by Ervin Staub
Angkor empire, 196-8, 199-200
Angkor Wat, 196, 197, 199
antagonism: continuum of, 250; ideology of, 250-1
anticommunism: in Argentina, 214-15; in United States, 258
Anti-Semites Petition (1881), 100
anti-Semitism: in Argentina, 223; in Austria, 98, 164n; in Bulgaria, 154-5; in deep structure of culture, 104; devaluation of group and, 61, 100-4; of early Christians, 60, 101; in France, 20; in Germany, 30, 100-4, 117-21, 163; history of, 20, 100-3; in Hungary, 153; increase of, before World War II, 88; as ingroup cement, 95; and ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 66; level of, vs. proportion of Jews killed, 153; of Martin Luther, 46, 102-3; in Middle Ages, 101-2; modern, 103-4; in Nazi Europe, 153-5; outside Germany, 85; in Poland, 154; promotion of, 267; propaganda about, 120; in Soviet Union, 20; of SS members, 131, 136; theological, 46, 60, 101-3, 117; in Ukraine, 136; in United States, 157
antisocial personality, 68, 71, 72-3
“anus mundi,” Auschwitz as, 142
Arendt, Hannah: on banality of evil, 126; on Eichmann, 82; on euphemisms, 29; on Jewish councils, 159, 160; on Jewish perception of Nuremberg laws, 163; on victim role in Holocaust, 31
Argentina: anti-Semitism in, 223; deprivation feelings in, 55; disparate suffering in, 267; social change opposition in, 86
Argentine disappearances/mass killings: abduction in, 11, 220-5; anticommunism in, 214-15, 218; and book burning, 217; bystander role in, 227-30; caprice in, 224; casualties in, 7, 11; church silence in, 228; civil war preceding, 47; communist treatment in, 222; continuum of destruction in, 217-20; Cuban blockade and, 218; cultural characteristics and, 212-17, 233; detention centers in, 220; difficult life conditions preceding, 44, 210-12; economic difficulties and, 210-11; end of, 231; euphemistic language in, 227; German influence on, 214, 219-20; historical conditions preceding, 210-12; ideology in, 214-17, 224-5; institutional changes and, 219; institutional cooperation in, 227-8; Jewish prisoners in, 222-3; killing/torture methods in, 220-5; machinery of destruction for, 219-20; military role in, see military groups (Argentina) Montoneros and, 218; Mothers of Plaza del Mayo and, 228-9; motivations for, 23, 225; Nunca Mas report on, 211, 220-3, 225, 227-8; officers’ responsibility for, 84; opposition to, 228-9; origins of, 232-6; vs. other genocides/killings, 7; overview of, 11; Perón’s role in, 210-12, 213, 217; perpetrators in, 25, 76, 216-17, 225-6, see also military groups (Argentina); political conflict and, 211 –12; property confiscation in, 131; self-concept of military and, 214-17; Soviet Union as bystander in, 230; victim selection in, 11, 61, 223-6; violence preceding, 211-12
Armenia, earthquake aid in, 4
Armenian genocide (see Turkish genocide of Armenians)
Armenian Revolutionary Federation, 179
Arrow Cross, 154
artists in social change, 282
Aryan culture as ideal, 94-5, 97, 105-6
Athens, moral orientation of, 57
attachment, infant-caretaker, 26-7, 59, 111
Auschwitz: commandant of, 132, 142; doctors’ behavior/motivations in, 141-4, 145; inmate resistance in, 162; killing procedures in, 136-7; processing of victims in, 141-2; Schindler camp inmates from, 141; “selection procedures” in, 9, self, 143; SS activities in, 141-4
Austria: anti-Semitism in, 98, 164n; Hitler’s early life in, 98; Jews of, 161, 164n
authoritarianism (see also obedience): aggression displacement in, 63-4; as aggression source, 43; authority orientation vs., 75; in Cambodian autogenocide, 197-8; cultural attitudes toward, 63; doctors’ submission to, 122-3; facts created by, 65; in family, 51, 72-5; in Germany, 23-4, 108-11; mistreatment and, 66; in perpetrator organizations, 78; personality characteristics in, 73-5; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19, 29-30; in schools, 280-1; self-responsibility problems and, 29-30; in SS, 132-3; in Turkey, 176; in United States, 242
authority orientation, see authoritarianism
autogenocide in Cambodia, see Cambodian autogenocide
Barnet, Richard, on ideology of national security, 254-5
battlefield experiences, psychological effects of, 30, 47-8
Bay of Pigs, decision making in, 270
Becker, Ernest: on power and aggression, 40-1; on power of human sacrifice, 149
Belgium, Jews of, 155, 161
Bellah, Robert, on individualism, 268
belonging to group, importance of, 253
Belzec camp, guard attitude in, 84
benevolence, continuum of, 167-9, 276-8
Berlin, Isaiah, on national identity, 252
Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, 119, 122
Bettelheim, Bruno: on “Heil Hitler” greeting, 82; on Jewish resistance, 160; on totalitarianism, 126
better-world thinking as source of antagonism, 251
Biafra, killings in, 86
Binding, Karl, on euthanasia, 122
biological needs as motivation, 36-7
Bismarck, Otto, unification under, Holocaust origin and, 32
blacks (see also civil rights movement) as scapegoats, 49
Bolshevism: aggression idealization in, 54; Jews accused of conspiracy with, 104
bombing of Cambodia, 190, 204-5
bonding: in concentration camps, 162; infant-caretaker, 26-7, 59, 111
brainwashing, group support in, 269
Bronfenbrenner, Uri, on mutual devaluation of societies, 278
brownshirts, see SA
Buchenwald, death and survival attitudes in, 45-6
Bulgaria: anti-Semitism in, 154-5; Jews of, 154-5; Nazi resistance in, 87; Turkish massacres in, 184-5
bureaucratization, see compartmentalization of function
Burschenschaften, 115
Burundi, killings in, 86
bystanders: acceptance of situation by, 124; in Argentine killings, 227-30; in Turkish genocide, 184-7; behavior of, 86-8; in Cambodian autogenocide, 208-9; definition of, 20; in Germany, 151-2, 164; helpfulness of, 87; heroic, as rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9; in Holocaust, 119; increasing participation of, 82; international, 155-8; intervention by, 241n; in Nazi Europe, 152-5; obligations of, 239-40; opposition from, 20-2, 87; passivity of, 18, 82, 87, 151-8; perpetrators developed from, 18; power or influence of, 86-8, 152; in practice of minimalism, 259; reality perceptions of, 65; 87; as semiactive perpetrators in Germany, 82, 152; as victims, 87
Cambodian autogenocide (see also Khmer Rouge): Angkor empire and, 196-8, 199-200; authority orientation and, 197-8; bystander roles in, 208-9; casualties in, 7, 11, 193; city evacuation in, 191-3; civil war preceding, 47; class divisions and, 198-9; continuum of destruction in, 208; cultural characteristics in, 195-201, 233; difficult life conditions preceding, 44, 188-91, 204; disparate suffering in, 267; fanaticism sources in, 201-4; followers gained in, 204-6; government upheaval in, 33; historical conditions preceding, 188-91; ideology of, 17, 194-5, 198-9, 201-4; individuals’ roles in, 206-8; intellectual sources of, 201; killing methods in, 11, 192-3, 194; lack of bureaucracy in, 29; motivation for, 23; “new people” in, 4, 192-3, 195, 196-7; origins of, 232-6; vs. other genocides, 7; overview of, 10; peasant conditions before, 188-9; perpetrators in, 78; Pol Pot’s role in, 194-5, 196-7, 199, 203-4, 205, 206-7, political instability before, 189-91; preexisting idea for, 67; self-concept in, 199-200; Sihanouk’s role in, 188-90, 198-9, 201, 207-8; slavery and, 199; South Vietnamese invasion and, 191; tradition of violence and, 200-1; urban-rural rift and, 198-9; U.S. bombing and, 190, 204-5; victim selection in, 8, 10-11, 61, 86, 192-3, 196; Vietnam hatred and, 191, 195, 198-9, 201-2; youth groups in, 205-6
camps, see concentration camps
Canada, resistance to Jewish immigration in, 156
caring: in children, 280 creation/evolution of, 274-83; self-actualization and, 269
Carter, President Jimmy, and human rights in South America, 230
categorization as source of ethnocentrism, 59-60
Catholic church: in Argentina, 211, 215, 224; in Hungary, 153; role in anti-Semitism, 46, 60, 117
Catholics (as individuals):
euthanasia opposition by, 125; as Nazi supporters, 46
censorship of media: in repressive system, 271-3; self-imposed, 271
Chamberlin, Houston, on German superiority, 106
Chandler, David, on Cambodian cultural history, 195-7, 200
change (see also continuum entries; evolution; learning by participation; social change): institutional, 219; in motivation, 38; in values, 25
Charny, Israel, on family role in genocidal attitudes, 30-1
Cheka (Soviet secret police), aggression idealization in, 54
children: Argentine military influence on, 216, 224; in Armenian genocide, 10; in concentration camps, 143; enablement of, 268; euthanasia of, 121,123; German, World War I effects on, 30; helpfulness in, 80; individualism of, 270; in Khmer Rouge, 206; political killing of, 3n; positive socialization of, 279-81; rearing of, see family; rescue of, 155, 165-6; teaching helpfulness to, 277
China: as bystander in Cambodian autogenocide, 208-9; cultural revolution in, 88; Great Leap Forward (1958-60), Khmer Rouge ideology and, 203; as Khmer Rouge enemy, 202; Nixon trip to, 257
