p. 135: “Low-browed and savage . . .” in David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), p. 133.
p. 136: “The people are thus inclined . . .” in Edmund Campion, A History of Ireland, in Myers, ed., Elizabethan Ireland, p. 24.
p. 136: “The royal roads were cow paths . . .” in Seamus Heaney, Station Island (London: Faber & Faber, 1984), p. 101.
p. 136: “I believe that seasonal nomadism . . .” in E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London: Routledge, 1988, first printed in 1957), p. 27. See also Nicholas Canny, “Early Modern Ireland,” in The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 108–9: “Pastoralism continued to dominate . . . Seminomadic pastoralism on unenclosed countryside was particularly suited to unsettled political conditions.”
p. 137: “. . . to keep their cattle and to live themselves . . .” in Spenser, A View on the Present State of Ireland, in Myers, ed., Elizabethan Ireland, p. 79.
p. 137: “The hereditary status of the learned . . .” in Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish, p. 11
p. 138: “The reasons that entitled a woman . . .” in Engels, Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, excerpted in Ireland and the Irish Question: A Collection of Writings by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, p. 339.
p. 140: “Save them, says the citizen . . .” in Joyce, Ulysses, p. 325.
p. 141: “whosoever could take a rhymer . . .” Thomas Churchyard in Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish, pp. 126–7.
p. 141: “rhymers swore to rhyme these gentlemen . . .” in Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish, pp. 126–7.
p. 141: “He was someway gifted . . .” in Lady Gregory, Poets and Dreamers: Studies and Translations from the Irish, including Nine Plays by Douglas Hyde (Gerrard’s Cross, England: Colin Smythe, 1974), p. 16.
p. 142: woods “of matchless height” . . . in Costigan, A History of Modern Ireland, p. 58; see also Fabricant, Swift’s Landscape, pp. 90–93.
p. 143: Re the arguments over the Golden Age, see, for example, Merlin Stone, When God Was a Woman (San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976); Riane Tennenhaus Eisler, The Chalice and the Blade (New York: Harper and Row, 1987); Robert Bly, Iron John: A Book about Men (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1990); Sam Keen, Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man (New York: Bantam Books, 1991); and Ward Churchill’s fine response to the men’s movement, the title essay in his Indians Are Us? Re Arcadia: Seamus Heaney, “In the Country of Convention: English Pastoral Verse” and “The God in the Tree: Early Irish Nature Poetry” in Preoccupations (London: Faber & Faber, 1980), the chapter “Ireland as Arcadia” in Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish, the chapter “Antipastoral Vision and Antipastoral Reality” in Fabricant, Swift’s Landscape, and Declan Kiberd, “Inventing Irelands” in Crane Bag, vol. 8, no. 1, 1984.
p. 144: “It would seem probable . . .” in Terry Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (London: Verso, 1995), p. 6.
p. 145: Swift’s “A Pastoral Dialogue” in Davis, ed., Swift: Poetical Works, pp. 393–5.
p. 146: Swift’s “Verses occasioned by the sudden drying up of St. Patrick’s Well . . .,” in Davis, ed., Swift: Poetical Works, p. 385.
p. 146: “Ill fares the land” p. 1653 and “Sweet Auburn! parent of” p. 1654 of M.H. Abrams, general editor, The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. 1 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1962).
p. 146: “the Livelyhood of a Hundred People,” Swift in Fabricant, Swift’s Landscape, p. 83.
p. 147: “A Pastoral Ballad by John Bull” in John Montague, The Book of Irish Verse: An Anthology of Poetry from the Sixth Century to the Present (New York: Macmillan, 1974), p. 191.
p. 147: Patrick Kavanagh, The Great Hunger (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1966), pp. 13 and 20.
11 The Circulation of the Blood
p. 153: Joyce once remarked . . . in Richard Ellman, James Joyce (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 230.
p. 155: Wallace Stevens, “The Irish Cliffs of Moher” in Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems (New York: Vintage Books, 1982), p. 503.
p. 158: For the etymology of the word race, see Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 23: “The word Rasse (race) is thought to derive from the Arabic ras (meaning, ‘beginning’, ‘origin’, ‘head’). It entered the German language in the seventeenth century, as a loan word from English and French . . .”
p. 158: “it is worth adding . . .” in Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger, p. 279.
p. 159: Re the two bodies of the king: see Laurie A. Finke, “Spenser for Hire: Arthurian History as Cultural Capital” in Culture and the King: The Social Implications of the Arthurian Legend, Martin B. Shichtman and James P. Carley, eds. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).
p. 159: “It is one thing to sing . . .” Rainer Maria Rilke, “Third Duino Elegy,” in The Selected Poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke, Stephen Mitchell, ed. and trans. (New York: Vintage, 1989), p. 163.
p. 160: twenty zealots who took blood seriously . . . in Costigan, A History of Modern Ireland, p. 290.
p. 160: Ethnic Germans who settled . . . in Michael Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging: A Journey into the New Nationalism (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1994).
p. 160: Rilke, “Third Duino Elegy,” in The Selected Poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke, p. 165.
pp. 161–1: “How many diseases have their origin . . .” and “made no distinctions . . .” in Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State, pp. 40 and 107.
p. 161: “a skin, mediating the mineral . . .” in Paul Shepard, Thinking Animals: Animals and the Development of Human Intelligence (New York: Viking Press, 1978), p. 4.
p. 162: “If, to use tempting older . . .” in David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness, p. 8.
p. 163: “Trees have roots . . .” in Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), p. 29.
