65. See Middlebrook, p.327; Simonds is rendered Simmons
66. See WO 171/1375 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment War Diary, Appendix: ‘2nd South Staffords at Arnhem 17-25 Sept 44’
67. See Haines, p.67
68. Testimony from Gunner Len Clarke, E Troop, 2nd Airlanding Anti-tank Battery; cited in Middlebrook, p.328
69. See Middlebrook, pp.327-328; Zwarts, pp.48-49; and The Pegasus Archive, Battle of Arnhem Archive, Biographies Section, ‘Major John L. C. Waddy’, at www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/john_waddy.htm, accessed 03/05/2013
70. Testimony from Private Fred Morton, Medium Machine Gun Platoon, Support Company, 3rd Parachute Battalion; cited in Middlebrook, pp.213-214
71. Testimony from Corporal Arthur Hatcher, 16 Parachute Ambulance RAMC; cited in Middlebrook, p.215
72. Quoted from ibid., p.327
73. Testimony from Sergeant Norman Howes, 10 Platoon, A Company, 2nd Battalion, The South Staffordshire Regiment; cited in Haines, p.67
74. Numbers cited in WO 171/393 1st Airborne Division HQ War Diary, entry for 23:15, 19/09/1944; and Middlebrook, p.326
75. See WO 166/14933 1st Airlanding Light Regiment RA War Diary, entry for ‘Place: N.W. Arnhem’, 18:30, 19/09/1944; for South Staffords party move to Oosterbeek Old Church see Haines, p.66
76. See WO 171/1375 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment War Diary, Appendix: ‘2nd South Staffords at Arnhem 17-25 Sept 44’; and WO 171/1244 11th Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 19/09/1944
77. See Haines, p.66
78. See Middlebrook, p.257
79. See The Pegasus Archive, Battle of Arnhem Archive, Biographies Section, ‘Major Robert Laslett John Pott’, ‘An Account of the Action of ‘A’ Company 156 Battalion The Parachute Regiment 18/19th Sep 44’ at http//www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/john_pott.htm, accessed 05/05/2013; for details of the Dutch civilian rescuers see Middlebrook, pp.257-258
80. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C: ‘Diary Kept by Brigadier J. W. Hackett, Commander 4th Parachute Brigade’, entry for 19/09/1944; WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 14:00, 19/09/1944; and WO 171/1511 4th Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944
81. See WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 14:00, 19/09/1944
82. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
83. For Reconnaissance Squadron involvement see WO 171/406 1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron War Diary, entry for 12:30, 19/09/1944; and Fairley, p.93. For Urquhart details & timings see WO 171/393 1st Airborne Division HQ War Diary, entry for 13:30, 19/09/1944; 14:20 timing cited in WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
84. See WO 171/393 1st Airborne Division HQ War Diary, entry for 13:30, 19/09/1944
85. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
86. See Middlebrook, p.268
87. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944; and WO 171/589 1st Airlanding Brigade War Diary, Appendix A, entries for PM, 19/09/1944
88. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
89. Timing quote from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
90. See WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 16:00, 19/09/1944; WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944; and WO 171/1511 4th Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entry for 16:00, 19/09/1944. The timing of events in the 7th KOSB Diary is consistently vague and are around one to two hour short of other cross referenced accounts
91. Exchange quoted in Brammall, The Tenth, p.60
92. See Middlebrook, pp.272-273; and Brammall, p.61
93. Testimony from Captain Nicholas Hanmer, Adjutant, 10th Parachute Battalion; cited in Middlebrook, p.274
94. Testimony from Company Sergeant Major Robert Grainger, D Company, 10th Parachute Battalion; cited in Brammall, p.62. See also The Pegasus Archive, Battle of Arnhem Archive, Biographies Section ‘CSM Robert Edward Grainger’ at http://www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/robert_edward_grainger.htm, accessed 22/05/2013. Lieutenant John Myles Henry is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland, Plot 5, Row D, Grave 1
95. Flight-Sergeant Ray Ashley Hall has no known grave and is commemorated on the Runnymede Memorial, Panel 218
96. See Kershaw, pp.228-230
