↑ The political thought of Hildegart Rodríguez: between socialism and revolution
↑ Solidaridad Obrera, and anarchist journalism root .Francisco Madrid. Ed Solidaridad Obrera, Badalona 2007
↑ The anarchist film production in the Spanish Revolution
↑ Joan Zambrana, The libertarian alternative. Catalunya 1976-1979. Fet a mà, 1999
↑ The rojinegro thread confederal press (1932-2012). 80th anniversary of the newspaper CNT, Anselmo Lorenzo Foundation
Related readings
In 1893, the bomb dropped in the Gran Teatro del Liceu in Barcelona and another series of attacks in the years leading back to a harsh government repression, killings, mass imprisonment and exile to England, which weakened the anarchist movement in Spain a few years , to the founding in 1900 of the Federation of the Spanish Region. The Federation became extinct as a body in 1905 or 1906, but the different sections or unions, which persisted despite the lack of organization, began to federate again in Catalonia around Solidaridad Obrera.
There were two separate attacks in 1905 and 1906 against the king, the second attack by Mateo Morral day wedding Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenia Calle Mayor in Madrid, a result of which thirty people died. The attacks were the result of a vast conspiracy and executed by anarchists, but Republicans apparently were informed in advance, as also found pregnant pedagogue Francisco Ferrer Guardia, whose school was librarian Morral, overlooking a revolutionary attempt if possible regicides had succeeded.
In 1909, the mobilization of reservists for war in Morocco provoked popular tumults, which worsened with the news about the heavy casualties in the conflict. In Barcelona, Solidaridad Obrera convened a 24-hour strike on Monday, July 26, one week before the date agreed in Madrid, which degenerated into a general insurrection which is known as the Tragic Week of 1909. During the ensuing repression, accused of being the instigator of the revolt, Francisco Ferrer Guardia was executed in the prison of Montjuïc. This performance is part of the collective imagination of anarchists, anarchist and multiple action groups worldwide was a spur, generating an effervescence of plots dedicated to avenge his death. Ferrer's death had a strong impact and resulted from his arrest at a large international protest campaign.
In autumn 1910 the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) was established His public life was short because days after the arrests were made, but unions and sections began again the reconstitution process, first in Catalonia in 1913-1914 and nationally in 1915 and in Ferrol. By 1931, after a difficult path full of struggle and martyrs, general strikes and persecution, underground and public life, the number of members of the CNT was around a million members.
France
It can be considered to Émile Pouget a history of French syndicalism since the 1880s, and it was also in the following decade journalist Fernand Pelloutier, leader of the Federation of Labour Exchanges, a federation of labor groups that merged in 1902 with the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), founded in 1895 and at that time welcomed all the revolutionary life of unions.
Pelloutier rejected individualist anarchism and terrorismand L'Organisation corporative et l'Anarchie (1896), raised the voluntary and free association of producers as the first and transient form of the future anarchist society. Paul Delesalle also supported this theory, and Pouget, deputy secretary of the CGT from 1901 to 1908 raised the same "embryonic" concept of anarcho-syndicalism, in the Congress of Amiens in 1906 was presented the resolution known as the Charte d'Amiens , which posed embryonic role of unions as a basis for social reconstruction, while production and distribution group. In the line of anarchism without adjectives, also posed the direct economic action against the bosses that mattered, and that the different political and philosophical trends of workers could be developed outside the union. Thus, the ideological interference intended to prevent socialism in unions, with no impediment to why, as workers, they could enter them.
For Kropotkin and anarchist Malatesta, who had praised and promoted the "propaganda of the deed" as revolutionary strategy, failure and subsequent to the attacks and anarchist insurrections had led them to conclude that a Communist revolution was impracticable brief repression: "A based on centuries old structure can not be destroyed with a few kilos of explosives, "published in The Révolte Kropotkin. Therefore supported the revolutionary syndicalism as a strategy that would bring together the working class to do away with the state, prior to the establishment of anarchy and communism, they saw as inevitable. Anarchist-syndicalism eventually became the way of union shared by all or almost all anarchist movements, with unions which reached great strength and a significant number of members.
Anarchism in Latin America
Since the 1860s anarchism began to be introduced in Latin America due to heavy emigration, especially from Spain and with a particular role of Italian immigrants in Argentina,materializing the first action groups. In Mexico the ideas of Proudhon and Bakunin spread, causing the appearance of worker, peasant and student libertarian organizations, and in the following decade the presence in Argentina and Uruguay core anarchists became manifest. There should not be regarded as a mere ideological import, its rapid uptake by native and indigenous masses, who had gone from ancient monarchies to republican oligarchies, was due in part to the coincidence of self-managed collectivism with the old ways of organization of indigenous of Mexico and Peru, "calpulli" and "ayllu" above even the empires of the Aztecs and Incas.
Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba representandos were in the last congress of the International of Saint-Imier in 1877, and Bakuninist League was founded in Mexico City in 1878. The libertarian ideology was predominant in the regional labor movement, which was organized under its influence as rising social force, both the countries mentioned as Peru and Chile, and even in other countries where such a strong union roots was not achieved, as Ecuador, Panama and Guatemala.