12 Rock Collecting
p. 167: “I have my ancestors’ pale blue eyes . . .” in Arthur Rimbaud, Une Saison en Enfer/A Season in Hell, Louise Varèse, trans. (New York: New Directions, 1945), p. 7: “J’ai de mes ancêtres gaulois l’oeil bleu blanc, la cervelle étroit . . . Mais je ne beurre pas ma chevelure.’’
13 The War between the Birds and Trees
p. 176: Lynn White, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis,” in Paul Shepard and Daniel McKinley, eds. The Subversive Science: Essays towards an Ecology of Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), pp. 341–50. See also Paul Shepard, Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982).
p. 177: The Greening of the Church is also the title of a book by Sean McDonagh (London: G. Chapman/Maryknoll; New York: Orbis Books, 1990).
p. 181: “Has anyone ever considered . . .” in George Santayana, “The Philosophy of Travel” in Altogether Elsewhere: Writers on Exile, Marc Robinson, ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994), p. 41.
14 Wild Goose Chase
p. 184: The story of the Children of Lir is in Old Celtic Romances Translated from the Gaelic by P. W. Joyce, second edition, revised and enlarged (London: D. Nutt, 1894), pp. 2–36.
p. 184: “The Irish tradition that . . .” Artelia Court, Puck of the Droms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 236–7, note 11.
p. 185: The Frenzy of Sweeney exists in its entirety in one edition other than Seamus Heaney’s “free translation”: the 1913 Irish Texts Society bilingual edition with translation, introduction, and notes by J. G. O’Keeffe. Unless otherwise noted, quotes are from his translation.
p. 185: “a figure of the artist . . .” in Seamus Heaney, Sweeney Astray: A Version from the Irish (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1983), second page of unpaginated introduction.
p. 186: “Cowardly men run wild . . .” in O’Keeffe, Buile Suibhne (The Frenzy of Sweeney) (London: Irish Texts Society, 1913), p
. xxxiv, note 2.
p. 187: “Dreams of flying or floating . . .” in Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, James Strachey, ed. and trans. (New York: Avon Books, 1965), p. 429.
p. 189: For the jail letters and drawings of Countess Markievicz, see Ann Haverty, Constance Markievicz: An Independent Life (London: Pandora, 1988).
p. 189: “When the soul of a man . . .” in Joyce, Portrait of the Artist (Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Classics, 1992), p. 203.
p. 189: “If traditional myths . . .” in Fintan O’Toole, A Mass for Jesse James: A Journey through 1980’s Ireland (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1990), p. 13.
p. 190: “Who is Sweeney . . .” in Nevill Coghill, “Sweeney Agonistes (An Anecdote or Two),” Critical Essays on T. S. Eliot: The Sweeney Motif, Kinley E. Roby, ed. (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985), p. 119.
p. 190: Herbert Knust, “Sweeney among the Birds and Brutes,” Critical Essays on T.S. Eliot, pp. 169 ff.
p. 190: “Apeneck Sweeney . . .” and other poems in T. S. Eliot, Selected Poems (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).
p. 191: “swine” and “ravenous bitch”: see Nancy D. Hargrove, “The Symbolism of Sweeney in the Work of T.S. Eliot,” Critical Essays on T. S. Eliot, p. 150: “First the name ‘Sweeney’ not only has a sound which is common, prosaic, unmusical, perhaps even vulgar, but also it evokes the word ‘swine’ with its connotations of bestial and gross physicality, ugliness, dirt, and stupidity;” and George Whiteside, “A Freudian Dream Analysis of ‘Sweeney among the Nightingales,’ ” p. 64: “it sounds like “Raven-a-bitch”: a bitch dog with ravenous hunger.” In Critical Essays on T.S. Eliot. Since I wrote this chapter, Anthony Julius’s T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism and Literary Form (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) has done much to confirm and explore Eliot’s anti-Semitism.
p. 191: “in manipulating a continuous parallel . . .” from Eliot, “Ulysses, Order and Myth” in Dial lxxv, November 1923, reprinted in James Joyce: The Critical Heritage, vol. 1 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970), p. 270.
