by Ervin Staub
62.Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.
Milgram, Nationality and conformity.
Perrin and Spencer, Independence and conformity.
63.Bickman, L. (1972). Social influence and diffusion of responsibility in an emergency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 438-45.
Staub, Helping a distressed person.
Idem, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
64.Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press.
65.Benesh, M., & Weiner, B. (1982). On emotion and motivation: From the notebooks of Fritz Heider. American Psychologist, 37, 887-95.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Idem, Social and prosocial behavior.
Idem, Social behavior and moral conduct.
66.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
67.Titmus, R. The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. New York: Pantheon Books.
Chapter 5
1.Janis, I. (1983). Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2.Borofsky, G. L., & Brand, D. J. Personality organization and psychological functioning of the Nuremberg criminals: The Rorschach data. In J. E. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
3.Lanzman, C. (1985). Shoah: An oral history of the Holocaust. New York: Pantheon Books, p. 106.
4.Zimbardo, P. G., Haney, C, Banks, W. C, & Jaffe, D. (1974). The psychology of imprisonment: Privation, power, and pathology. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
5.Idid., p. 65.
6.Peck, M. S. (1983). People of the lie: The hope of healing human evil. New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 227-8.
7.Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1979). The official torturer: Learning mechanisms involved in the process. Relevance to democratic and totalitarian regimes today. Unpublished manuscript, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Gibson, J. T., & Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1986). The education of a torturer. Psychology Today, 20, 50-58.
Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1988). The official torturer: A learning model for obedience to the authority of violence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1107-20.
8.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
9.Hilberg, R. Destruction.
10.Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
11.Oliner, S. B., & Oliner, P. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Germany. New York: Free Press, p. 152.
12.Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1984). Cognitive processes and the persistence of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior, JO, 243-51.
13.Masters, B. (1986, orig. 1985). Killing for company: The case of Dennis Nielson. London: Maddox & Stoughton.
14.Eliasz, H. (1980). The role of empathy, activity, and anxiety on interpersonal aggression. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 3, 169-78.
15.Peck, People of the lie, p. 76.
16.Ibid., p. 74.
17.Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1959). Adolescent aggression: A study of the influence of child training practices and family interrelationship. New York: Ronald Press.
Eron, L. D. (1982). Parent-child interaction, television violence, and aggression of children. American Psychologist, 37, 197-211.
Parke, R. D., & Slaby, R. G. (1983). The development of aggression. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Manual of child psychology, Vol. 4. 4th ed. New York: Wiley.
18.Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family processes. Eugene, Ore.: Castilla Press.
Reid, J. B. (1986). Social-interactional patterns in families of abused and nonabused children. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.). Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
19.Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Conscience, personality, and socialization technique. Human Development, 13, 90-126.
20.Staub, E. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.
Idem. (1981). Promoting positive behavior in schools, in other educational settings, and in the home. In J. P. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Idem. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In Zahn-Waxler et. al., Atruism and aggression.
Idem. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Grusec, J. (1981). Socialization processes and the development of altruism. In Rushton & Sorrentino, Altruism and helping behavior.
Zahn-Waxler et al., Altruism and aggression.
21.Staub, E. (1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing, and learning by teaching others. In D. DePalma & J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.
22.Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Norton & Co.
Cherry, F., & Byrne, D. (1977). Authoritarianism. In T. Blass (Ed.), Personality variables in social behavior. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sanford, N. (1973). Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective. In J. N. Knutson (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
For a review of measurement problems as well as later research see:
Cherry and Byrne, Authoritarianism.
For a discussion of issues related to the authoritarian personality, see also:
Samuelson, R. (1986). Authoritarianism from Berlin to Berkeley: On social psychology and history. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 191-208:
Ray, J. J. (1988). Why the F scale predicts racism: A critical review. Political Psychology, 9, no. 4, 671-80.
Eckhardt, W. (1988). Comment on Ray’s “Why the F scale predicts racism: A critical review.” Political Psychology, 9, no. 4, 681-91.
23.Elms, A. C, & Milgram, S. (1966). Personality characteristics associated with obedience and defiance toward authoritative command. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 2, 282-9.
24.Miller, A. (1983). For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, p. 70.
25.DeMause, L. (Ed.). (1974). History of childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press.
Stone, L. (1977). The family, sex and marriage in England, 1500-1800. New York: Harper & Row.
26.Devereux, E. D. (1972). Authority and moral development among German and American children: A cross-national pilot experiment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 3, 99-124.
Miller, For your own good.
27.Hoffman, Conscience, personality, and socialization.
28.von Maltitz, H. (1973). The evolution of Hitler’s Germany: The ideology, the personality, the moment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
29.Lewis, B. (1985). The Shiites. New York Review of Books, 32, no. 13, pp. 7-10.
30.Sargant, W. (1957). Battle for the mind: A physiology of conversion and brain-washing. London: Pan Books.
31.Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
32.Kren, G. M
., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gibson and Haritos-Fatouros, The education of a torturer.
Dyer, G. (1985). War. New York: Crown Publishers.
Chapter 6
1.Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim": Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203-10.
Lerner, M. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
Smith, R. E., Keating, J. P., Hester, R. K., & Mitchell, H. E. (1976). Role and justice considerations in the attribution of responsibility to a rape victim. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 346-57.
2.Lerner and Simmons, Observer’s reaction.
3.Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1973). Belief in a just world and reactions to another’s lot: A study of participants in the national draft lottery. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 73-93.
Idem. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 65-89.
4.Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
5.Ibid.
6.Lerner and Simmons, Observer’s reaction.
Lerner, Belief in a just world.
7.Staub, E. (1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing, and learning by teaching others. In D. DePalma & J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Idem. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press, Chap. 6.
8.Staub, To rear a prosocial child.
