↑ The anarchist ideology, by Angel J. Cappelletti
↑ Proudhon explains the process of capitalist economic appropriation as follows: "The capitalist, they say, has paid the conference of workers, to be more exact, it should be said that the capitalist has paid every day a day to all workers it has employed, which is not at all the same. 'Cause this immense force that results from the union and harmony of workers, convergence and simultaneity of their efforts, the capitalist has not paid. Two hundred men They stood on their base in a few hours the Luxor obelisk, would not a single man in two hundred days could have done so However, according to the capitalist, the sum of wages have been the same "(quotation from Mirko Roberti,? Reading Proudhon , Journal "A", Milan, 1974).
↑ María Teresa González Cortés Politicians monsters of modernity , p.213
↑ Engels noted in the 1885 German edition of The Poverty of Philosophy , p.190
↑ Joseph Déjacque, De l'être humain mâle-et femelle - Lettre à PJ Joseph Proudhon par Déjacque (in French)
↑ Joseph Déjacque is credited with coining the term "libertarian" as a synonym for anarchism, Daniel Guerin, Anarchism. p. 40, Buenos Aires, 2006, ISBN 987-20875-0-4
↑ Adams, 1995, p.151
↑ a b Nettlau, 1935, "Individualist anarchism in the United States, in England and elsewhere. Former American libertarian intellectuals. "
↑ "Engels, in the summer of 1842, a radical poem, written with great verb describes the environment that had haunted, sympathetically, and Max Stirner characterized very well, saying that when the others shouted: Down the Kings !, Stirner said, also down laws, Marx, to November, more or less, breaks sharply with that group to the free Berlin called "Nettlau, 1935," The anarchist idea in Germany since!. Max Stirner to Gustav Landauer and Eugen Dühring. "
↑ Woodcock, 2004, p.82
↑ "It is the man who created God - says Feuerbach, and that thought gave way to the intellectual emancipation of Bakunin blow, and Pi writes in his book The Reaction and Revolution (1854) ... Sibi deus Homo, said a German philosopher, the man is to himself his reality, his right, his world, his purpose, his god, his everything. It is the eternal idea, which embodies and acquires self-consciousness, is the being of beings, it is law and lawgiver, monarch and subject ... »Nettlau, 1935," The anarchist idea in Germany since Max Stirner Eugen Dühring and Gustav Landauer. "
↑ Paul McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Anarchism , p.85
↑ Nettlau, 1935, "The first French communist anarchists and other libertarians precursors. The group l'humanitaire, Bellagarrigue, the theyng Eliseo Reclus, Dejacque, Coeurderoy '.
↑ a b Nettlau, 1935, "The anarchist origins in Spain, Italy and Russia; Catalan associations; Margall Pi; Pisacane; Bakunin. Libertarians Vestiges in other European countries until 1870. "
↑ a b Nettlau, 1935, "The origins of the International anti-authoritarian collectivism,., and groups formed by Bakunin since 1864, in the years 1864 to 1868 (fall)»
↑ Adams, 1995, p.158
↑ Cappelletti, Michelangelo. Anarchist Ideology , p.48.
↑ Nettlau, 1935, "The libertarian ideas in the International from 1869-1872 -. representation of work -. Sources syndicalist conception of society of the future -.. The Paris Commune and communalism '
↑
The philosophy revolves around the "sovereignty of the individual" as Josiah Warren, a forward, he expressed. Whether they prefer the term "self-ownership" or "the principle of non-invasion," based on the philosophy remains the same.
The idea is that every peaceful individual should be free to dispose of his person, time, and property as he pleases. The force is permissible only in self-defense and only when it is directed at (the) offender (s) Individual (s)
Wendy McElroy, Anarchism: Two Kinds
↑ a b lysanderspooner.org Biography, Chapter 7
↑ Goodyear, Lucille. Spooner vs. U.S. Postal System . American Legion Magazine, January 1981
↑ lysanderspooner.org Biography, Chapter 5 of The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner , Charles Shively, M & S Press, 1971
↑ a b c Nettlau, 1935, "The International antiauthoritarian until 1877 (Verviers Congress). The origins of communist anarchism in 1876 and in 1880. "
↑ Victor Garcia, International labor , "The anti-authoritarian International"
↑ a b c Nettlau, 1935, "Anarchists and Revolutionary Socialists. Peter Kropotkin. Eliseo Reclus.Anarchist communism in France in the years 1877-1894. "
↑ Vincent, 2009, p.120
↑ Nettlau, 1935, "The Communist Anarchism in Italy, its interpretation by Malatesta and Merlino (1876 - 1932)."
