Byblos tenth century BCE inscription 58, 69, 224–5, 225, 243, 469–70, 718
Amarna letters 44
archive 11
art 349–53, 360–1, 366
cemetery 134, 718
coalition against Shalmaneser III 63–4, 66, 471
excavations 126–9, 717, 719
Hellenistic period 102, 225
ivory (carving production) 360–1, 472
in the Hebrew Bible 667
mint 93, 104, 386, 393–6, 395, 396, 398–9
natural harbor 716
neo-Assyrian period 63–4, 66–8
pantheon 92, 119, 121, 276, 285
Persian-age inscription 91, 225, 286, 363
Phoenician dialect of 203, 211–12
Report of Wenamun 12, 44–5
Roman period 112–14, 118–20, 226
rulers 12, 44–5, 67–8, 396
Tiglath-pileser 1, 44, 467
Byrsa hill, Carthage cemeteries 293–4, 297, 412
Decumanus Maximus Quarter 78, 435, 440–1
Hannibal Quarter 435, 438
houses built against the 178, 443, 445–6
name explained in foundation myth 144, 146, 680
southern slope 157
Byzantium (Byzantion) xvii, 111, 122, 693
C
Cabezo del Estaño 586, 590
Cádiz (Gadir; Gades; Gadeira) Casa del Obispo 295–8, 301, 306
in ancient sources 61, 261–2, 587, 589, 595–6, 617–23, 676
relationship with Rome 596–8
salted fish production 413, 594
sanctuary of Melqart (Herakleion) 261–2, 265, 285, 618–21, 624
Teatro Cómico 78–9, 231, 436, 589
Tolosa Latour plot 300
see also Castillo de Doña Blanca; Chiclana
Cadmus (Kadmos) brings alphabet to the Greeks 116, 673, 687, 689, 693, 723
Europa and 263, 720–1
founder of Thebes 108, 494, 673
lineage of 100, 108, 117
Said Aql 723
Caere (Cerveteri) 31, 148, 505, 511, 513–15; see also Regolini-Galassi tomb
Caesarea Ituraeorum (Arca) 112, 114–15, 121
Cagliari 284, 288, 294–5, 436, 439, 527–8
Calabria 264, 507–8, 516
Campania 507–8, 510, 512, 580
Can Partit necropolis (Ibiza) 592
Canaanites ancient 720
in biblical sources 42, 120, 274, 659
in Egyptian sources 42
in Mesopotamian sources 42
participating in seaborne trade 261, 424, 587
potential unifying name for Phoenicians 199, 657, 699
Cape Bon 149, 158–9
Cape Gammarth 163, 437, 458
Cape Gelidonya shipwreck 424
Cappidazzu (Motya) 79–80, 541–2, 547–8
Caracalla 111, 113, 620, 687, 690
caravan routes 469, 474
Carchemish (Karkemish) xviii, 64, 68, 467, 472, 497
Carmel, Mount 40, 122, 125, 128, 279–80, 664
carpological remains 78, 162, 456, 590, 611
Cartagena, see Carthago Nova
Carteia 593, 595, 596, 597, 623
Carthage (Karkhedôn; Qart Hadasht) site(s), see Bir Massouda; Byrsa hill; Chapelle Cintas; Cothon harbor; Sainte-Monique necropolis
Carthago Nova (Cartagena; Qart Hadasht) xvii, 141–2, 174, 397, 399, 410, 436, 595, 597, 634
casemate wall 589–90, 594, 610–11
cash crop 170, 178, 455
Cassius Dio 691
Castel di Decima 509, 511, 513, 515
Castillo de Doña Blanca archaeobotanical evidence 456, 594
domestic architecture 436, 589
faunal evidence 457
inscriptions 231, 611
parallel with Lixus 631
lead 410
Castro Marim 604, 610–11
Castro dos Ratinhos 407, 604, 606–7, 613
Cato the Elder (Porcius Cato, Marcus) 156, 179, 453, 581, 677, 701
cattle (bovines) as offering or eaten at funerary feast 285, 301, 303, 563
as sign of wealth 457
as tribute to Shalmaneser III 402
breeding 413, 453, 455, 457, 590, 639
as draft animal 413
cauldrons, metal 372, 500, 514, 524, 592
Cebel Ireis Daği, Phoenician inscription 200, 227, 244
cedar (Cedrus libani) Byblos 44, 349, 350
Hiram I 58, 65, 660
in Lebanese flag 719
Nabonidus 69
Psammetichus I 69–70
