“Daughter, I understand” J. Allan Taylor addenda, Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion.
“Men with white” Wilmington Messenger, November 12, 1898.
“Don’t do it” National Archives Materials Relating to the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot, RG 60, General Records of the Department of Justice, Box 117A “Year Files,” 1887–1904. File 17743-1898, transcribed August 2002.
“Caskets should be” Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 36. Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 239.
He was the Merry, William McKinley, 17.
His final promotion Ibid., 20–34.
In 1879, he Karl Rove, The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), 54.
At the 1888 Ibid., 70.
McKinley later championed Ibid., 81.
During his run Ibid., 114.
“We have but” Ibid., 336.
He did not Benjamin R. Justesen, George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 251–252.
Blacks served in New York Times , October 27, 1897; April 16, 1903.
McKinley did not. News and Observer , January 1, 1899.
“Are not these” Prather, We Have Taken a City , 153. Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 240.
He told Bernard McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 756–757. Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 131.
“I will thank” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 758.
Boyd was a William S. Powell, Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, Vol. A–C (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979–1996), 202.
A few years Wilmington Messenger , December 8, 1898.
They departed for Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 131.
“We did not” Morning Post , Raleigh, December 18, 1898.
He dismissed French Wilmington Messenger , December 20, 1898.
But Bunting feared Morning Post , Raleigh, December 18, 1898. Wilmington Messenger , December 8, 1898.
“The opinion prevails” Morning Post , Raleigh, December 18, 1898. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 758.
On December 17, Morning Post , Raleigh, December 18, 1898.
Bernard suggested the McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 759.
“This Department is” Ibid., 759–760.
He realized that Ibid.
“When he realized” Prather, We Have Taken a City , 159, citing author interview with Milo Manly, May 25, 1977.
“I said I” Providence Journal article, reprinted in the Wilmington Messenger, January 10, 1899.
Thirty-Six: The Grandfather Clause
To provide a Daniels, Editor in Politics , 324.
To help identify McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 775–776.
He received a Ibid., 782.
The US Supreme Williams v. Mississippi , 170 U.S. 213 (1898).
But white politicians Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 157.
Rountree explained that Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican , 142.
Republicans held only McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 789.
“Do that and stop” Ibid., 782.
He shortchanged North McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 781–782. Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow , 122–123. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics , 229.
He was ignored McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 781–782.
“blunt our aspirations” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 782.
On February 21 Umfleet, A Day of Blood , 138.
Confident that Democrats Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 246.
The two men Daniels, Editor in Politics, 374.
He did not Ibid., 380.
He described his News and Observer, May 18, 1900.
“It does not” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 375. News and Observer, May 9, 1900.
IT HAS ELIMINATED News and Observer, May 10, 1900.
IT IS AN News and Observer, May 12, 1900.
IT WORKS TO News and Observer, May 13, 1900.
“What the amendment” News and Observer, May 16, 1900.
“1. Eliminating the Negro” News and Observer, May 18, 1900.
“Why should not” News and Observer, May 13, 1900.
Thirty-Seven: Leave It to the Whites
Among those candidates Morning Star, Wilmington, March 24, 1899. Wilmington Messenger, March 24, 1899.
Waddell cruised to Wilmington Messenger, March 11, 1899. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 178. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 243.
“there aren’t enough” Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow 251.
Young white boys Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 34–37.
Blacks marked the Wilmington Messenger, January 3, 1899. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 164.
In 1885, a C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), 39.
The bill was Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 189.
A white legislator Ibid., 192.
“nine times out” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 336.
Jim Crow laws Wilmington Star-News, July 11, 2015.
The board argued Wilmington Messenger , June 2, 1899.
A white judge Reaves, Strength Through Struggle , 268.
Russell went to McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 795.
“They are helpless” Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, 154.
During the white Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 138–139.
On the campaign Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics , 29.
The Red Shirt Charlotte Observer , July 20, 1900.
“Then we shall” News and Observer, April 12, 1900. Charlotte Observer, April 12, 1900.
“We have ruled” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 793.
“Question: Will the” William Alexander Mabry, The Negro in North Carolina, Politics Since Reconstruction (New York: AMS Press, 1940), 68.
With each burst Wilmington Messenger, August 3, 1900.
The suffrage amendment Hanes Walton Jr., Sherman C. Puckett, and Donald R. Deskins, The African-American Electorate: A Statistical History, Vol. 1 (Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2012), 351.
It somehow passed Ibid., 349–351.
In another Black Eric Anderson, Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872–1901: The Black Second (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 304.
In many counties Ibid., 307.
Some registrars used Mabry, The Negro in North Carolina, 71.
In the Black Justesen, George Henry White, 309.
By 1900, the Walton et al., The African-American Electorate, 360.