↑ Cite error: Tag invalid, is not defined the contents of references callsWoodcock_Malatesta
↑ Adams, 1995, p.119
↑ a b c d Nettlau, 1935, "Anarchist ideas in England, in the United States, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium from about 1880."
↑ a b c d Nettlau, 1935, "The collectivist anarchism in Spain; Anarchism without adjectives, libertarian communism - Peek over the years 1870-1931."
↑ Woodcock, 2004, p.176
↑ Nettlau, 1935, "anarchist ideas and propaganda in other countries. Russia to the East, in Africa, Australia and Latin America"
↑ Letter by Fernando Marble Tarrida the French newspaper La Révolte dated August 7, 1890.
↑ "I saw behind me the Bolshevik formidable State destroying everything constructive revolutionary effort, suppressing, degrading and disintegrating it all. No chance or desire to become a part of this sinister machinery, and convinced that he could not be useful for Russia and its people, I decided to leave the country. "Emma Goldman, My disillusionment in Russia , "Preface" (in English) .
↑ Juan Avilés Farré, The birth of terrorism in the West. Anarchy, nihilism and revolutionary violence , p.157
↑ Juan Avilés Farré, The birth of terrorism in the West. Anarchy, nihilism and revolutionary violence , p.159
↑ a b c Nettlau, 1935, "Revolutionary syndicalism in France, Fernand Pelloutier; Emile Pouget.Kropotkin, Malatesta and syndicalism (1895 - 1914). "
↑ AT Lane, Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders, Volume 2 , p.742
↑ Juan Avilés Farré, The birth of terrorism in the West. Anarchy, nihilism and revolutionary violence , p.89
↑ a b Woodcock, 2004, p. 357
↑ a b c Rama and Cappelletti, 1990, "Introduction"
↑ Contribution to a history of anarchism in Latin America , by Luis Vitale
↑ Rama and Cappelletti, 1990, p.200
↑ a b c Andrew Rossos Macedonia and the Macedonians: a history , pp.100-115
↑ KhadzhievGeorgi Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). Libertarian Federalism and National Liberation .Sofia: ARTIZDAT-5.
↑ Abraham Ascher. The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray , pp 2-3
↑ Jon Smele, Anthony Heywood. The Russian Revolution of 1905: centenary perspectives , p.2
↑ Abraham Ascher. The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray , pp. 192 -
↑ Voline, Unknown Revolution , Chapter 2: The Birth of the "Soviets"
↑ Victor Serge: The Year One of the Russian Revolution , p. 29-32
↑ Woodcock, 2004, "Anarchism in Russia", pp.335-356
↑ Eric Robert Wolf. Peasant struggles of the twentieth century , p.139-143
↑ a b Anarchism for Know-It-Alls , pp.28-30
↑ Makhno, Mett, Arshniov, Valevski, Linski. Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists , Delo Truda - 1926
↑ Errico Malatesta, a plan of anarchist organization , published in "Il Risveglio" (Geneva, October 1927): "These comrades are obsessed with success that the Bolsheviks have had in their own country, and wanted to fashion Bolsheviks, anarchists join a sort of disciplined army, which, under the ideological and practical direction of a few leaders, the compact assault leave this regime and then, victory achieved material, chairing the constitution of the new society . But with what result? Did not happen with anarchis
m what happened in Russia with socialism and communism? "
↑ Editorial Committee Delo Truda. "The problem of the organization and the notion of synthesis"
↑ The Korean Anarchist Movement , talk to Alan MacSimoin Workers' Solidarity Movement, Section of Dublin in September 1991.
↑ Daniel Guerin, Anarchism , "Anarchism in the Italian factory councils", p. 139-143.