Report of Wenamun 45
Tiglath-pileser I 44
Cerro del Villar early Phoenician 79, 82–4, 436, 447, 589, 590, 613
food preparation and consumption 31–2, 456
House 2 2, 436, 439, 442, 447
workshop 82–4, 83, 438, 446
Cerveteri (Caere) 31, 148, 505, 511, 513–15; see also Regolini-Galassi tomb
Ceuta (Septem Fratres) 435, 627, 628, 633, 639
chaîne opératoire 341, 345
chamber tombs 134, 460, 487, 549, 560, 592
Chapelle Cintas, Carthage 146, 320
Chhim 127, 129
chicken (domestic fowl) 302, 454, 457, 563, 590, 605, 611
Chiclana 589, 589
Chronicles, Hebrew Bible 660–2, 721
Cicero (Tullius Cicero, Marcus) De lege agraria 679
De oratore 266
De republica 678–9, 703
In Verrem 28, 163, 165, 557–8, 562
Pro Scauro 677–8
Tusculanae disputationes 185–6
Cilicia 11th and 10th centuries BCE 469
Assyrian control 474
Early Iron Age 467–8
kingdom of Tarhuntassa 467
Persian period 389–90, 396, 399, 472, 475
Phoenician influence on art of 473
Phoenician inscriptions 62, 227, 472–3
Phoenician port (Myriandros) 62, 125, 472, 494
Phoenician trade with 468–9, 474
Que 62, 67
satrap of 389–90, 396, 399
Çineköy inscription 200, 227
cinnamon 32, 297, 403, 469
cippus (cippi) 229, 313, 353, 497, 553, 623–4, 618
Cirta, see Constantine
Claudius Iolaus 620, 680
coffin Ahiram sarcophagus 58, 298, 352–3, 394–5, 718
anthropomorphic 134, 304, 353, 355, 485, 486, 487, 500, 718
architectural 354, 485
basalt 353
Egyptianizing 226
Eshmunazor II sarcophagus 91, 226, 304, 718
marble 134–5, 163, 353, 485, 500
“priestess of St. Monique” sarcophagus 163
Tabnit sarcophagus 32, 91, 226, 304
terracotta 355, 553
wooden 135, 301, 560
Colline Metallifere 411, 512
colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus, see Berytus
colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Heliopolis, see Heliopolis
Columella (Lucius Iunius Moderatus) 266, 453, 456, 597
Conímbriga 604, 610
connectivity maritime 556, 558, 560–1, 563, 565
Late Bronze Age 43
Mediterranean-wide 103, 533
North Africa 188
studies in 100–1, 397–80, 505–8
Constantine (Cirta) El-Hofra sanctuary (tophet) 234–5, 288, 314
inscriptions 189
suffetes 187–8
port of 638
conviviality 304, 514–15; see also banquet; feast
Corinthian pottery Carthage 162
Iberian Peninsula 592, 595, 610
Ibiza 577
Italian Peninsula 508, 510
Corsica xvii, 147–8, 161, 529, 648, 650
Cortijo de Montañez 81, 84
Cortijo de San Isidro 80, 81
Cothon harbor 179
Crete “Green” alphabet 246
Aristotle comparing Carthage’s constitution
with 266, 700
Dictys of 259, 681, 693
Europa 721
Late Bronze Age 43
modern identity of 729
Phoenician artifacts 343, 356–8, 495–7, 498, 647
Phoenician cippi 497, 498
Phoenician inscription 229, 248, 493
sea routes via 365, 493, 501, 648
transmission of Phoenician alphabet 248–9
see also Eleutherna; Knossos; Kommos; Tekke
Crimisus, Battle of 161, 675
Cruz del Negro-type urn 608, 610–11, 630–1, 635
Cuccureddus di Villasimius 522, 529
Cumae 161, 511, 674
Cypro-Phoenician kingdom 481, 484–6, 489
Cypro-Phoenician artifacts 363, 376, 408, 494–7
Cypro-syllabic script 376, 485–7
Cyrus Cylinder 69
D
Dagon 393
Damascus xviii, 63, 65–6, 112, 470–1
Damaskios 259, 688
David 64–5, 660–2, 666
deer 315, 458, 590
Delos 277, 500
Delphi xvii, 116, 673–4
Demeter cult 151, 161, 283, 285, 548
Demetrias, Greek-Phoenician bilingual inscriptions 230