97. Pilot-Officer John Leonard Wilson is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland, Plot 4, Row B, Grave 14
98. Testimony from Flying-Officer Stanley Lee, Wireless Operator, No. 512 Squadron, No. 38 Group; cited in Middlebrook, pp.389-390
99. Flight-Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord VC is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland, Plot 4, Row B, Grave 5
100. See Middlebrook, p.390
101. See George F. Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.105-106
102. See Middlebrook, p.391; Air Mechanic Leonard Augustus Hooker and Squadron-Leader Cecil Aubrey Gerald Wingfield are interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 4, Row B, Grave 5 & Plot 4, Row C, Grave 15 respectively
103. Quote from WO 171/393 1st Airborne Division HQ War Diary, entry for 16:30, 19/09/1944; for radio warning see Baynes, Urquhart of Arnhem, pp.113-114
104. See Kershaw, pp.231-232
105. Testimony from NCO Herbert Kessler, Bataillon ‘Worrowski, Ausbildungs und Ersatz Regiment ‘Hermann Göring’; cited in Kershaw, p.232
106. See WO 171/1248, 21st Independent Parachute Company War Diary, entry for 19/09/1944; and Kent, First In!, p.104
107. See Middlebrook, pp.400-401; Captain Desmond Thomas Kavanagh is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 6, Row B, Grave 1. Of the other four killed Corporal Albert Wiggins is also interred at Arnhem Oosterbeek Plot 6, Row B, Grave 12; Drivers Martin Field, James McKinnon and John Walford have no known grave and are commemorated on the Groesbeek Memorial, Panel 9
108. See Cholewczynski, p.102
109. For 06:00 departure see Cholewczynski, p.102; for 05:00 briefing see 43rd Troop Carrier Squadron Daily War Diary, 1 September to 31 September 1944; cited in Id., Spanhoe’s September, p.22
110. Testimony from Lieutenant-Colonel Henry G. Hamby, Commander, 310th Troop Carrier Squadron, 315th Troop Carrier Group, 52nd Troop Carrier Wing; cited in Brinson, Airborne Troop Carrier, p.162
111. Testimony from 1st Lieutenant William E. Bruce, 34th Troop Carrier Squadron, 315th Troop Carrier Group, 52nd Troop Carrier Wing; cited in Brinson, p.163; for timings see Sikorski Institute AV 20/31/27 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade War Diary, entry for 10:00-15:00, 19/09/1944
112. For timing see AV 20/31/27 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade War Diary, entry for 17:00, 19/09/1944; for Kaczmarek details see Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.111-113
113. For Down Ampney & Tarrant Rushton see AV 20/31/27 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade War Diary, entry for 12:00, 19/09/1944; for Keevil see WO 171/1231 D Squadron, Glider Pilot Regiment War Diary, entry for 12:10, 19/09/1944; for take-off time see Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, p.102
114. See WO 171/1231 D Squadron, Glider Pilot Regiment War Diary, entry for 12:10, 19/09/1944; and Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.106-107
115. See Middlebrook, p.270
116. Quoted from Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, p.108
117. Figures cited in Middlebrook, p.270
118. Testimony from Sjoert Schwitters, resident of Oosterbeek; cited in ibid., p.271
119. Testimony from Marek Swiecicki, Correspondent, Polish Ministry of Information; cited in Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.107-109
120. Testimony from Sergeant Ronald Driver, A Squadron, No. 1 Wing, The Glider Pilot Regiment; cited in Middlebrook, pp.271-272; see also Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, p.108. Staff-Sergeant John West and Sergeant James
Bonham are interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 3, Row D, Graves 19 & 20 respectively; Staff-Sergeant West’s rank is recorded as Sergeant in the CWGC records
121. See The Pegasus Archive, Battle of Arnhem Archive, Biographies Section ‘Staff-Sergeant Ralph Gordon Bishop’ at www.pegasusarchive.org/arnhem/ralph_gordon_bishop.htm, accessed 16/05/2013
122. See Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.109-110
123. See Middlebrook, p.272
124. Testimony from Captain Nicholas Hanmer, Adjutant, 10th Parachute Battalion; cited in ibid., p.274
125. See WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 14:00, 19/09/1944
126. See Kershaw, p.204; and Brammall, p.66