Christians (see also Catholic church; church leaders): anti-Semitism in, 60, 101-3; and Argentine clergy persecutions, 224; behavior of, vs. Jews killed, 153; devaluation of, in Turkey, 175-6; euthanasia opposition by, 125; in Hungary, 153; as Nazi supporters, 46; Nietzsche’s views on, 112; as rescuers of Jews, 4, 71, 155; as scapegoats in early Rome, 49
church leaders: behavior of, vs. Jews killed, 153; in Belgium, 155; of Bulgaria, 154
civil rights movement, 261; origins of, 64; shared goals in, 274-5
cognitive consistency theory, 151
collective retribution in Holocaust, 164
Committee of Union and Progress, see Young Turks
Communists: in Cambodia, see Khmer Rouge; elimination of class enemies by, 86; in Germany, 93-4; in Russia, Stalinist persecutions and, 20
community, see connection; group(s)
compartmentalization of function, 18, 28-9, 83-4
concentration camps (see also Auschwitz): commandants of, 132, 138-9; compartmentalization of functions in, 83; cruelty of exterminations in, 138; death attitudes of inmates in, 45-6; doctors’ behavior in, 43, 83, 141-4; enemies taken to (1933), 135; escapes from, 162; euthanasia methods/personnel transferred to, 123; guards for, 40, 68-9, 135; inmate adaptive mechanisms in, 162; killing methods in, 9, 136-7; kindness in, 146; living conditions in, 9-10, 137; medical experimentation in, 83, 145; prisoner song in, 68; processing of victims in, 141-2; reality denial in, 163; “selection procedures” in, 9; SS behavior in, 145-6; survival mechanisms in, 162; transportation to, Jewish councils’ role in, 31; uprisings in, 162; worker attitudes in, 84
conflict mode, nations operating in, 250
connection, see also group(s): creation/ evolution of, 274-83; group membership and, 266; importance of, 253, 270; promotion of, 278-9; security needs and, 265; self-actualization and, 269; social justice and, 268
conservatives, reaction of, to societal changes, 46-7
Constantinople massacres, 10, 178
continuum of antagonism, 250
continuum of benevolence, 167-9; social change and, 276-8
continuum of destruction (see also learning by participation), 17-18, 238-9; in Argentine mass killings, 217-20, 226;bystander role in, 82, 86-8, 119; in Cambodian autogenocide, 208; compartmentalization and, 83-4; conversion in, 134n; difficulty of stopping, 85; extraneous motives in, 84; extreme destructiveness role in, 80-5; fanaticism in, 77; “foot in the door” phenomenon in, 80; group role in, 28, 124; heroic resistance effects on, 18; in Holocaust, 116-27; in Hungary, 154; individual responsibility in, 148; just-world thinking and, 79-80; leadership role in, 85-6; learning by doing and, 80-5; monolithic societies and, 19; moral choices in, 147-8; motivation role in, 23; opposition/resistance in, 65, 125; passivity of victims and, 31-2; pluralistic societies and, 19; in Turkish genocide, 176-7
continuum of victimization, 165
Contras, Nicaraguan, selective reporting about, 273
control of environment, need for, 264-5
conversion in continuum of destruction, 134n
cooperation of Jews, 158-60
coping mechanisms (see also devaluation). 16-17, 48-50
Coughlin, Father, anti-Semitic radio programs of, 157
Craig, Gordon: on German culture, 105; on German obedience, 108; on Hitler’s accomplishments, 116-7
Crawley, Edwardo, on Argentine military, 216-17
crematoria in concentration camps, 143
crosscutting relations, 274-6, 278-9
crystal night, 135
Cuba: blockade of, 214, 218; invasion of, decision making in, 270
cultural characteristics, 234-6; aggression and, see aggression; in Argentine mass killings, 212-17; of Aryans, 94-5, 97; authoritarianism and, see authoritarianism; in Cambodian autogenocide, 195-201; deep structure of, 104; effects of, 14, 18-20, 24-5, 51-2; in Germany, 100-15; importance of, 240-1; in ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 58-62; modification of, 51; in monolithic society, 62-3; moral orientation and, 56-8; national self-concept and, 54-5; in pluralistic society, 62-3; summary of, in genocide origin, 234-6; in Turkey, 175-6; unconscious motivation and, 63-4; variation in, 51-2; war and, 250-7
cultural devaluation, see devaluation
cultural tilt, see societal tilt
culture (see also cultural characteristics), 18-19, 51-65
Darley, John, on helpfulness, 87
decision making: vs. direct perpetration, 67-8, 225-6; leadership accountability and, 270-1; and learning by doing, 82-3
decolonialization, killings after, 86
defense, psychological, 3, 15, 162-3