↑ a b Rama and Cappelletti, 1990 pp.XXXV-XXXVIII
↑ On the facts of the rebel Patagonia see Osvaldo Bayer, The Rebel Patagonia , 4 Volumes, Booket, Buenos Aires, 2004. On the origins of the Argentine labor movement, FORA and the Tragic Week of 1919, see July Godio, History of the Argentine labor movement, Tomoi , Buenos Aires, ISBN 950-05-1318-8.
↑ Bayer, Osvaldo. Severino Di Giovanni, the idealist of violence . Booket, Buenos Aires, May 2006. ISBN 987-580-092-9
↑ Bayer, Osvaldo, The appropriators anarchists and other essays . Booklet, Buenos Aires, 2008.
↑ Woodcock, 2004, p.299
↑ a b c d Hoffman and Graham, 2006, pp.250-251
↑ Amnesty International Catalunya , Grup d'educació: Josep Maria Sòria. La Vanguardia, 05/03/01 (excerpts)
↑ Anne Buttimer, David Seamon. The Human experience of space and place , pp.96-110
↑ Woodcock, 2004, pp.407-409
↑ a b c Andrej Grubacic, The World Social Forum: Challenging Empires , "Towards a different anarchism", pp.77-78 Editorial El Viejo Topo, 2004
↑ a b Woodcock, 2004, pp.412-414
↑ Several authors, International Anarchist Congress of Carrara, Italy
↑ View Angry Brigade: Documents and Chronology, 1967-1984 and John Barker's review of Tom Vague's Anarchy in the UK: the Angry Brigade
↑ About the Uruguayan anarchist and experiences between 1960 and 1980 see: http://www.lahaine.org/index.php?p=31784 The Uruguayan anarchist movement in the Time of Cholera ] by Uruguayan sociologist Daniel Barret, John Carlos Mechoso: Anarchist María Eugenia Rodríguez Díaz Jung and Universindo; Trilce, Montevideo, 2006, and also stories free men in captivity , by Samuel Blixen; Trilce, Montevideo, 2004.
↑ As was the case with the organization Libertarian Resistance
Some of the events
most relevant of anarchist history:
Paris Commune (1871)
Cantonal Revolution (1873)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Tragic Week of Barcelona (1909)
Mexican Revolution (1910)
Release of Baja California (1911)
Marxism Revolution (1917)
Advice Bavaria (1918)
Tragic Week (Argentina) (1919)
Biennium rosso (1919, 1920)
Patagonia Rebelde (1920)
Kronstadt Rebellion (1921)
Release of Manchuria (1929)
Events of Casas Viejas (1933)
Revolution of 1934 (1934)
Spanish Revolution (1936)
May 68 (1968)
Zapatista Uprising (1994)
Battle in Seattle (1999)
Argentinazo (2001)
Assembly of Oaxaca (2006)
Greek Insurrection (2008)
History of modern anarchism
While the formal development of anarchism as a movement and political, social, economic and philosophical ideology dating from the nineteenth century, the basis of anarchist ideas is present in varying degrees in all periods of history.
The thoughts, reflections and ideas anarchists oldest on record come from the Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu, opposite the State and the religious authority or otherwise. In ancient Greece we find Zeno of Citium, who opposed a conception of free community government statist utopia of Plato. In ancient Greece also belongs the first known use of the word "anarchy" in the play Seven Against Thebes (467 a.) Of Aeschylus,although the term was then used in a negative sense, not as a reference to a doctrine contrary to authority. Some historians are in discourse and the figure of Jesus of Nazareth a large presence of anarchist values.
In the context of religious and social reformism of the sixteenth century in Europe, the first literary presentation of an ideal egalitarian society is the Utopia of Thomas More (1516);Anabaptists are sometimes considered religious forerunners of modern anarchism, especially highlighting the theologian and political activist Thomas Müntzer, revolutionary leader during the War of German peasants who rocked the Holy Roman Empire.In 1532 the work was written Gargantua and Pantagruel by François Rabelais, in the Abbey of Thelema was described as a place where people lived without government, law or religion. Also at the same time can be considered as a precursor of anarchism Étienne de La Boétie,and the Protestant reformer Gerrard Winstanley, founder of Authentic peering, who published a pamphlet calling for communal ownership and social and economic organization forged from small farming communities in the seventeenth century. Both utopian socialism and radical liberalism also have strong similarities to modern anarchism.