127. Testimony from Captain Nicholas Hanmer, Adjutant, 10th Parachute Battalion; cited in Middlebrook, p.274
128. See WO 171/1248, 21st Independent Parachute Company War Diary, entry for 19/09/1944; and Kent, p.102
129. Quoted from Kent, p.105
130. See Brammall, p.62; and Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.110-111. CSM Lashmore does not seem to appear in the CWGC database
131. See Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, footnote, p.110
132. See Brammall, p.63; Lieutenant Herbert Charles Noel Radcliff is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 6, Row D, Grave 1
133. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
134. See WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944; and Middlebrook, p.275
135. Quote from Kent, p.105
136. See WO 171/1248, 21st Independent Parachute Company War Diary, entry for 19/09/1944; and Kent, pp.105-107
137. Quotes cited in Kershaw, pp.205-207
138. See for example Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, p.111; and Middlebrook, p.272
139. Quoted from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
140. Quoted from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
141. Quotes from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
142. Quote from WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944
143. Quote and other points from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
144. See WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 16:00, 19/09/1944
145. Quoted from Urquhart, Arnhem, p.91
146. See Brammall, p.68; and WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 16:00, 19/09/1944
147. See Middlebrook, pp.275-276
148. Quoted from WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944
149. Testimony from Colour-Sergeant Tony Thomas, 156 Parachute Battalion, 4th Parachute Brigade; cited in Middlebrook, p.277
150. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
151. Quoted from Urquhart, p.88
152. See Kershaw, p.206; and WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944
153. See WO 171/1511 4th Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 16:00 & 17:00, 19/09/1944; Faulkner-Brown, A Sapper at Arnhem, pp.43-45; and Middlebrook, p.277
154. See WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entry for 15:00, 19/09/1944
155. Testimony from Lance-Corporal O’Neill Berry, 7 Platoon, B Company, 7th Battalion The King’s Own Scottish Borderers: cited in Middlebrook, p.279
156. See Faulkner-Brown, p.48
157. Quoted from WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
158. For details and the VC citation see Brammall, pp.66-67; see also Middlebrook, pp.279-280. Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel VC is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 5, Row D, Grave 8
159. Quoted from Kershaw, p.207; for Krafft’s report in full see AIR 20/2333, ‘Battle of Arnheim’: German account, Sept. to Oct. 1944
160. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
161. See WO 166/14937 2 Airlanding Anti-tank Battery RA War Diary, entry for OPERATION ‘MARKET’; and Middlebrook, p.279
162. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944; Brammall, p.68; and Middlebrook, p.280
163. See WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entries for 16:00 & 19:00, 19/09/1944; WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944; and Middlebrook, pp.276-277
164. See WO 171/1323 7th Battalion King’s Own Scottish Borderers War Diary, entries for 15:00 & 17:30, 19/09/1944
165. See WO 171/594 4th Parachute Brigade War Diary, Appendix C, entry for 19/09/1944
166. Quoted from Urquhart, p.101
167. See WO 171/398 1st Airborne Division Signals War Diary, entries for 09:47 & 20:55, 19/09/1944
168. See WO 171/393 1st Airborne Division HQ War Diary, entries for 19:00 & 23:30, 19/09/1944
169. See WO 171/1247 156 Parachute Battalion War Diary, entry for 19:00, 19/09/1944; and Brammall, p.68
170. See WO 171/1511 4th Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 18:00 & Night, 19/09/1944; ibid, ‘Appendix I by Captain J. J. Cormie’, entries for 18:00 and 19:00, 19/09/1944; and Faulkner-Brown, pp.45-48
171. See testimony from Lieutenant Kenneth Evans, Troop Officer, No. 1 Troop, 4th Parachute Squadron RE; cited in Middlebrook, p.330; and Faulkner Brown, pp.48-49
172. See Cholewczynski, Poles Apart, pp.111-113; and Faulkner-Brown, p.49