Dekmejian, R.H., on discontinuity with past, 32
DeMause, Lloyd, on punishment of children, 74
denial of reality: by bystanders, 88; in Holocaust, 29, 162-3; during threat, 163; by victims, 31, 162-3
Denmark: Jews’ escape from, 152; Nazi reaction to resistance in, 87
depression (economic), anti-Semitism intensified by, 157
deprivation feelings, cultural self-concept and, 55
derogatory labels for outgroup, 61
destruction, continuum of, see continuum of destruction
Deutsch, Morton: on crosscutting relations, 274; on malignant social process, 250
devaluation (see also just-world thinking), 234; absence of, in established innocence, 79; in Argentina, 222; blame assignment in, 61-2; as central factor, 240; as coping mechanism, 48-9; in Hindu-Muslim conflict, 250; humanity diminished in, 62; ingroup-outgroup differentiation and, 58-62; of Jews, 100-4; justification for, 82; moral exclusion and, 71; of poor people, 56; as protection of identity, 60; psychological basis for, 19; recognition of, 281; societal differences in, 61; as source of evil, 26; in Turkey, 175-6; in United States, 242; victim definition by, 61
Dicks, Henry, on SS family backgrounds, 132
difficult life conditions (see also war) 13-14, 35-50, 232, 234; aggressive response to, 35-6, 38-44; in Argentina, 210-12; in Cambodian autogenocide, 44, 188-91, 204-5; combat experience as, 47-8; constructive action in, 16-17,50; coping strategies for, 16-17, 48-50; cultural characteristics and, 18-20; danger as, 44-7; degree of difficulty and effects of, 14; effects of, 13-14; examples of, 35-6; failure perceived in, 42; frustration in, 35-6, 38-44, 55; group disparities in, 267; group dynamics in, 16, 41-2; harmful behavior in, 72; hedonic balancing in, 38; hostility in, 16; institutions to deal with, 267; motivation changes in, 38; motivation combined with, 23; nationalism during, 19; positive reactions to, 50; in post-World War I Germany, 92-3; preceding genocide, 44; psychological needs arising from, 15-16; radical leadership in, 24; reality perceptions and, 15; regression to childish state in, 45; self-concept effects of, 15-16; self-protective motives arising from, 15; societal characteristics and, 18-20; stress as, 44-7; in Turkey, 173-5; in United States, 243
disappearance, see Argentine disappearances/mass killings
discontinuity, soci
al turmoil caused by, 32-3
discrimination in ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 66
doctors in Holocaust: as Burschenschaft members, 115; compartmentalization of values in, 83; in concentration camps, 141-4; doubling by, 143-4; in euthanasia program, 70, 121-3, 142; initial shock of, 142; motivations of, 145; obedience of, 122-3; rationalization by, 143; reassignment of, to Russian front, 145
doubling in SS doctors, 143-4
Dreyfus affair, 20
Dyson, Freeman, on nuclear war, 255
economic conditions: aggression and, 44; Argentine mass killings and, 210-11; before Cambodian genocide, 188-9; effects of, 13-14; in Holocaust origin, 32, 92-3
education: Argentine military control of, 216; about child rearing, 280; as enablement, 268; for helpfulness, 277n; level of, vs. destructiveness, 136n; positive socialization in, 280-1
Eichmann, Adolph: cooperation with, 154; on lack of opposition to exterminations, 65; late war activities of, 149-50; as mediocrity, 126; moral conflict in, 147; progressively destructive behavior of, 82; Wallenberg dealings with, 169
Einsatzgruppen: activities of, 9, 135-6; as euphemism for extermination squads, 29
Einstein, Albert, on united Europe, 107
El Salvador, social change opposition in, 86
emigration of Jews, 155-6, 159, 161
empathic joining in groups, 238
empathy: distress caused by, 80; factors affecting, 119-20; lack of, in perpetrators, 68, 71
enablement for social justice, 267-8
enemy, image of, 254n
Enver Bey on Young Turk ideology, 181
Epstein, Seymour, on self-concept loss, 41
equality of opportunity as cultural value, 55-6
Erikson, Erik, on Hitler’s image to German youth, 30
Estonia, Jews of, 161
Etcheson, Craig, on Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Ethiopia, starvation aid in, 4
ethnocentrism, 54-5; in Germany, 107-8; sources of, 59; in United States, 252
Etzioni, Amitai, on prisoner group support, 269
eugenics, 121
euphemistic language: in Argentine killings, 227; in Holocaust, 29, 156; social change and, 282
euthanasia, 121-3, 137; as extermination technique, 66; killing methods in, 122; opposition to, 125; perpetrators selected for, 70