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32
Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
• Articles—designates whether something is specific or general (a, an,
the, etc.). (Note: Some languages do not have articles.)
• Synonyms and antonyms—words that are similar and words that are
opposites, respectively.
• Interrogatives—question words (like interrogation) (who, what, when, where, why, how, because, etc.).
• Numbers—self-explanatory, but useful in addresses, phone num-
bers, dates, time, age, measurements, money, etc.
• Other parts of language include case, cognates, conjugation (rules
for changing a verb to match the pronoun and tense), declen-
sion, gender, gerund, imperfection, singular and plural, posses-
sion, and syllable (not a part of the word, but a letter or series of a
consonant-vowel group making one word mean something differ-
ent than another).
Key nouns (commonly used):
• Person, place, thing
• Men, women, children, doctor, dentist
• Hotel, house, restaurant, airport, bus station, train station
• Airplane, train, bus, car, bicycle, boat, taxi
• Tree, animal, dog, cat, bird, fish
• Lunch, breakfast, food, water, meat, chicken, beef, pork, egg, coffee, milk
• Morning, afternoon, evening, night, hour, minute, day, week, month,
year
• Telephone, radio, air conditioner, bed, chair
• Room, kitchen, bathroom/toilet, table, window, door
• Street, road, highway, map
• Medicine, head, neck, chest, stomach, back, arm, leg, hand, foot,
finger, toe, eye, ear, nose, mouth, tooth
• Shirt, pants, coat, shoes, socks, dress, underwear
• Color, black, white, gray, yellow, orange, red, blue, green, gold, silver
• Height, weight, shape, circle, square, rectangle, triangle, etc.
Pronouns:
• I, me, you, he, she, him, her, we, they, us, them
• My, your, his, her, ours, their, mine, yours, theirs
• Myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves
• Someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, everything, nothing
• These, those, this, that, etc.
Human Intelligence
33
Key verbs (commonly used):
• (To) come, go, do, happen, can (able to)
• Work, buy, sell, make
• Eat, drink, rest, sleep, play
• Have, need, want, desire, get (obtain), choose, gather, decide
• Give, take, put (place), borrow, lend, owe, promise, rent, use, cost,
send, receive
• Understand, think, believe, know, read, write, learn, study, teach,
ask, answer
• See, watch, look, listen, touch, hear, smell, taste
• Break, repair, fix, wash, clean, burn, hit
• Live, die, worry, fear, laugh, cry, dream, try, join, won
• Enter, exit, find, lose, hide, find
• Stop, stay, walk, run, ride, hurry, drive, fly, sail, fall, get up
Conjunctions: and, or, but, however, if, nor, with, unless, until, before, although, as, since, therefore, because, whether, in order that, as soon
as, as long as, now that, etc.
Adverbs (commonly used): very, now, later, always, never, perhaps (maybe), probably, possibly, only, more, less, little, some, often, rarely, each, fast/slow (also adjectives), quick, early, late, yesterday, today,
tomorrow, here, there, anywhere, somewhere, between, through,
about, away, instead, again, together, straight, etc.
Adjectives (commonly used): same, different, good, bad, large, small, thick, thin, short, long, tall, light, heavy, new, young, old, weak,
strong, far, near, left, right, light, dark, full, empty, hot, cold, warm, cool, pretty, ugly, many, few, first, last, ahead, behind, above, below,
under, over, up, down, high, low, fast/slow (also adverbs), in, out,
happy, sad, easy, difficult, soft, hard, wet, dry, smooth, rough, tight,
loose, rich, poor, etc.
Prepositions: to, for, from, at, with, within, by, on, in, inside, outside, about, among, around, between, beside, against, through, during,
while, except for, instead of, unless, opposite, toward, etc.
Synonyms and antonyms: Most of the nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and prepositions have words that mean the same
thing (synonyms) and words that mean the opposite (antonyms).
Collecting words of the same and opposite meaning can be helpful
in expanding your vocabulary.
Past tense ( to be): I was, you were (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he was, she was, it was, we were, they
were, etc.
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Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
Past tense ( to do): I did, you did (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he did, she did, it did, we did, they did. (See
Table 2.3.)
Past tense ( to go): I went, you went (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he went, she went, it went, we went, they went, etc.
Past tense ( to have): I had, you had (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he had, she had, it had, we had, they had, etc.
