by S. C. Gwynne
26. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 109.
27. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 297.
28. Ibid.
29. Cited in Browning, The Seven Days’ Battles, p. 112.
30. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 495.
31. General William B. Franklin, “Rear Guard Fighting During the Change of Base,” in Underwood and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, pp. 377–382; General A. R. Wright, whom Lee sent to join Jackson, actually found this ford, though he did not manage to inform Jackson of that. Still, the charge is valid; the evidence is clear Jackson was not aggressively searching out fords and crossings that day.
32. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 96.
33. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 499.
34. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill.”
35. Jackson’s report on Seven Days, February 20, 1863; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 11, ch. 2.
36. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill.”
37. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 108.
38. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 29.
39. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 501.
40. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, p. 330.
41. Hunter McGuire, “General T. J. (“Stonewall”) Jackson, Confederate States Army: His Career and Character, an Address by Hunter McGuire, M.D., LL.D.,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 91.
42. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 470.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: IN WHICH EVERYTHING CHANGES
1. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 494–495.
2. Ibid., p. 496; Allan Nevins, War for the Union, vol. 2, 1862–1863, pp. 137–138.
3. McClellan to Lincoln, July 7, 1862, Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, pp. 344–345.
4. Brian K. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles, pp. 397–398.
5. Clifford Dowdey, The Seven Days: The Emergence of Robert E. Lee, p. 14.
6. Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, p. 524.
7. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 505, citing William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart.
8. Letter from Hunter McGuire to Jedediah Hotchkiss, May 28, 1896, Hotchkiss Collection, Library of Congress.
9. Dr. Hunter McGuire, “General Thomas J. Jackson: Reminiscences of the Famous Leader by Dr. Hunter McGuire,” originally in Richmond Dispatch, July 19, 1891; also Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 19, p. 298.
10. Alexander Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Campaign of 1862,” account in Philadephia Weekly Times, February 11, 1892; also in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 40, pp. 180–181.
11. Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters From Lee’s Army, p. 89.
12. Ibid.
13. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
14. Charles Royster, The Destructive War, pp. 43–45.
15. Kenneth Hall, Stonewall Jackson and Religious Faith in Military Command, p. 56.
16. Ibid.
17. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 114.
18. Ibid., pp. 113–114.
19. One win—Gaines’s Mill; two losses—Mechanicsville and Malvern Hill; three draws—Oak Grove, Savage’s Station, Glendale.
20. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 32.
21. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 60.
22. Letter from Jackson to Ewell, July 12, 1862; manuscript in Huntington Library.
23. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 119.
24. McGuire, “General Thomas J. Jackson: Reminiscences”; this story is a blend of the accounts of Hunter McGuire and Henry Kyd Douglas.
25. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 119.
26. Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, p. 86.
27. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, pp. 610–613.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN: NO BACKING OUT THIS DAY
1. Frémont resigned rather than serve under McDowell.
2. Louis-Philippe-Albert D’Orleans, Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America, p. 245.
3. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 473–474.
4. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 105.
5. Letter from Fitz John Porter to J.C.G. Kennedy, July 17, 1862; Porter Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
6. Quote from Cornhill Magazine, cited in Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 4.
7. Eliza Amelia Dwight, Life and Letters of Wilder Dwight, Lieut. Col., Second Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, p. 233.
8. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 21–22.
9. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 514.
10. The Richmond Dispatch of August 5, 1862, quoted a letter to the Philadelphia Inquirer, in which the writer said: “The men are in the best of spirits and the issuing of the recent orders by Gen. Pope have cheered up the drooping hearts of many a weary and foot sore patriot, who . . . has been compelled to mount guard over rebel commissary stores, while Jackson’s crew were refreshing themselves with sleep. . . . ”
11. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 15. In Return to Bull Run, his definitive book on Second Manassas, Hennessy provides an excellent analysis of Pope’s front-man role.
12. Ed Bonekemper, “General Disobedience: ‘Little Mac’ Let John Pope Twist in the Wind,” Civil War Times, December 2010.
13. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 527.
14. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 62.