Eighteenth century Enlightenment and the French Revolution
In the eighteenth century, the Enlightenment, the foundations of anarchism were made: trust in the rational nature of human beings are involved the belief in their moral and intellectual progress. One of the first theorists of anarchism would influence Jean-Jacques Rousseau, especially in terms of his theory of the good nature of man and the cooperative and selfless organization of primitive societies.
In 1793, as part of the British Enlightenment, William Godwin published An investigation of political justice ( An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice ), in which he presented his vision of a free society along with a review of the government, and has been recognized as the first articulation and defense of contemporary anarchism. The work of Godwin became the Bible of the English radical movement and its ideas were part of an anti-hierarchical and anti-state worldview. While Godwin never used the word "anarchism" not granted the term "anarchy" a pejorative sense.
However, the influence of Godwin in the anarchist movement was immediate, both Stirner and Proudhon and Warren took their own starting points on the way to anarchism.
During the French Revolution, Sylvain Maréchal would become proto-thinker and anarchist activist and wrote the "Manifesto of the same" (1796), by claiming that "the communal enjoyment of the fruits of the earth"and wished the disappearance of "disgusting distinction between rich and poor, the great and small, of masters and servants, of governors and the governed."
The French Revolution provided the revolutionary ideal of anarchism as quickly and effectively to achieve social development, a fact that is implicitly linked to the use of violence method. Certain items such as "enrages" (extremist branch of the "sans-culottes", led by Jacques Roux), initiated the path of anarchist action. Babeuf also insisted on the abolition of private property, as well as joining political revolution to economic and social.From the French Revolution promoted the use of violence, embodied in the early nineteenth century in the conspiracy action and secret societies (Filippo Buonarroti).
Socialism: Utopian and modern anarchism
The first opposition to the industrial revolution were the Luddites, labor movement spontaneity bound for the destruction of the machines, which at that time had to misery artisans.Its importance lies in England in 1811-1816 subsequently spreading throughout Europe, from 1817 being the precursor of the first labor unions. The tactics of sabotage remain in the labor movement, and their approaches are reflected in primitivism.
Among the thinkers and activists out as libertarian socialism utopian Charles Fourier history, proposed a political organization based in communities he called "phalanxes" linked together in a decentralized manner. On the other hand criticized the division of labor within the patterns of feudalism and capitalism and Christian morality, and proposed a social order based on the full exercise of subjectivity.
Along with the utopian socialists, German Hegelian philosophers provided the theoretical corpus of anarchism in the first half of the nineteenth century Hegelian historical dialectic provided a sense of o
ptimism about the social evolution of historical evolution would favor at the time the new working class (Marxist concept of "class struggle"). Wilhelm Weitlings, influenced by early Christianity, defending an ideal society based on moral principles, " the government does not require perfect society, but only a simple administration, no laws and, instead, there are obligations, has no penalties, but only correction means . "
A mid-nineteenth century, the industrial sector was still weak, predominantly artisans and peasants. In the 1840s, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in France and Josiah Warren in the United States reached independently from anarchism critical of utopian socialist doctrines, particularly those of Charles Fourier and Robert Owen respectively. For both, the ideal of collective generosity of utopian communism was up, and start advocating a more immediate and accessible reciprocity, equitable way of Warren and Proudhon's mutualism.On the other hand, in Germany, the philosopher Max Stirner left Hegelianism to reach their full investment in The Ego and Its Own(1844), denying all absolutes and institutions, in an extreme individualism which has been termed as selfishness.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first individual to call himself an "anarchist"why it is considered by some as the founder of modern anarchist theory. Proudhon, considered close to socialism for himself and later critics and historiansadvocated a non-oppressive economy where individuals will exchange the product of their own labor. The exchange value of the property would be determined by the labor theory of value.The thought of Proudhon, faced with both state as authoritarian socialism that was forming, had particular impact among non-authoritarian socialists in Belgium and France. In 1843 he wrote The system of economic contradictions or Philosophy of Poverty , which resulted in a sharp response from Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (1844). After the French Revolution of 1848 Proudhon continued their outreach anarchism during the Second French Republic in a number of newspapers, and tried to launch in 1849 the "People's Bank"model that is currently known as a mutual bank, which failed before he started work. The articles he wrote in January of the same year against Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the "Prince President" in Le Peuple earned him a sentence of three years in prison.
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