59Then Judas and his brothers and all the assembly of Israel determined that every year at that season the days of dedication of the altar should be observed with joy and gladness for eight days, beginning with the twenty-fifth day of the month of Chislev.
60At that time they fortified Mount Zion with high walls and strong towers all around, to keep the Gentiles from coming and trampling them down as they had done before. 61Judasf stationed a garrison there to guard it; he also fortified Beth-zur to guard it, so that the people might have a stronghold that faced Idumea.
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a Gk they
b Gk they
c Or and some fell on the opposite side
d Gk whole
e 164B.C.
f Gk He
4.1–25 Judas divides the army of Gorgias and defeats the main camp as well as Gorgias’s expeditionary force. See 2 Macc 8.24–30.
4.1 Five thousand…one thousand. Whether so many troops would be able to carry out such a journey by night is dubious. As in 3.39, the numbers seem exaggerated.
4.2 The guides from the citadel in Jerusalem most likely included Jews familiar with the terrain.
4.5 Gorgias looked for Judas in the hills. Presumably it never occurred to him that Judas would attack the main camp at Emmaus.
4.8 Following the instruction in Deut 20.3–4, Judas the commander exhorts his troops to disregard the great disparity in numbers (see 3.39; 4.1, 6). See the precedent of Gideon (Judg 7), who triumphed with only three hundred men.
4.9 For Moses’ victory at the Red Sea, see Ex 14.
4.10 Covenant, God’s promises of the land and descendants (Gen 17) as well as the privilege of serving God according to the Torah (Ex 19)—precisely matters at stake in this rebellion (see 1.11).
4.15 Gazara (Gezer), the closest Seleucid fort in the district (see 7.45; 13.43–48). Azotus, biblical Ashdod. The three thousand slain enemy soldiers matches the number of Judas’s army (see 4.6).
4.18 Judas’s military strategy splits Gorgias (v. 1) and a portion of his men off from his main force.
4.20 Burning the camp before seizing its plunder indicates that the battle was over and suggests that Judas had a very large army, thus demoralizing Gorgias and his troops.
4.23 The gold and silver and other plunder had been brought at least in part by the slave traders (see 3.41).
4.24–25 The victory is celebrated by singing Ps 136.1, thus marking God’s deliverance of Israel from its enemies (see Judg 15.18; 1 Sam 14.45).
4.26–35 In 164 BCE Lysias tries a different battle approach to Judas and his army, but he too meets defeat. See 2 Macc 11.1–15.
4.26 Lysias was in charge of the western part of Antiochus IV’s empire and served as guardian of Antiochus V (see 3.32).
4.28–29 Though exaggerated, the numbers suggest that, although still vastly outnumbered, Judas’s army was growing larger (see v. 6).
4.29 Beth-zur, on the southern border of Judea and Idumea. Lysias approached from the south in a “fishhook” strategy to take advantage of the somewhat easier terrain and the political sympathies of the inhabitants.
4.30 In his prayer before battle (Deut 20.3–4) Judas invokes the examples of David (1 Sam 17) and Jonathan (1 Sam 14).
4.35 For Lysias’s second invasion of Judea, see 6.28–31.
4.36–61 Having defeated the Seleucid forces, Judas restores the temple furnishings and reinstates the proper religious rituals there. See 2 Macc 10.1–8.
4.36 The immediate goal of the uprising was achieved when the Jews were able to dedicate the new altar in the temple. The term Hanukkah derives from the Hebrew word for “dedicate.” In 2 Maccabees the theme of purification is stressed.
4.37 Mount Zion, the temple area.
4.38–40 Why the temple area was in such disrepair is not clear. Was the Seleucid “reform” a total failure? Is this merely the writer’s judgment on it? Did Judas delay in restoring the temple?
4.41 The citadel overlooking the temple area (1.33) was still under enemy control.
4.42–43 The blameless priests remained ritually pure (Lev 21.17–23) and did not participate in programs established under Antiochus IV (2 Macc 4.14–15). The defiled stones were associated with the desolating sacrilege (1.54).
4.44–46 Rather than destroy the defiled altar of burnt offering, Judas proposed waiting for illumination about it from a future prophet (see 14.41; Deut 18.15; Mal 4.5).
