10 (1992), 117–18, 125–6, 129–30.
40. Wotton to Earl of Salisbury, 13 March 1610, in SL i. 486–7: “the strangest piece of news … ever yet received from any part of the world.”
41. Cf. Jaclobeanu, in Neuber and Zittel (eds), Copernicus (2015), 67–70, 79–80.
42. Hobbes, De cive (1647), fo. *4v; Rothman, Pursuit (2017), 216–21; Virgil, Georgics, 2.490, “happy was he who could know the causes of things.”
43. Wotton, Elements (1624), 100.
44. Wotton, Elements (1624), 90, 95.
45. Hart, Jones (2011), 139–42; Wotton, Elements (1624), 51, 85–6.
46. Wotton to Wentworth, 8 April 1628, in SL ii. 306–7.
47. SL ii. 347; Wotton, Elements (1624), 47, 109, 113.
48. Galileo, Dialogue (1953), 103.
49. Gadbury, Coelestis legatus (1656), fo. A2r (quote), 12–15, 26, 41 (quote).
50. Galileo, Sidereus nuncius [1610], trans. van Helden (1989), 29.
Postscripts
1. De Vergette, in Bucciantini et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 438–40, 443, 450, 454 (quote).
2. Daedalus, 197/4 (2018), title page.
3. Guillaume Libri, Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie (1838), quoted in Bucciantini, in Bucciantini
et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 356.
4. Sergi, Nuova antologia, 35 (1900), 212.
5. Sergi, Nuova antologia, 35 (1900), 217–20.
6. Redondi, Nuncius, 9/1 (1994), 96–100, 108–9 (quote), 111–13. The play: François Ponsard, Galilée (1867).
7. Ferrone, in Bucciantini et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 336; Torrini, Galilaeana, 7 (2010), 63–4, 67–70; Cavagnini, Galilaeana, 13 (2016), 111–12.
8. Tognoni, “Naturamque” (2013), 41, 53, plate 7.
9. Tognoni, in Coppini and Tosi (eds), Sapienza (2004), 168.
10. Tognoni, Galilaeana, 1 (2004), 216, 218, 221–2, 226, quoting mainly the address of the rector; Micheli, in Galluzzi, Micheli, et al., Galileo (1988), 180, on the Te Deum and placards.
11. Tognoni, in Coppini and Tosi (eds), Sapienza (2004), 171–8.
12. Cavagnini, Galilaeana, 13 (2016), 115–20, 129–30.
13. Pisa Today, 8 February 2020, “Cronaca.”
14. Melloni, in Bucciantini et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 463, 468–72, 476.
15. Melloni, in Bucciantini et al. (eds), Caso (2011), 475–8, 482.
16. HG 363–5.
17. Catholic News Agency, 6 May 2008, TimesOnline News, 3 April 2008, and Scotsman, 29 January 2008.
18. Comunicato stampa, 186, 28 April 2010,
19. Quoted by Redondi, Nuncius, 9/1 (1994), 73–4.
20. Savorelli, Galilaeana, 7 (2010), 32, 37–8.
21. Remmert, Science in Context, 14 (2001), 343, 346–54.
22. Schirrmacher, Legends (2001), 8–30, following Custance, Science and Faith (1978), 152–6.
23. Davis and Chmielowski, Brill’s Series in Church History, 30 (2008), 461–2.
24. Tognoni, Galileo (2014), 56 (quote), 126, 128, 148–59.
Works Cited
This list does not include standard reference sources like the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), which are cited in the notes only when quoted directly or for other special reason. Also items that exist in many editions, such as the Bible and the plays of Jonson and Shakespeare, are usually not cited to any particular one, but given by chapter and verse, or act and scene. Other items not listed are books mentioned in the text but not cited in the notes; sporadic comments (as opposed to introductions) by editors; and brief descriptions of artworks in catalogues. In the last two cases, the authors of the comments and descriptions are credited in the notes.
Manuscripts
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Add. MS A380
Add. MSS 14923 = MS Rawlinson Letters 41
Sir John Bankes Papers (cited as BPB)
British Library, London
Add. MSS 11309, 46925, 70499–70503 (Cavendish papers)
Harley MSS 6320 (Joseph Webbe’s translation of Galileo’s Dialogo), 6796
Sloane MS 70 (Maurice Williams, “A survey of the motion of bodies”)
Sloane MS 95 (Williams, [Lectures on anatomy])
Sloane MS 113 (Williams, “Prolongation of life” and “Use…of cold drinke”)
Sloane MSS 682, 2052, 2681
Dorset History Centre, Dorchester
The Bankes Papers (cited as D-BKL)
Getty Research Center, Los Angeles
Heinrich Geissler Collection
Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Hastings Papers
Kingston Lacy, Dorset
John Bankes, Jr, diary and other papers
Oriel College, Oxford
Buttery Books
Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen
TP 503 (Cleyn material)
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