p. 192: For The Waste Land as a parody of Ulysses, see the note on p. 160 of William York Tindall’s A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1959).
p. 192: “So complicated in his thought . . .” in Ellman, James Joyce, p. 165.
p. 192: “some thin little bird . . .” Harold Nicolson, in Brenda Maddox, Nora: The Real Life of Molly Bloom (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988), p. 271.
p. 192: “There are sixteen geese . . .” in Maddox, Nora, p. 380.
p. 192: “seemed like one whom magic . . .” in Joyce, Portrait, p. 171.
p. 192: “What birds were they?” and following in Joyce, Portrait, pp. 224–6.
p. 193: Re the Wandering Jew, see George K. Anderson, The Legend of the Wandering Jew (Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1965); Galit Hasan-Rokem and Alan Dundes, eds., The Wandering Jew: Essays in the Interpretation of a Christian Legend (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1986); and Ira B. Nadel, Joyce and the Jews: Culture and Texts (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989).
p. 193: “a hawk-like man . . .” in Joyce, Portrait, p. 169.
p. 194: “Forget wings . . .” in Neil Jordan, “The Dream of a Beast,” The Neil Jordan Reader (New York: Vintage, 1993), p. 158.
p. 195: Heaney, Sweeney Astray, last page of unpaginated intro.
15 Grace
p. 199: German and English aristocrats . . . had to hire hermit impersonators . . . See Christopher Thacker, The History of Gardens (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
p. 200: “And Patrick went forth . . .” in Newport J. D. White, Saint Patrick: His Writings and Life (London and New York: Macmillan Co., 1920), p. 8.
p. 200: The only biography of substance on Grace O’Malley seems to be Anne Chambers’s Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O’Malley (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1988).
p. 202: “She is now most vividly . . .” in Chambers, Granuaile, p. 178.
p. 204: “A chieftain of a neighboring clan . . .” in Chambers, Granuaile, p. 76.
16 Travellers
Among the works consulted but not cited were: Traveller Ways, Traveller Words (Dublin); Do You Know Us at All? by the Parish of the Travelling People, Dublin; Anti-Racist Law and the Travellers by the Irish Traveller Movement (Dublin, 1993); J. P. Liégeois, Gypsies and Travellers (Strasbourg: Council on Cultural Co-Operation, 1987); Judith Okely, The Traveller Gypsies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Sharon Gmelch, Tinkers and Travellers: Ireland’s Nomads, with photographs by Pat Langan and George Gmelch (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1976); George Gmelch, To Shorten the Road: Essays and Biographies, with folktales edited by Ben Kroup (Dublin: The O’Brien Press, 1978); Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europe’s Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Lady Gregory, “The Wandering Tribe,” Poets and Dreamers; the essays on wanderers in J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands and Other Works; Synge’s The Tinker’s Wedding; and the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society.
p. 210: For the bishop of Galway’s offer, see The Irish Times, 8 February 1994.
p. 210: Nan Joyce, Traveller: an Autobiography, Anna Farmar, ed. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd., 1985).
p. 214: “Their very existence constituted dissidence,” Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Gypsies: An Illustrated History (London: Al Saqi Books, 1986), p. 104.
p. 215: For information on Travellers in the United States, see the work of Jared Harper, cited in May McCann, Seamas O’Siochan, Joseph Ruane, Irish Travellers: Culture and Ethnicity (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1994).
p. 216: For cant and gammon, see Sinéad Ní Shuinear, “Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and the Origins Question,” in Irish Travellers: Culture and Ethnicity, p. 135: “the Shelta word cuinne ‘a priest’ is an old word for druid.”
p. 217: “In their deep religious feeling . . .” in the National Federation of the Irish Travelling People report cited in The Irish Times, 2 February 1994.
p. 217: “seemed so premodern . . .” in Kerby Miller, Emigrants and Exiles, p. 107.
p. 217: “antiquated traditions . . .” in Court, Puck of the Droms, p. 1.
p. 218: “Some nomadic peoples . . .” in Ní Shuinear, “Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and the Origins Question,” Irish Travellers: Culture and Ethnicity, p. 60.
p. 218: Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari on rhizomes in On the Line, John Johnson, trans. (New York: Semiotexte, 1983). Another of their Semiotexte books, Nomadology: The War Machine (1986),though opaque and trendy at times, is germane.
p. 219: “for Travellers, the physical fact . . .” in Michael McDonogh, “Nomadism in Irish Travellers’ Identity,” in Irish Travellers: Culture and Ethnicity, pp. 95–6.
p. 220: “The life of insecurity . . .” in Freya Stark, The Journey’s Echo (London: J. Murray, 1963), p. 168.
p. 222: “For a woman a house is . . .” in Irish Tinkers, photographed and compiled by Janine Wiedel, with a foreword and transcripts by Martina O’Fearadhaigh (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978), p. 61.
A Book of Migrations Page 27