4.47–51 For building the altar with unhewn stones, see Ex 20.25; Deut 27.5–6. The temple furnishings, plundered by Antiochus IV (1.21–24), are restored in accord with Ex 25–27.
4.52–55 Proper temple worship was resumed on 14 December 164 BCE. See 2 Chr 7.1–10 for the dedication of the First Temple.
4.56 The Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah) lasted eight days, after the pattern of the Festival proached from the south in a “fishhook” strategy to take advantage of the somewhat easier terrain and the political sympathies of the inhabitants.
4.30 In his prayer before battle (Deut 20.3–4) Judas invokes the examples of David (1 Sam 17) and Jonathan (1 Sam 14).
4.35 For Lysias’s second invasion of Judea, see 6.28–31.
4.36–61 Having defeated the Seleucid forces, Judas restores the temple furnishings and reinstates the proper religious rituals there. See 2 Macc 10.1–8.
4.36 The immediate goal of the uprising was achieved when the Jews were able to dedicate the new altar in the temple. The term Hanukkah derives from the Hebrew word for “dedicate.” In 2 Maccabees the theme of purification is stressed.
4.37 Mount Zion, the temple area.
4.38–40 Why the temple area was in such disrepair is not clear. Was the Seleucid “reform” a total failure? Is this merely the writer’s judgment on it? Did Judas delay in restoring the temple?
4.41 The citadel overlooking the temple area (1.33) was still under enemy control.
4.42–43 The blameless priests remained ritually pure (Lev 21.17–23) and did not participate in programs established under Antiochus IV (2 Macc 4.14–15). The defiled stones were associated with the desolating sacrilege (1.54).
4.44–46 Rather than destroy the defiled altar of burnt offering, Judas proposed waiting for illumination about it from a future prophet (see 14.41; Deut 18.15; Mal 4.5).
4.47–51 For building the altar with unhewn stones, see Ex 20.25; Deut 27.5–6. The temple furnishings, plundered by Antiochus IV (1.21–24), are restored in accord with Ex 25–27.
4.52–55 Proper temple worship was resumed on 14 December 164 BCE. See 2 Chr 7.1–10 for the dedication of the First Temple.
4.56 The Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah) lasted eight days, after the pattern of the Festival of Booths (Tabernacles; see Lev 23.33–36; 2 Macc 1.9, 18) and earlier consecrations of the temple by Solomon (1 Kings 8) and Hezekiah (2 Chr 29).
4.60–61 Mount Zion, the temple area, was fortified against attacks from the citadel, and Beth-zur against approaches from the south (as in v. 29).
1 MACCABEES 5
Wars with Neighboring Peoples
1When the Gentiles all around heard that the altar had been rebuilt and the sanctuary dedicated as it was before, they became very angry, 2and they determined to destroy the descendants of Jacob who lived among them. So they began to kill and destroy among the people. 3But Judas made war on the descendants of Esau in Idumea, at Akrabattene, because they kept lying in wait for Israel. He dealt them a heavy blow and humbled them and despoiled them. 4He also remembered the wickedness of the sons of Baean, who were a trap and a snare to the people and ambushed them on the highways. 5They were shut up by him in theira towers; and he encamped against them, vowed their complete destruction, and burned with fire their towers and all who were in them. 6Then he crossed over to attack the Ammonites, where he found a strong band and many people, with Timothy as their leader. 7He engaged in many battles with them, and they were crushed before him; he struck them down. 8He also took Jazer and its villages; then he returned to Judea.<
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Liberation of Galilean Jews
9Now the Gentiles in Gilead gathered together against the Israelites who lived in their territory, and planned to destroy them. But they fled to the stronghold of Dathema, 10and sent to Judas and his brothers a letter that said, “The Gentiles around us have gathered together to destroy us. 11They are preparing to come and capture the stronghold to which we have fled, and Timothy is leading their forces. 12Now then, come and rescue us from their hands, for many of us have fallen, 13and all our kindred who were in the land of Tob have been killed; the enemyb have captured their wives and children and goods, and have destroyed about a thousand persons there.”