The largest contributions of Latin American anarchism occurred at the organizational level, highlighting the case of FORA Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina, founded in 1901, which was the largest Latin American trade union strength during the first three decades of the twentieth century, with a different organization both CNT and other European central syndicalist IWW and the U.S., without any concession to the union bureaucracy. Also the Mexican Liberal Party, which under the influence of Ricardo Flores Magon adopted an anarchist ideology, criticized by the European anarchist orthodoxy however retain the name and presented as a political party.
Within the period of the Mexican Revolution magonism led the establishment of the revolutionary communes in Baja California in 1911 that later would be defeated. Also important revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata is closer to anarchist ideas Mago, embracing its revolutionary agrarianism, while Marxism still did not have a significant presence in Mexico. Zapata was an almost instinctive revolutionary, indigenous ideologies based on aforementioned peaked anarchist slogan "Tierra y Libertad" own the magonism, who came to know through the Zapatista Army secretary, Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama.
First revolutions
Ilinden. The revolution in Macedonia and Thrace
In the late nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire in decline hardened its policies, and in Macedonia, one of its regions, the economic decline was evident, with a stagnant small-scale manufacturing and agriculture-based economy, which suffered from the system of estates in the hands of a Muslim minority that oppressed other ethnic groups (Christians, Jews, Greeks, Vlachs, Turks, Albanians, Roma). In response to this situation, the Internal Revolutionary Organization of Macedonia, OIRM, mainly operating in Macedonia and Thrace, which sought independence from the Ottomans and their possible integration in neighboring Bulgaria emerged in 1893.The neighboring Serbia and Greece opposed the possible integration in Bulgaria, and advocated a partition of Macedonia.
The OIRM developed in the next decade, while the use of force and violence by Muslim armed bands terrorized the ethnic Macedonian population, becoming part of everyday life by 1900. It focused
on national liberation, understood different ideological orientations, from a clerical conservatives and socialists and anarchists. In January 1902, after imprisoning one of its leaders, the Ottoman authorities began a persecution of members of the group and its main leaders, which made the idea of a calm, patient and systematic preparation for an uprising was abandoned immediately, which was announced at the congress held in Thessaloniki at the end of that year to the spring of 1903. Since late April 1903, a series of bombings organized by revolutionary sectors anarchist group gave the alarm, and August 2, 1903, the day of St. Elias or Ilinden , there was the outbreak in Bitola, which it remained the focal point of the uprising. On August 3, a provisional government was installed in Kruševo, proclaiming the "Republic of Kruševo" and the revolution spread throughout Macedonia. Also noteworthy is the parallel uprising in Thrace, where for lifting the Republic of Strandja was founded, and in the preparation and under the influence of libertarian ideas, the people had spontaneously formed libertarian communes, sharing land and livestock in communal ownership.
The extent and intensity of the Ilinden Uprising surprised European powers favor of preserving the status quo ; neighboring Balkan states and the Ottoman authorities, although in decline, they still had a substantial military power. Despite the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Ottoman military forces, strong and stubborn resistance of the insurgents continued conflict during September and much of October, until the final removal of all traces of the revolution. The immediate consequences were disastrous for the population, but the Ilinden uprising was a milestone in the history of the Macedonians, changing the international view of the issue and defining the national identity of Macedonia.
Russian Revolution of 1905
Index
1 Background
February Revolution
3 Outcome
3.1 Finland
Background
Emancipation was only part of a set of political, legal, social and economic changes that began in the 1860s when the empire was moving slowly from the feudal absolutism to capitalism, under the regime of the tsarist autocracy. While these reforms have liberalized economic, social and cultural structures, the political system remained virtually unchanged. Various attempts at reform were strongly rejected by the monarchy and bureaucracy. Even the agreed scope changes had a relative, for example, less than forty provinces had zemstvo (village councils), fifty years after its legislative introduction. Expectations, reformer offset by the limited progress frustration produced in due course led to rebellions. The feeling among those who rebelled was that the demand for "land and liberty" could be met only through revolution.
The revolutionary active came almost exclusively from the intelligentsia . The movement was called naródnichestvo or revolutionary populism . It was not a unified group, but rather a wide spectrum of radical hidden cells, each with its own ideology. The ideological roots of revolutionary originated at work, before the emancipation reform noble Aleksandr Herzen and his synthesis of European socialism and the Slav peasant collectivism.Herzen argued that Russian society was still pre-industrial, and championed an idealized image he considered the narod and obshchina (peasant commune) as the basis of revolutionary change. While the country lacked an industrial proletariat.
Other thinkers challenged the Russian peasantry was an extremely conservative, loyal to home, village or community, and no harder. These thinkers argued that farmers minding their land and deeply oppose democracy and western liberalism. Subsequent Russian ideologues were also attracted to the idea of a revolutionary elite, a concept that would be implemented in 1917.
On March 1 (CJ) 1881, Alexander II was killed in a bomb attack by Narodnaya Volya , a division of Game Zemlya i volia . He was succeeded by Alexander III, an ardent conservative, strongly influenced by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a devotee of autocratic rule.