Idem. Positive social behavior, vol. 2, Chap. 6.
9.DeJong, W. (1979). An examination of self-perception mediation of the foot-in-the-door effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 578-82.
Freedman, J. L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.
Harris, M. B. (1972). The effects of performing one altruistic act on the likelihood of performing another. Journal of Social Psychology, 88, 65-73.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2, Chaps. 5 and 6.
10.Bern, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 6. New York: Academic Press.
11.Freedman and Fraser, Compliance without pressure.
DeJong, Examination of self-perception mediation.
12.Keneally, T. (1983). Schindler’s List. New York: Penguin Books.
13.As an example of this finding see: Buss, A. H. (1966). The effect of harm on subsequent aggression. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 349-55.
For a list of relevant references see:
Goldstein, J. H., Davis, R. W., & Herman, D. (1975). Escalation of aggression: Experimental studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 162-70.
14.Goldstein et al., Escalation.
15.Bern, Self-perception theory.
Eisenberg, N., & Cialdini, R. B. (1984). The role of consistency pressures in behavior: A developmental perspective. Academic Psychology Journal, 6, 115-26.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.
16.Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press.
17.Bettelheim, B. (1979). Remarks on the psychological appeal of totalitarianism. In Surviving and other essays. New York: Vintage Books.
18.Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1979). The official torturer: Learning mechanisms involved in the process. Relevance to democratic and totalitarian regimes today. Unpublished manuscript, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Gibson, J. T., & Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1986). The education of a torturer. Psychology Today, 20, 50-58.
19.For a review see:
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
20.Orwell, G. (1949). 1984. New York: Harcourt & Brace, p. 151.
21.Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
22.Latane, B., & Darley, J. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help! New York: Appleton-Crofts.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Tilker, H. A. (1970). Socially responsive behavior as a function of observer responsibility and victim feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 95-100.
23.Poliakov, L. (1954). Harvest of hate: The Nazi program for the destruction of the Jews in Europe. Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, pp. 12-13.
24.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1935-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
25.Amnesty International Report. (1980). Testimony on secret detention camps in Argentina. London: Amnesty International Publications.
26.Tilker; Socially responsive behavior.
27.Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Bickman, L. (1972). Social influence and diffusion of responsibility in an emergency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 438-45.
Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality, and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.
28.Wilson, J. P. (1976). Motivation, modeling and altruism: A person x situation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1078-86.
Schwartz, S. H., & Clausen, G. T. (1970). Responsibility norms and helping in an emergency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 299-310.
29.Hilberg, Destruction.
30.Peck, M. S. (1982). People of the lie: The hope of healing human evil. New York: Simon & Schuster.
31.Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham, N. C: Duke University Press.
Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts. New York: Harper.
Hornstein, H. A. (1976). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
32.Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, 111.: Row-Peterson.
33.Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.
34.For example, in Hungary:
Lacko, M. (1976). Nyilasok, Nemzetiszocialistak, 1935-1944 (The Arrow Cross, National Socialists). Budapest.
35.Beck, F., & Godin, W. (1951). Russian purge and the extraction of confession. New York: Viking Press.
36.Arens, R. (1982). The Ache of Paraguay. In J. N. Porter (Ed.), Genocide and human rights: A global anthology. New York: University Press of America.
37.Stoessinger, J. G. (1982). Why nations go to war. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
38.Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
39.Latane and Darley, Unresponsive bystander.
40.Ibid.
41.Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgements. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.
42.Staub, Helping a distressed person.
43.Fein, H. (1979). Accounting for genocide: National responses and Jewish victimization during the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.
Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
Lifton, Nazi doctors.
44.Fein, Accounting for genocide.
45.Wyman, D. S. (1984). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon Books.
Chapter 7
1.Girard, P. (1980). Historical foundations of anti-Semitism. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York:
Hemisphere Publishing Co., p. 75.
2.De Jonge, A. (1978). The Weimar chronicle: Prelude to Hitler. New York: New American Library, p. 12.
3.Ibid.
4.Abel, T. [1938] (1966). The Nazi movement: Why Hitler came into power. Reprint. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social bases of obedience and revolt. White Plains, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
5.De Jonge, The Weimar chronicle, p. 215.
6.Ibid., p. 218.
7.Ibid., p. 232.
8.Mosse, G. L. (Ed.). (1966). Nazi culture: Intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich. New York: Schocken Books, p. 6.
9.Hitler, A. (1923). Mein Kampf. Translated by Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 328.
10.Ibid., p. 329.
11.Ibid.
12.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, p. 40.
13.Ibid.
14.Meinecke, F. (1950). The German catastrophe: Reflections and recollections. Boston: Beacon Press.
15.From von Kotze, H., & Krausnick, H. (Eds.). (1966). Es spricht der Führer (The führer speaks). Gütersloh: S. Mohn.
Cited in Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, p. 93.
16.In the Volkischer Beobachter, August 26, 1932, quoted in De Jonge, Weimar chronicle, p. 212.
17.von Maltitz, H. (1973). The evolution of Hitler’s Germany: The ideology, the personality, the moment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18.Quoted in Feingold, H. L. (1982). An American Jewish history. Albany: State University of New York Press, p. 50.
19.Quoted on p. 19 of Waite, R. G. L. (1981). The perpetrator: Hitler and the Holocaust. In M. D. Ryan (Ed.), Human responses to the Holocaust. New York: E. Mellen Press.
20.Benesh, M., & Weiner, B. (1982). On emotion and motivation: From the notebooks of Fritz Heider. American Psychologist, 37, 887-95.
21.Meinecke, German catastrophe, pp. 73-74.
Chapter 8
1.Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
2.Girard, P. (1980). Historical foundations of anti-Semitism. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.