Not a single Justesen, George Henry White, 296, 303.
Officials reported that Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 257. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 139
The Messenger claimed Wilmington Messenger, August 3, 1900.
Charles Aycock won Our Campaigns website, N.C. Governor 1900, at https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=133655.
In Halifax County Anderson, The Black Second, 306.
Just four years McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 798–800.
The following January New York Times, January 23, 1901. News and Observer, January 23, 1901.
“The stench is” Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics, 30.
For many white Wilmington Messenger, August 3, 1900.
Inspired by the Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 85.
“And the very” Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics, 30.
Thirty-Eight: I Cannot Live in North Carolina and Be Treated Like a Man
Miller endured a Prather, We Have Taken a City, 161.
“I have been” Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 230–231.
His family was Ibid., 186.
He slowly built Ebony, September 1958. Baltimore Afro-American, May 18, 1935; January 26, 1957.
In 1935, President Franklin Afro, July 26, 1955.
He built a Ebony , September 1958. Baltimore Afro-American , May 18, 1935; January 26, 1957.
“Wilmington did you” Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 69–70.
“Had it not” Afro, July 26, 1955.
Henderson defended them Indianapolis Recorder, June 25, 1932.
Indianapolis established segregated Cody, “After the Storm,” 37.
“long recognized as” Indianapolis Recorder, June 25, 1932.
“while their parents” Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1899.
“walks cheerfully to” Lisa Adams address, University of North Carolina Wilmington, November 1998.
The News and Justesen, George Henry White, 238–240.
“White justifies assaults” News and Observer, February 2, 1900.
“But it ought” Justesen, George Henry White, 282–283.
It was buried Ibid., 278.
“But most people” News and Observer, May 26, 1900.
“I cannot live” New York Times, August 26, 1900.
“And from this” News and Observer, March 5, 1901.
The two men The Twentieth Century Union League Directory: A Historical, Biographical and Statistical Study of Colored Washington, Union League, Washington, D.C., January 1901, courtesy of Robert Wooley.
Alex continued to Cody, “After the Storm,” 30–31.
The couple rented Prather, We Have Taken a City, 159.
“I’d rather be” Baker, Following the Color Line, 161.
It was taken Prather, We Have Taken a City, 163.
It was later Reaves, Strength Through Struggle , 312.
He never moved Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 184.
He did not Providence Journal article, reprinted in Wilmington Messenger, January 10, 1899. (In his speech, Manly mistakenly referred to Josh Halsey as Caleb Halsey.)
He started to New York World article, reprinted in Wilmington Semi-Weekly Messenger , November 22, 1898.
Epilogue
M. Hoke Smith, John Dittmer, Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 100. Timothy B. Tyson, “The Ghosts of 1898 Wilmington’s Race Riot and the Rise of White Supremacy,” News and Observer , Raleigh, November 17, 2006.
The United States United States Supreme Court, 238 U.S. 347 (1915).
The number of Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics, 39.
After black carpenter John L. Godwin, Black Wilmington and the North Carolina Way: Portrait of a Community in the Era of Civil Rights Protest (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2000), 255.
Ten years later Wilmington Star-News, May 22, 2013.
Before the 1898 Riot Commission Report, 33. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 125.
The rate continued United States Census reports. Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 395. Godwin, Black Wilmington, 20.
In 1972, North New York Times, November 29, 2018.
But in 2013 United States Supreme Court, Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
“Now we can” Washington Post, September 1, 2016.
“impose cures for” United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, No. 16-1468.
In December 2018 News and Observer, December 19, 2018.
Yet Republicans won New York Times, March 11, 2016.
“race was the” United States District Court for Middle District of North Carolina, No. 1:13-CV-00949. News and Observer, February 5, 2016.
“through the predominant” United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, No. 1:15-cv-399.
“the spontaneous and” Waddell, Some Memories of My Life, 243.
“the slough of” Alfred M. Waddell Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“the results of” Sprunt, Chronicles of the Cape Fear, 554–555.
He sold the Hayden, Wilmington Rebellion, 1–2, 4.
He boasted of Ibid., J. Allan Taylor postscript.
“Though Aycock was” Alex Mathews Arnett and Walter Clinton Jackson, The Story of North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933), 406–408.
“To put an” Sarah William Ashe and Orina Kidd Garber, North Carolina for Boys and Girls (Raleigh, N.C.: Alfred Williams and Company, 1940), 321–322.
“A number of” Thomas C. Parramore, Carolina Quest (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1949), 324
“The News and ” Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 141.
“was distinctly a” Hossfeld, Narrative, Political Unconscious and Racial Violence in Wilmington, North Carolina , 75–78.
Among the black Melton A. McLaurin, “Commemorating Wilmington’s Racial Violence of 1898: From Individual to Collective Memory,” Southern Cultures 6, no. 4 (Winter 2000).