Deuteronomy, Hebrew Bible 659, 661
diaspora Heliopolitan triad 122
of Lebanese merchants 704, 720
of Leventine mythological heritage 274, 279, 281
of Phoenicians in Sardinia 521, 526, 531–3
of Phoenicians in the Nile Delta 350
of the tophet 320–2
Phoenician 28, 30, 77, 99, 183, 413, 454, 585, 725
Tyrian 622, 624–5
Dictys of Crete, Journal of the Trojan War (Ephemeris Belli Troiani) 259, 681, 693
Dido, see Elissa
Diodorus of Sicily (Siculus) Historical Library 156
on Carthage and Carthage’s hinterland 158–62, 548, 622, 675–6
on child sacrifice 318
on Cyprus 488–9
on Gadir 619
on Ibiza 147, 571
on Malta and Gozo 428, 560
on Punic treachery 677
on Rhodes 494
on Sicily 150–1, 161–2, 540, 543, 675
Dionysius (Dionysios) I 161, 539, 544–5
Dionysius II 162
Dionysos (Bacchus; Bakchos) 122, 261, 673
Dios (Dius) 10–11, 58, 60, 264, 662–3, 680
Djed pillar 351, 366
Djerba, island of 560, 733
dog 302, 458, 590
dolphin iconography 391–2, 399, 546
donkey 454, 611
Dor a Tjeker (Tjekker)/Sikil settlement 45, 466
Babylonian period 475
incorporated into kingdom of Israel 40, 470
part of Canaan of the Hebrew Bible 659
part of Iron Age I Phoenicia 10, 40, 45, 466–9
Persian period 125, 128, 475
Phoenician inscriptions 228
“pier and rubble” wall 130
Dorieus, the Spartan 149, 543
Dougga (Thugga) probably called Tocae (Tokai) by Diodorus 159
inscriptions in Libyco-Berber alphabet 251
Punic heritage 735
Republican period 185
Roman colonist and religious rituals 190
suffetes 188
tophet 322
tower 165, 295
Drepana 172, 430–1
duoviri 187–8
E
Ebesos (Ebusus), see Ibiza
Edom xviii, 65, 666–7
Egadi islands, Battle of the 430–1, 431
egersis 278–9, 286–7, 618, 621–2, 664
El Carambolo 406, 586, 587–8; see also Seville
El Haouaria quarries 149, 158
El-Hofra sanctuary (Constantine) 234–5, 288
El Sec shipwreck 454, 595
Elagabalus 115, 681, 689–91
El-Amrouni inscription 304
Elephantine 280–1
Eleutherna (Eleftherna) xvii, 358, 495–7, 498, 647; see also Crete
Eli-Baal 58, 69
Elissa (ʻAlišat; Dido) and present-day Punic heritage 729, 737
depiction on coins 117, 687–8
Justin (Justinus), Epitome 143–6, 262, 680
suicide 282
Menander of Ephesus 142
Timaeus of Taormina (Timaios of Tauromenion) 61, 142, 679–80
versions of foundation of Carthage 281–2, 679–80
Virgil’s Aeneid 142, 263, 281, 680
Elulaios, King of Tyre 483
Elymians (Elymes) 151, 537; see also Eryx
Elyssa (Elissa) shipwreck 339, 344, 425–8, 472
Emesa (Homs) 112, 690–2
Emporion (Ampurias) xvii, 578, 651
emporion 145, 472, 565
Emsa-Lal-la Juimaa 633, 639
enchytrismos (enchytrismoi) burial(s) 295, 510
eparchia 543–4, 546–7
Eratosthenes 11, 675–6
Eretria 500–1; see also Euboea
Eryx 284, 287, 430, 538, 547–8, 704
Eryx Mount 149, 543
Es Cuyram Cave 231–2, 232, 285
Esarhaddon (Esharhaddon) annals 61–2, 408
palace in Nineveh 68, 482
period of 60, 63, 67–8
sack of Sidon 69, 351, 359, 363, 658–9
treaty with Baal of Tyre 64, 67, 264, 279, 474
Eshmun (Eshmoun; Esmounos; ’Ešmun) Amrit 276
Arwad 276
–Asklepios 688
–Ashtart 279
Carthage 283
dedications to 231, 233, 280, 485
figurine 355
–Melqart 279, 573
North Africa 284
Sardinia 284
Sarepta 277
Sidonian 91–3, 276–8, 351, 388
temple at Bustan esh-Sheikh 91, 94, 132, 226, 277, 352, 387
Tyre 279
see also Asklepios (Aesculapius); Apollo
Eshmunazor (Eshmunazar) dynasty 128, 277, 286, 398