14While the letter was still being read, other messengers, with their garments torn, came from Galilee and made a similar report; 15they said that the people of Ptolemais and Tyre and Sidon, and all Galilee of the Gentiles,c had gathered together against them “to annihilate us.” 16When Judas and the people heard these messages, a great assembly was called to determine what they should do for their kindred who were in distress and were being attacked by enemies.d 17Then Judas said to his brother Simon, “Choose your men and go and rescue your kindred in Galilee; Jonathan my brother and I will go to Gilead.” 18But he left Joseph, son of Zechariah, and Azariah, a leader of the people, with the rest of the forces, in Judea to guard it; 19and he gave them this command, “Take charge of this people, but do not engage in battle with the Gentiles until we return.” 20Then three thousand men were assigned to Simon to go to Galilee, and eight thousand to Judas for Gilead.
21So Simon went to Galilee and fought many battles against the Gentiles, and the Gentiles were crushed before him. 22He pursued them to the gate of Ptolemais; as many as three thousand of the Gentiles fell, and he despoiled them. 23Then he took the Jewse of Galilee and Arbatta, with their wives and children, and all they possessed, and led them to Judea with great rejoicing.
Judas and Jonathan in Gilead
24Judas Maccabeus and his brother Jonathan crossed the Jordan and made three days’ journey into the wilderness. 25They encountered the Nabateans, who met them peaceably and told them all that had happened to their kindred in Gilead: 26“Many of them have been shut up in Bozrah and Bosor, in Alema and Chaspho, Maked and Carnaim”—all these towns were strong and large—27“and some have been shut up in the other towns of Gilead; the enemyf are getting ready to attack the strongholds tomorrow and capture and destroy all these people in a single day.”
28Then Judas and his army quickly turned back by the wilderness road to Bozrah; and he took the town, and killed every male by the edge of the sword; then he seized all its spoils and burned it with fire. 29He left the place at night, and they went all the way to the stronghold of Dathema.g 30At dawn they looked out and saw a large company, which could not be counted, carrying ladders and engines of war to capture the stronghold, and attacking the Jews within.h 31So Judas saw that the battle had begun and that the cry of the town went up to Heaven, with trumpets and loud shouts, 32and he said to the men of his forces, “Fight today for your kindred!” 33Then he came up behind them in three companies, who sounded their trumpets and cried aloud in prayer. 34And when the army of Timothy realized that it was Maccabeus, they fled before him, and he dealt them a heavy blow. As many as eight thousand of them fell that day.
35Next he turned aside to Maapha,i and fought against it and took it; and he killed every male in it, plundered it, and burned it with fire. 36From there he marched on and took Chaspho, Maked, and Bosor, and the other towns of Gilead.
37After these things Timothy gathered another army and encamped opposite Raphon, on the other side of the stream. 38Judas sent men to spy out the camp, and they reported to him, “All the Gentiles around us have gathered to him; it is a very large force. 39They also have hired Arabs to help them, and they are encamped across the stream, ready to come and fight against you.” And Judas went to meet them.
40Now as Judas and his army drew near to the stream of water, Timothy said to the officers of his forces, “If he crosses over to us first, we will not be able to resist him, for he will surely defeat us. 41But if he shows fear and camps on the other side of the river, we will cross over to him and defeat him.” 42When Judas approached the stream of water, he stationed the officersj of the army at the stream and gave them this command, “Permit no one to encamp, but make them all enter the battle.” 43Then he crossed over against them first, and the whole army followed him. All the Gentiles were defeated before him, and they threw away their arms and fled into the sacred precincts at Carnaim. 44But he took the town and burned the sacred precincts with fire, together with all who were in them. Thus Carnaim was conquered; they could stand before Judas no longer.
The Return to Jerusalem
45Then Judas gathered together all the Israelites in Gilead, the small and the great, with their wives and children and goods, a very large company, to go to the land of Judah. 46So they came to Ephron. This was a large and very strong town on the road, and they could not go around it to the right or to the left; they had to go through it. 47But the people of the town shut them out and blocked up the gates with stones.