Under Alexander III, the secret service police (Okhrana) acted very efficiently to remove both as proto-democratic revolutionary movements across the country. The Okhrana dispersed the intelligentsia by incarceration and exile. Legislation against "non-Russian" and followers of other religions other than Orthodox were taken. The Jewish community was particularly in focus. Intellectuals, the "non-Russian" and Jews emigrated to avoid persecution. It was this exodus to Western Europe which put the Russian thinkers in contact with Marxism. The first Russian Marxist group was formed in 1883, although not reach a significant size until 1898.
In sharp contrast to the social stagnation of the 1880s and 1890s, large jumps in the industrialization process occurred. This growth would continue and is intensified in the last decade of the nineteenth century with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the reforms undertaken by the "Witte system". Sergei Witte, who was finance minister in 1892, was faced with a constant budget deficit. Sought to increase state revenue boosting the economy and attracting foreign investors. In 1897 he set the ruble to gold. Economic growth would be concentrated in a few regions, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ukraine and Baku. About half of all capital invested abroad was, also, experts and entrepreneurs who came out were vital.
In 1905, the revolutionary groups had recovered from the oppressive 1880s. The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist tendency was established in 1898 and ended in 1903 dividing, leading to the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Lenin published his work What to do in 1902. The (SR) Social-Revolutionary Party was founded in Kharkiv in 1900, and its "Fighting Organization" ( Boyevaya Organizatsiya ) murdered many important political figures until 1905 and even then, among these are two interior ministers Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipiagin in 1902 and its successor, the much hated Viacheslav von Plehve in 1904. These killings led the government to still transfer more powers to the police.
The war against Japan, a popular principle, was now contributing to the general dissatisfaction with the succession of defeats and lack of clear objectives. The obvious inequality of emancipation was under review, while protesting farmers burning farms around the country. Economic growth in the 1890s led to a depression during which the workers protesting poor conditions. In 1903, a third of the Russian army in the western part of the country had assigned tasks "repressive action".
Revolution
On January 9 Jul. / January 22, 1905 greg. , day known as "Bloody Sunday", there was a peaceful protest march in St. Petersburg. The aim of the march was to deliver a petition to the Tsar for better working conditions, and workers were whole families. It was headed by a priest, and did not respond to any political slogan was mainly workers and peasants. It was brutally crushed by soldiers and Cossack troops, stationed in front of the Winter Palace, taking a toll of victims still being discussed, the newspapers spoke of thousands of times. The czar, meanwhile, was not in the city had left fearing for their safety. The bloody repression provoked a wave of protests across Russia: the divorce between the tsar and the mass of peasants and workers abocaba Russia to the worst.
This event made it possible for many elements of Russian society undertake an active protest. Each group had its own objectives, and even within similar classes there was a predominant leadership. The main groups were mobilized farmers (economic reasons), workers (and antiindustrialism economic reasons), intellectuals and liberals (with regard to civil rights), armed forces (economic reasons) and ethnic minority groups (cultural freedom and policy).
The economic situation of farmers was untenable, however lacked a unified leadership, and supporting a range of objectives as large as existing factions. The uprisings were multiplied throughout the year, reaching maximum in early summer and autumn, and culminating in November. Tenants claimed lower rates, higher salaried wages, and higher land owners. Activities included the occupation of land, sometimes accompanied by violence and arson-looting of estates and hunting and illegal logging in forests. The magnitude of unleashed hatred was related to the condition of the peasants, so in Livonia and Courland, landless peasants attacked and burned in abundance, while in Gr
odno, Kovno and Minsk, where the situation was less dire, there was less damage .
After the events of 1905, the peasant revolts were repeated in 1906 and last until 1908. Concessions by the government were seen as tacit support of the redistribution of land, so there were more attacks to force landlords and owners' no peasants "to flee. Believing that land reform was imminent, farmers wanted to apply early. They were strongly repressed.
The average resistance of the workers were on strike. Massive strikes in St. Petersburg immediately after Bloody Sunday occurred. More than 400 000 people had joined in late January. This activity quickly spread to other industrial centers in Poland, Finland and the Baltic coast. On January 13 (Jul) in Riga, 70 protesters died and a few days later, in the streets of Warsaw, 100 strikers were fired. In February there were strikes in the Caucasus and in April in the Urals and beyond the mountains. In March, all universities were forced to close by year-end, making radical students join striking workers. In October, the St. Petersburg Soviet ephemeral, a group led by then Menshevik Trotsky organized the strike, 200 factories, the "Great October Strike '. From the capital quickly propagate to Moscow, and on October 13 (Jul) there would be no active rail throughout the Russian Empire.
With the bloody and unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War there was some concern among the reserve army units since 1904. In February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at Mukden, losing about 90,000 men. In May, lost Port Arthur and the Baltic fleet was battered at the Battle of Tsushima. Witte quickly began peace negotiations, signing on September 5, the Treaty of Portsmouth. In 1905 there were several riots among the sailors in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt, reaching its greatest strength in June with the insurrection of Battleship Potemkin - some sources say more than 2,000 casualties among sailors for its repression. The riots were disorganized and ended up being brutally placated.
The Anarchism Page 14