Eshmunazor (Eshmunazar) II sarcophagus 91, 226, 304, 718
Ethbaal (Ithobaal; Itto-Baal) father of Jezebel 660, 663
founder of Auza 61, 77
founder of Botrys 59, 77, 494
priest of Ashtart 286
Tyre, united with Sidon 470–1
Etruria exchange network with Sardinia 510, 514, 527, 532
metal trade 411, 511
Phoenician presence in 511–15
relationship with Pithekoussai 510
trade with Phoenician colonies in western Mediterranean 162, 512, 595
see also Caere (Cerveteri); Etruscans; Pyrgi; Tarquinia; Thefarie Velianas; Vetulonia
Etruscans 148, 258, 543, 674, 678, 704
Euagoras (Evagoras) I 395, 488–9
Euagoras (Evagoras) II 390
Euboea (Euboia) xvii, 246, 248, 250, 356, 471, 500–1; see also Eretria
Euhemerism 275, 688
Euphrates 64, 112, 472–3
Europa 263, 687, 720–3, 722
Eusebius (Eusebios) of Caesarea, Praeparatio Evangelica 11, 116, 275, 694
Evagoras, see Euagoras
Ezekiel, Book of 60, 475, 665–7, 717
F
faience Egyptian 178, 496, 612
small artifacts 359, 364, 473, 497, 499, 500, 510
Uluburun shipwreck 424
workshops 362, 364, 499
favissa 133, 313, 351, 355
feast as soft power strategy 175
at Għer ix-Xiħ shrine 563
at Tas-Silġ 563
burial of the divinity 285
egersis 278–9, 286–7, 618, 621–2, 664
funerary 301, 303–4
marzeaḫ (mrzḫ) 226, 287, 303
see also banquet; conviviality
fig (tree) 302, 456, 590, 594, 637, 701
figurine Akkar Plain workshops 355
as part of burial assemblage 164, 299, 460, 487, 496, 500
&nb
sp; bronze 497, 523–4
Deae Gravidae 355
Egyptian 129, 356
faience 499
of a worshiper 355
of a deity 355–6, 497, 499–500
of a musician 164, 299, 299, 355
of a priest(ess) 163–4
stone 563
terracotta 26, 133, 164, 355, 366, 561
three-dimensial 360
Tyrian workshops 355
fish consumption of 82, 413, 428, 563, 590
content of Phoenician amphora 82–3, 594
garum 403, 413, 563
plate 233, 633
remains at cemeteries 301–3, 315
salted 413, 578, 594, 596–7
symbol 439
fishing 355, 413, 576, 578, 590
Flavius Josephus, see Josephus
Flaubert, Gustave M., Salammbô 311, 703, 705
Fossa Regia 185–6, 191
foundation myth(s) of Carteia (possibly) 623
of Carthage 142–5, 262–3, 679–80
of Gadir (Cádiz) 262, 619–20, 625
of Icisium 636, 639
of the Tartessians 263
of Thebes 494, 673, 723
of Tyre 261–2, 617–18
Francavilla Marittima, Macchiabate cemetery 508, 509, 512
G
Gadir, see Cádiz
galena ores 407, 569, 572
galley on coins from Aradus 393–4
on coins from Byblos 395–6, 399
on coins from Sidon 387–9, 398
on Sennacherib’s reliefs, Nineveh 425–6, 426
two-banked (bireme) 646, 721
games 108, 113, 115, 672, 688
Gammarth, see Cape Gammarth
garum 403, 413, 563
Gaulos, see Gozo
Gaza xvii, xviii, 10, 96, 392, 470, 659
Gela 161, 538, 549, 622
Gelon, tyrant of Gela and Syracuse 150–1, 674, 677
Genesis, Hebrew Bible 658–60, 665
Għajn Qajjet 556, 557
Għar Barka 557, 560
Għar ix-Xiħ 554, 563
glass artifacts as part of burial assemblage 496, 499, 500, 508, 578, 612
beads 473, 500, 512, 578, 612
ingots 424
Phoencian production 90, 113, 364, 414, 475, 499, 577
Phoenician production in Portugal 605, 613
Phoenician production on Sardinia (Nuraghe Sirai) 530
Phoenician trade in artefacts of 95, 364, 473, 475
goat, see ovicaprids
goldsmith 158, 406, 412, 441, 496–7, 609
Gordion xvii, xviii, 250
Gozo Għar ix-Xiħ 554, 563
Ras il-Wardija 26, 556, 561
The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean Page 109