173. See Turnbull & Hamblett, The Pegasus Patrol, pp.80-82; and Peatling, No Surrender at Arnhem, especially pp.22-24. Sergeant Henry Louis Callaway is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland in Plot 30 Row A, Grave 2
174. See WO 171/398 1 Airborne Division Signals War Diary, entry for 18:02, 19/09/1944
175. Quoted from Sims, Arnhem Spearhead, pp.69-70
176. Testimony from Signalman George Lawson, 1st Airborne Division Signals; cited in Middlebrook, p.306
177. See WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 07:00-10:00, 10:00, 10:30-12:00 & 12:00, 19/09/1944
178. Testimony from Captain Antony Frank, Second-in-Command and subsequently Officer Commanding A Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion; cited in Middlebrook, pp.301-302. Lieutenant Andrew Johnston McDermont is interred in Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, Gelderland, Holland Plot 6, Row D, Grave 7
179. See WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 12:30-15:00, 19/09/1944
180. See Frost, A Drop Too Many, p.223
181. See WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 16:15 & 17:00, 19/09/1944
182. See Kershaw, p.228
183. See Zwarts, p.56; Knaack is sometimes rendered Knack
184. See WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entry for 19:00, 19/09/1944
185. Testimony from Sapper George Needham, B Troop, 1st Parachute Squadron RE; cited in Middlebrook, p.304
186. Quoted from Sims, p.73
187. Thirty minute period cited in WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entry for 19:30, 19/09/1944
188. Testimony from Private Kevin Heaney, Ordnance Field Parks RAOC, 1st Airborne Division; cited in Middlebrook, p.305
189. See Sims, pp.73-74
190. Testimony from Corporal Horace Goodrich, Defence Platoon, 1st Parachute Brigade HQ; cited in Middlebrook, pp.303-304
191. See Frost, p.227
192. See Sims, pp.75-76; Lieutenant Woods was wounded rather than killed, but died of his wounds in captivity on 14 October 1944; Lieutenant Reginald Bryan Woods is interred in Becklingen War Cemetery, Niedersachsen, Germany, Plot 8, Row C, Grave 3
193. See Frost, p.227
194. See Cherry, With Nothing Bigg
er Than a Bren Gun, Appendix E, p.33
195. See Zwarts, p.56
196. See WO 171/1509 1st Parachute Squadron RE War Diary, entries for 21:00 & 23:59, 19/09/1944
197. See Middlebrook, p.305
198. Testimony from Sapper Thomas Carpenter, No. 2 Platoon, 9th (Airborne) Field Company RE; cited in ibid., p.307
199. See ibid., p.307
200. See CAB 44/254 Part II: Operation MARKET GARDEN, Book III, Chapter VII, Appendix A, Section II ‘Operations in the area Grave-Nijmegen – 17/20 Sep.’, Para. 16 ‘Gds Armd Div - Narrative 19 Sep.’; Nordyke, All American All The Way, pp.83-84; and LoFaro, The Sword of St. Michael, p.346 LoFaro
201. See Nordyke, p.84; and LoFaro, p.346
202. See Nordyke, pp.82-83
203. See CAB 44/254 Part II: Operation MARKET GARDEN, Book III, Chapter VII, Appendix A, Section II ‘Operations in the area Grave-Nijmegen – 17/20 Sep.’, Para. 16 ‘Gds Armd Div - Narrative 19 Sep.’
204. See CAB 44/254 Part II: Operation MARKET GARDEN, Book III, Chapter VII, Appendix A, Section II ‘Operations in the area Grave-Nijmegen – 17/20 Sep.’, Para. 16 ‘Gds Armd Div ‒ Narrative 19 Sep.’; and LoFaro, p.347
205. 16:00 start time cited in CAB 44/254 Part II: Operation MARKET GARDEN, Book III, Chapter VII, Appendix A, Section II ‘Operations in the area Grave-Nijmegen – 17/20 Sep.’, Para. 16 ‘Gds Armd Div ‒ Narrative 19 Sep.’; and LoFaro, p.346. Nordyke refers to the attack commencing at 13:45 but this contradicts the 30 Corps and 1st & 2nd Battalions Grenadier Guards War Diaries and the 82nd Airborne Division’s G2 Report for 19 September 1944, all of which cite times between 15:00 and 16:45; see CAB 44/254 Part II: Operation MARKET GARDEN, Book III, Chapter VII, Appendix A, Section II ‘Operations in the area Grave-Nijmegen – 17/20 Sep.’, Para. 16 ‘Gds Armd Div - Narrative 19 Sep.’, Author’s Comment; MacDonald, The Siegfried Line Campaign, p.175 and Footnote 2, p.176; and Nordyke, p.84
206. See LoFaro, pp.346-347
207. See ibid., pp.348, 368; and Verney, The Guards Armoured Division, p.105. The Keizer Lodewijkplein roundabout is referred to as the Keizer Maria Plein in some accounts.
208. For details see LoFaro, p.347; and Nordyke, pp.88-91
209. Quoted from ibid., p.349
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