One white man Ibid., 47.
First published as Rhonda Bellamy, ed., Moving Forward Together: A Community Remembers 1898 (Wilmington, N.C.: 1898 Memorial Foundation, 1998), 65. Wilmington Journal at http://wilmingtonjournal.com/about-us-page/. African American Heritage Museum of Wilmington at http://www.aahfwilmington.org/aahmw_virtualexhibits_placemaking_4daily.html.
Even so, the McLaurin, “Commemorating Wilmington’s Racial Violence,” 49.
Organizers also settled Ibid., 47. Bellamy, Moving Forward Together, 6.
Then he emphasized McLaurin, “Commemorating Wilmington’s Racial Violence,” 51.
“I think people” Author interview with George Rountree III, Wilmington, N.C., June 5, 2018.
“declare openly their” Bellamy, Moving Forward Together, 65.
“We have taken” McLaurin, “Commemorating Wilmington’s Racial Violence,” 53.
Based on a Cody, “After the Storm.”
In addition, the Riot Commission Report, 359–367.
“the ability of” Ibid., Findings and Introduction.
“Wilmington’s 1898 racial” Bellamy, Moving Forward Together, 16.
In 1995, the News and Observer, company history at https://www.newsobserver.com/advertise/market-data/article10350698.html.
The Charlotte Observer Editor and Publisher, November 20, 2006.
“someone we continue” News and Observer, November 17, 2006.
“If the paper” News and Observer , opinion page.
“We were never” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 295–296.
“In the perspective” Ibid., 145.
“The News and ” Ibid., 147.
He glorified Red Ibid., 285, 288.
“I never read” Author interview with Frank Daniels Jr., Raleigh, N.C., June 8, 2018.
After years of Daily Tar Heel, September 18, 1898.
In 2018, the News and Observer, October 3, 2018.
“a pleasing duty” “Names in Brick and Stone: Histories from UNC’s Built Landscape—The Most Generous White Supremacist, Julian Shakespeare Carr,” History/American Studies 671: Introduction to Public History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, at http://unchistory.web.unc.edu/building-narratives/julian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building/.
The toppled statue News and Observer, August 20, 25, 2018.
“Armed white mob” News and Observer, December 29, 2017. Wilmington Star-News, January 3, 2018. Michael Hill, Research Supervisor, N.C. Office of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, Raleigh.
And that’s why Author telephone interview with Faye Chaplin, August 16, 2018.
Chaplin’s grandmother—her United States Census, 1900, District 0053, Ward 02, Guilford County, North Carolina.
He had told Carrie Sadgwar Manly, letter to sons, January 14, 1954.
Alex’s wife, Carrie Fairview Cemetery, Lot 176, Grave 1, Willow Grove, Pa.
“I wonder who” Caroline Sadgwar Manly letter to sons, January 14, 1954.
“If there’s a” Author telephone interview with Lewin Manly Jr., June 7, 2018.
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Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1943.
Arnett, Alex Mathews, and Walter Clinton Jackson. The Story of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933.
Ashe, Samuel A., Stephen B. Weeks, and Charles L. Van Noppen. Biographical History of North Carolina, Vol. VIII. Greensboro, NC: Charles Van Noppen, 1917.
Ashe, Sara William, and Orina Kidd Garber. North Carolina for Boys and Girls. Raleigh, NC: Alfred Williams & Company, 1940.
Atkinson, Val. Southern Racial Politics & North Carolina’s Black Vote. Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2007.
Baker, Ray Stannard. Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy. Williamstown, MA: Corner House Publishers, 1973.
Beeby, James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008.
Bellamy, John D. Memoirs of an Octogenarian. Charlotte: Observer Printing House, 1942.
Bellamy, Rhonda, ed. Moving Forward Together: A Community Remembers 1898. Wilmington: 1898 Memorial Foundation, 2008.
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Doubleday, 2008.
Block, Susan Taylor. Temple of Our Fathers: St. James Church 1729–2004. Wilmington: Artspeaks, 2004.
Browning, Judkin. Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
Cecelski, David S. The Fire of Freedom: Abraham Galloway & the Slaves’ Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
Cecelski, David S., and Timothy B. Tyson, eds. Democracy Betrayed. The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Chesnutt, Charles W. The Marrow of Tradition. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901.
Christensen, Rob. The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics: The Personalities, Elections, and Events That Shaped Modern North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
Craig, Lee A. Josephus Daniels: His Life & Times. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
Crow, Jeffrey J., and Robert E. Duren. Maverick Republican in the Old North State: A Political Biography of Daniel L. Russell. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
Dancy, John C. Sand Against the Wind: The Memoirs of John C. Dancy. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1966.
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