15. Letter from Anna to Dr. McGuire, August 4, 1862, McGuire Papers, Virginia Historical Society.
16. Letter from Jackson to Anna, sent from Gordonsville, July 28, 1862, Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 310.
17. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 519.
18. Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 48.
19. John Pope, The Military Memoirs of John Pope, Notes, p. 271; Pope and his courier (Lee’s nephew) both challenged Banks’s version, saying that Pope never intended for Banks to attack Jackson’s entire army single-handedly.
20. Testimony of Nathaniel Banks before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Dec. 14, 1864, in Report of the Joint Committee, Second Session, 38th Congress, Washington, 1865.
21. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 45. This is Krick’s estimate of the men who actually fought on August 9, not the total number of effectives present.
22. Ibid., p. 106, citing John Blue’s memoir, Hanging Rock Rebel, p. 119; also cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 528.
23. Sam Smith, “Jackson Is With You! The Battle of Cedar Mountain,” Civil War Trust website.
24. Blue, Hanging Rock Rebel, p. 121.
25. The best evidence for this is the absence of any follow-up to Crawford’s attack. No regiments came up behind him; no effort was made to consolidate his gains; he was more or less left alone on the field, and he was bitter about it.
26. George Henry Gordon, Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain, 1861–2, p. 294.
27. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 112.
28. Gordon, Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain, p. 295.
29. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 186, citing Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army.
30. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 204.
31. Blackford and Blackford, Letters From Lee’s Army, p. 105.
32. William B. Taliaferro, “Some Personal Reminiscences of Lt.-Gen. Thos. J. (Stonewall) Jackson,” essay in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 517–518.
33. Ibid., p. 105.
34. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 67.
&
nbsp; 35. S. W. Crawford, quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 459.
36. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, pp. 367–376.
37. Ibid., p. 328.
38. Lee to Jackson, August 12, 1862; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 185.
39. Letter from Jackson to Anna, August 11, 1862, Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 312.
40. Blackford and Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, entry for August 17, 1862, p. 108.
CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT: THE HUM OF A BEEHIVE
1. Description of plunder of local farms, “From the Rappahannock Lines,” Richmond Dispatch, August 25, 1862: “Many a family has been left in a condition verging upon absolute want and starvation.”
2. Peter S. Carmichael, “So Far From God and So Close To Stonewall Jackson,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 111, no. 1 (2003), pp. 33–66.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, pp. 100–101.
6. Samuel Basset French, Centennial Tale, pp. 15ff; see also James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, pp. 542–544; and Carmichael, “So Far From God.”
7. Carmichael, “So Far From God.”
8. William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 131.
9. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 28–29; Hennessy points out what most historians do not, that Cedar Mountain produced an immediate shift in Union attitudes.
10. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 132; Hennessy has a good summary of this change of heart; see his Return to Bull Run, pp. 29, 40.
11. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 560ff.
12. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 546.
13. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 92.
14. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 132.
15. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 123–124. McGuire said he recalled seeing the two “the day before we started to march,” which would have been Sunday the 24th, and thus presumably the same meeting—there was only one as far as we know—that ended with Jackson saying, per Douglas, “I will be moving within an hour.” McGuire’s account varies a bit from Douglas’s, but this would seem to be a function of the passage of time: McGuire was remembering events of thirty-five years before.
16. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 133. Jackson, in fact, got his troops moving out of their positions along the river that evening. But he would not be able to leave until morning.
17. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 94.
18. William B. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 501.
19. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 107; “We had started with three days’ rations, and if we had failed to make those captures we would have been in a barren country without rations.”
20. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” p. 501.
21. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 133.
22. Gen. James H. Lane, Reminiscences re: General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, p. 28.
23. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, pp. 34–35.
24. Official Report of General Thomas J. Jackson on operations from August 15, 1862, to September 3, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
25. Robert L. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, pp. 516–517; Samuel D. Buck, With the Old Confeds, p. 51.
26. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
27. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 103.
28. Ibid.
29. I have chosen not to repeat here what seems to be an apocryphal story of Stuart and Jackson meeting and having a jolly exchange about Stuart’s theft of Pope’s overcoat. Jeffry D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart, p. 131.
30. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, pp. 112–113.
31. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 117.
32. Ibid., p. 118.
33. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 130, journal entry for April 15, 1863.
34. “Official Report of Thomas Jackson,” Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
35. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 135.
36. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 130.
37. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, pp. 116–118.
CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE: AT BAY ON HIS BAPTISMAL SOIL
1. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 162.
2. Kearny was so put out by it that he delayed his march against Jackson the next morning, assuming it was yet another of Pope’s wild-goose chases.
3. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, p. 118.
4. William J. K. Beaudot and Lance J. Hergeden, eds., An Irishman in the Iron Brigade: The Civil War Memoirs of James P. Sullivan.
5. Ibid., p. 44.
6. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
7. Doubleday is often mistakenly credited with inventing the game of baseball.
8. From Campbell Brown’s Civil War, cited in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 182.
9. William B. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 510.
10. Like many hard-fighting brigades in the war the Stonewall Brigade’s numbers had been almost shockingly depleted. By the end of Second Manassas, it was the size of a single, modest regiment.
11. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 188.
12. George F. Noyes, The Bivouac and the Battlefield: Campaign Sketches in Virginia and Maryland, p. 119.
13. John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, p. 56.
14. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1.
15. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 196; the author offers a cogent analysis of the idea that Pope was drawn into a battle he did not need to fight.
16. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, vol. 2, 1852–1863, pp. 364–365.
17. Jeffry Wert, “Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee,” America’s Civil War Magazine, November 1997.
18. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 272.
19. Ibid., p. 273.
20. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 138.
21. Ibid.
22. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 283.
23. For more on this see Curt Anders, Injustice on Trial.
24. John Pope, “The Second Battle of Bull Run,” Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, pp. 449–494.
25. Hunter McGuire, “General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson, Confederate States Army, His Career and Character,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 91.
26. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence 1860–1865, p. 368.
27. Ibid., p. 389.
28. Peter Cozzens, General John Pope: A Life for the Nation, pp. 107–134; Cozzens makes a persuasive argument that Halleck shared considerable blame for the failure of Franklin and/or Sumner to advance to Pope’s aid. Most historians have hung it squarely on McClellan.
29. Ibid., pp. 159–163; I am following Cozzens’s arguments closely here on the subject of McClellan’s supposed treachery.
30. James Longstreet, “Our March Against Pope,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2., p. 520; in the full quote Longstreet refers to the “Confederate left” as the location of the battle. He obviously meant the Confederate right.
31. Jackson’s report of operations from August 15 to September 5, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, pp. 641ff.
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p; 32. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 351; Hennessy provides the best analysis I have found of the Confederate use of artillery in Porter’s attack.
33. Jackson’s battle report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
34. Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, p. 372.
35. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, p. 188.
36. Scott C. Patchan, Second Manassas: Longstreet’s Attack and the Struggle for Chinn Ridge, p. 125.
37. Charles Walcott of the 21st Massachusetts, cited in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 437.
38. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 40.
39. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, p. 49.
40. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 451.
41. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon, p. 262, citing Jacob D. Cox, Military Reminiscences of the Civil War.
CHAPTER FORTY: THE MONGREL, BAREFOOTED CREW
1. Gary W. Gallagher, “The Most Propitious Time . . . for the Confederacy to Enter Maryland,” Civil War Trust (online).
2. Ibid.
3. Major General John G. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 605.
4. The Lee/Jackson relationship prefigures in some ways the Grant/Sherman partnership that would have such a large effect on the latter part of the war.
5. “Jackson Wounded,” Richmond Whig, May 9, 1863, editorial.
6. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 80; James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 597, citing John Newton Lyle, Sketches Found in a Confederate Veteran’s Desk, manuscript, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia.
7. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 149, also Henry Kyd Douglas, “Stonewall Jackson in Maryland,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 621.
8. Heros Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, p. 190.
9. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 605.
10. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam, p. 94.
11. My translation of “Demandez au gouvernement anglais s’il ne croit pas le moment venu de reconnaître le sud.”