Past tense ( to want): I wanted, you wanted (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he wanted, she wanted, it wanted, we
wanted, they wanted, etc.
Past tense ( to see): I saw, you saw (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he saw, she saw, we saw, they saw, etc.
Past tense ( to be able): I can, you can (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he can, she can, it can, we can, they can, etc.
Past tense ( to make): I made, you made (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he made, she made, it made, we made,
they made, etc.
Past tense ( to need): I needed, you needed (male, female, neutral, and formal; singular and plural), he needed, she needed, we needed, they
needed, etc.
Numbers, time, and weather: Learning numbers is important in ask-
ing or telling time, dates, addresses, money matters, etc. Knowing
the months and days of the week is also essential to basic com-
munications. Words used to describe the weather are not only
convenient for travel and safety but may be an essential element of
intelligence (EEI).
Commands and imperatives: stop,
go, shut up, answer, tell me, wait here, do not move, don’t do that, take me there, show me, bring me the
check (bill), etc.
Expanding Your Vocabulary: Useful Words
As you become more proficient with your language(s), expand your vocabu-
lary by adding words that may be useful in your field and areas of interest and concern. For example, words useful and specific to the military, intelligence, law, law enforcement, public safety, medicine, science, technology, politics, etc. will help round out your vocabulary. Slang words, common expressions, and local dialects will also be useful as you expand your vocabulary.
Danger Words
Danger words and profanity may indicate danger, hostility, or an imminent threat. It is important to know these indicators of danger, as well as how to
Human Intelligence
35
tell someone that you are in danger or having an emergency. Learn street slang for words and phrases that may indicate danger and derision. Some languages use little profanity while others almost punctuate their expressions with it. Know what is common and customary for your environment
and know what NOT to say to avoid insulting the indigenous population.
Learn the customs with your vocabulary.
HUMINT Surveillance
and Undercover
3
Operations
Surveillance and Undercover Operations
Operations may require either fixed or moving surveillance or both.
Surveillance may be conducted from stationary or fixed positions, such as a parked vehicle, a room, or by posing under a cover story (often in the open or overtly). Surveillance may also be conducted while moving or tailing, such as on foot, in vehicles, or other modes. Loose surveillance involves the exercise of caution, preferring to lose the subject rather than risk detection or exposure. Close surveillance has the opposite priority, preferring to avoid losing the subject even at the risk of detection or exposure. The latter is often used when the goal is to prevent a crime or learn more about the subject’s contacts.
Ideally, surveillance should go undetected without losing contact, but often a balance must be made between these competing objectives. (See Figures 3.1
and 3.2 for common surveillance methods.)
Surveillance involves two broad categories: (1) passive surveil ance—
just watching (possibly electronically tracking a vehicle or using electronic communications devices, closed-circuit television monitoring of an intersection, or watching a location through a thermal imaging device); and
(2) interactive surveillance—surveillant interaction with the surveillance target (e.g., an undercover [UC] operation tape recorded by a body wire
or video recorded by a covert camera). Interactive surveillance has different technology, tactical considerations, and legal requirements than passive surveillance (Foster, 2005, p. 311).
In an undercover (UC) operation, an investigator or intelligence offi-
cer operates under an assumed identity, seeking out and making direct
contact with the suspect(s) or target(s). As discussed in Chapter 1, a cover story and identity must be planned for as part of the most clandestine
operations and covert investigations. The UC officer must adapt his or her identity, appearance, actions, language, habits, and cover story to gain the confidence of the suspect(s) or target(s). The cover and disguise must be convincing and must withstand scrutiny and checks by those who may
become suspicious or are necessarily cautious. The UC officer must be
able to step out of real life and into the cover role he or she has assumed.
Alertness is essential.
37
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Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
B
A
B
S
C
A
C
S
1. Approaching intersection
2. Subject turns right
A
S
B
S A B
C
C
3. Exchange of positions
4. New positions
S
A
B
C
Figure 3.1 ABC method of surveillance. (Adapted from U.S. Army, FM 30-17
Counterintelligence Operations, p. 4-19, 1972.)
Be familiar with the techniques used to find fugitives, missing persons,
etc. Olympic bomber Eric Rudolph lived for 5 years in the Smokey Mountains without being seen, despite a massive effort on the part of law enforcement and professional bounty hunters to find him. If he had not wandered into a small town to raid dumpsters, he may still be free.