48Judas sent them this friendly message, “Let us pass through your land to get to our land. No one will do you harm; we will simply pass by on foot.” But they refused to open to him. 49Then Judas ordered proclamation to be made to the army that all should encamp where they were. 50So the men of the forces encamped, and he fought against the town all that day and all the night, and the town was delivered into his hands. 51He destroyed every male by the edge of the sword, and razed and plundered the town. Then he passed through the town over the bodies of the dead.
52Then they crossed the Jordan into the large plain before Beth-shan. 53Judas kept rallying the laggards and encouraging the people all the way until he came to the land of Judah. 54So they went up to Mount Zion with joy and gladness, and offered burnt offerings, because they had returned in safety; not one of them had fallen.
Joseph and Azariah Defeated
55Now while Judas and Jonathan were in Gilead and theirk brother Simon was in Galilee before Ptolemais, 56Joseph son of Zechariah, and Azariah, the commanders of the forces, heard of their brave deeds and of the heroic war they had fought. 57So they said, “Let us also make a name for ourselves; let us go and make war on the Gentiles around us.” 58So they issued orders to the men of the forces that were with them and marched against Jamnia. 59Gorgias and his men came out of the town to meet them in battle. 60Then Joseph and Azariah were routed, and were pursued to the borders of Judea; as many as two thousand of the people of Israel fell that day. 61Thus the people suffered a great rout because, thinking to do a brave deed, they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. 62But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel.
63The man Judas and his brothers were greatly honored in all Israel and among all the Gentiles, wherever their name was heard. 64People gathered to them and praised them.
Success at Hebron and Philistia
65Then Judas and his brothers went out and fought the descendants of Esau in the land to the south. He struck Hebron and its villages and tore down its strongholds and burned its towers on all sides. 66Then he marched off to go into the land of the Philistines, and passed through Marisa.l 67On that day some priests, who wished to do a brave deed, fell in battle, for they went out to battle unwisely. 68But Judas turned aside to Azotus in the land of the Philistines; he tore down their altars, and the carved images of their gods he burned with fire; he plundered the towns and returned to the land of Judah.
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a Gk her
b Gk they
c Gk aliens
d Gk them
e Gk those
f Gk they
g Gk lacks of Dathema. See verse 9
h Gk and they were attacking them
i Other ancient authorities read Alema
j Or scribes
k Gk hi
s
l Other ancient authorities read Samaria
5.1–8 To secure the safety of other Jews sympathetic to the Maccabees, Judas and his brothers wage battles against allies of the Seleucids and other enemies (with David as their model; 2 Sam 8; 10). See 2 Macc 8.30–33; 10.14–17.
5.2 Descendants of Jacob, Jews living outside the area controlled by Judas. The Maccabees’ success angered their non-Jewish neighbors.
5.3 Akrabattene, possibly the ascent of Akrabbim (Num 34.4), southwest of the Dead Sea, or (more likely) a place on the eastern boundary of Judea and Samaria.
5.4 Sons of Baean, nomads who attacked caravans (see 2 Macc 10.14).
5.6 Timothy, possibly the local ruler of the Ammonites in Transjordan or the Syrian commander (2 Macc 8.30–33).
5.8 Jazer (Num 21.32), near Heshbon in Transjordan.
5.9–23 In response to pleas from Jews in Gilead and western Galilee, Judas sends Simon to Galilee and goes with Jonathan to Gilead.
5.9 Gilead, the territory east of the Jordan (Josh 22.9). Dathema. Location uncertain aside from the fact that it was a night’s journey from Bozrah (5.29).
5.13 Land of Tob (Judg 11.3–5), modern et-Taiyibeh, twelve miles east and slightly north of Ramoth-gilead, across the Jordan.
5.15 All Galilee of the Gentiles (see Isa 9.1), the seacoast towns south of Ptolemais, Tyre, and Sidon.
5.18–19 For the results of the failure of Joseph and Azariah to obey, see 5.55–62.
5.22–23 Ptolemais, named after Ptolemy II of Egypt, who restored it; also known as Acco and Acre. Arbatta (or Narbatta), probably south of Mount Carmel.
5.24–44 Relying on information from the Nabateans, Judas and Jonathan rescue Jews under siege in Gilead and defeat Timothy decisively near Raphon. See 2 Macc 12.1–25.
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