Disguise
There are numerous disguise variations to adapt to various scenarios and environments, ranging from the obvious to the subtle. A disguise may be a physical cover-up designed to make the wearer unrecognizable. This may camouflage
the wearer or conceal his or her true identity. The psychology of disguise is the art of making someone invisible in a particular environment or situation. The disguise artist seeks to blend in with his or her surroundings and become a part of the background. The goal is to NOT stand out, be different, be out-of-place,
HUMINT Surveillance and Undercover Operations
39
A
S
B
S
B
A
B
B
1. Approaching intersection
2. Subject turns right
B
B
A
S
B
S A
A S
B
Left turn
Right turn
3. Subject turns left
4. New positions
S
A
B
B
Figure 3.2 AB method of surveillance. (Adapted from U.S. Army, FM 30-17
Counterintelligence Operations, p. 4-20, 1972.)
or be noticeable. The objective is to become a part of the pattern of the environment. This is often referred to as getting smal or not being.
The psychology of disguise recognizes that people are attracted to some
stimulus or stimuli. To limit or eliminate stimuli that will make you noticeable, start by calming yourself, clearing your mind, and having confidence in your ability to be a part of the scenery. Avoid furtive movements or suspicious activity that may attract attention. Many novice surveillance or UC
operatives make the mistake of, perhaps unconsciously, wanting those they believe are not the subject of their investigation to know that they are undercover or on surveillance. They may create clues to reveal this to bystanders and in so doing arouse suspicion. Don’t! You will not impress anyone (with your skills or position) and may blow your cover by having additional attention paid to you by a police officer on a suspicious person call who knows nothing (and should know nothing) about your presence or mission.
Eliminate noise, do not move quickly (unless everyone else is), and do
not take up too much space ( be smal ).
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Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
Avoid eye contact. Staring at a target from behind them may alert
an intuitive sense that activates their instinct to look for who is watching them. Whether you call this a sixth sense, intuition, the hackles on the back of your neck, a feeling, or your spider senses tingling, research indicates that people often sense someone is staring at them. Be aware that others
may have this sense to varying degrees and develop it yourself to avoid
countersurveillance.
Getting small or not being works when you are not in disguise and can enhance your disguise when you use one. The key to disguise and camouflage is to conform, adapt, and blend in wit
h the crowd (if there is one) and the environment. Try to be plain and not have character or stand out. You are not a TV character, so don’t try to look like one. Be the stereotypical John Doe with the goal that we all look alike. Be so invisible that you are the guy in the room that nobody notices. Be what people expect to see and you will be given little notice. (Practice by looking for people that nobody notices.)
Context is the principle of seeing someone in an everyday situation, but when you see them in a different environment (context) than usual, you
cannot place them. We have all said, “Where do I know you from?” (or some less Midwest form of the same query). Context involves unconscious stereotyping. Do not make an impression on your target.
Disguise preparation begins by honing your own powers of observation and intuitive sense of being watched or followed. Observing others who
are unnoticeable will help become invisible. Develop your skil s as a trained observer with technical training such as flash recognition training. Develop impersonation skil s by watching characters in movies, on TV, or in person (but do not try to become a character that will stand out).
Get to know yourself critically and see how others see you. What are
your disguise handicaps (height, weight, hair, etc.)? Can you change these into advantages at times? Or instance, if you are uncommonly short, you will be noticed as an adult, but you may not be noticed at all if you are perceived as a child.
Vehicle Disguise
Your vehicle should also be plain and generic. Your objective is not to draw attention with your Aston-Martin DB-5 spy car, but to be unnoticed. Some
cars are so common that they become invisible. Light colors are sometimes less noticeable. Do not have bumper stickers, personalized plates, or other identifiers that will mark you unless they are a part of a planned disguise for your car. Dust or poster paint (nonacrylic) can be used to change the car color. Other techniques such as having switches that turn on and off head lights and brake lights, etc., can also be used.
HUMINT Surveillance and Undercover Operations
41
Physical Disguise
A physical disguise should be generic and commonly available. It should cover your presence or conceal your identity. It should camouflage your individual features or characteristics, yet be easy to put on, take off, and dispose of.
Such features include facial features, hair, facial hair, height, weight, etc. Do not draw attention to yourself by hiding or obscuring your face (this is too obvious). This may result in fear or suspicion by others, which in turn results in heightened scrutiny and vigilance.
Physical disguise involves the use of clothing, accessories, and makeup.