Think Again: How to Reason and Argue

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Think Again: How to Reason and Argue Page 22

by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong


  information, sources of, 187

  insults, 2, 30–32, 39

  interactions, social, 26

  Internet, 2–3, 32, 41, 46

  interruption, 26–27

  invalidity, 147

  Iraq war, 163–169

  irrelevance, 184

  Israeli parliament, 205

  Johnson,B. (British politician), 34–35

  joint structure, 130, 138

  joking, 31–32

  justification, 82–83, 89–90

  and assuring terms, 99

  and deduction, 149

  and evaluating arguments, 142–143

  and evaluative terms, 104

  and fallacies, 196

  and guarding terms, 96

  and inferences to the best explanation, 169

  and reconstruction, 128–138

  Kahneman, D. (economist), 69–70

  King, M.L. Jr. (civil rights activist), 154, 207–209

  Lagaan (film), 88–89

  language, 174, 214

  law, 191

  learning, 8, 30, 42, 56, 63

  and ad hominem arguments, 186

  how to argue, 67–73

  and rules to live by, 216

  Le Pen, M. (French politician), 37

  Lerner, J. (psychologist), 59

  Liberalism is a Mental Disorder (Savage), 29

  Liberal Mind: Psychological Causes of Political Madness,The (Rossiter), 29

  liberals, 13, 16, 186

  linear structure, 135

  markers, argument, 85, 86–87, 107–108

  and close analysis, 113, 115–116

  and reconstruction, 128–129, 133, 135

  markers, conclusion, 128

  markers, reason, 128, 137

  marketing, 39

  material, 81

  mathematics, 214

  meanings, semantic, 120

  memory, 38

  Merkel, A. (German chancellor), 37

  migrant crisis, 23

  Mill, J.S. (philosopher), 45

  Missouri Compromise, 62

  mistakes, 173, 212

  misunderstandings, 6, 8, 28, 55

  modesty, 7, 48

  modus ponens, 121, 148

  modus tollens, 121–122, 148

  Monty Hall Problem, 68

  Monty Python, 77–78, 81, 200

  MSNBC, 41

  news sources, 41–42

  Newton, I., Sir (scientist), 161, 191

  New York Times, 32

  North Korea, 56

  observation, 161–162

  On Liberty (Mill), 45

  opponents, 51, 102, 198

  overconfidence, 63

  paradoxes, 67, 178–179

  Paris Accord, 2

  Park Geun-hy (South Korean president), 87

  parties, political, 21–22, 60

  partisan gap, 16–17

  patience, 7, 26, 48, 55

  personal experience, appeal to, 197

  persuasion, 82–83, 138, 142

  and inferences to the best explanation, 169

  Pew Research Center, 40

  Phelps-Roper, M. (activist), 54

  philosophers, 117–118, 146

  philosophy, 214

  point of view, 125

  polarization, 8, 13–16, 18, 20–24

  and abstraction, 60–61

  and ad hominem arguments, 186–187

  and arguments, 63

  and assuring terms, 101

  and fallacies, 198

  and rules to live by, 215

  and silencing, 40

  and toxic talk, 25, 34, 39

  politics, 11–12, 18, 22, 40

  popular opinion, appeal to, 197

  Powell, C. (U.S. Secretary of State), 163–164, 169, 173

  pragmatic standards, 142

  predictions, psychological, 189

  prejudice, 160

  premise markers, 85

  premises, 7, 69, 80, 81, 82

  and ambiguity, 175–176

  and application, 159

  and assumptions, 123–124

  and assuring terms, 99

  and authority, 187

  and deduction, 147–149

  and discounting terms, 106

  and evaluating arguments, 143–144

  and evaluative terms, 104

  and fallacies, 174, 177–178, 183

  ad hominem arguments, 186

  begging the question, 195

  and generalizations, 155–156, 158

  and guarding terms, 94, 96

  and inductive arguments, 150, 152

  and inferences to the best explanation, 161–162, 164

  and irrelevance, 184

  and linear structure, 135

  and parallel arguments, 208–210

  and probability, 151

  and questions, 87

  and reconstruction, 128–129, 131–133

  and refutation, 202–203, 207, 212

  and soundness, 122

  and stopping arguments, 88–93

  suppressed, 125–126, 130, 136, 139, 141

  and evaluating arguments, 142–143

  and fallacies, 198–199

  and homosexuality, 175

  and validity, 118–120

  presidential election, U.S. (2016), 155

  probability

  and generalizations, 156

  and rules to live by, 214

  probability, conditional, 150–151, 154

  reasoning about, 153

  and refutation, 207

  probability continuum, 180

  process of elimination, 120

  propositions, 79, 84, 121, 174

  qualifications, 212–213

  questions, 5–6, 11–12, 16, 19

  and arguments, 59

  and assumptions, 126

  and assuring terms, 99

  and authority, 187–189, 191–194

  failure to answer, 184

  and fallacies, 177, 183, 187

  and generalizations, 157

  and guarding terms, 94

  and humility, 60

  leading, 158

  and political debates, 81

  and reconstruction, 141

  rhetorical, 87, 165

  and rules to live by, 215

  and silencing, 44

  and toxic talk, 34

  and trust/trustworthiness, 70, 197

  racism, 35–37

  Rapoport, A., 25

  Rapoport Rules, 26, 47

  reason, 8, 40, 47–48, 51

  and arguments, 56

  reasoning, 35, 59, 215

  about probability, 153

  bad, 160

  causal, 153–154

  reason markers, 85

  reasons, 6–7, 11–12, 23, 83

  and arguments, 49–50, 52, 55, 57, 63

  and assuring terms, 100

  and authority, 194

  and caricatures, 27

  and close analysis, 114, 116

  and compromises, 61–62

  and discounting terms, 107

  and emotion, 8, 35, 48–52, 54

  and evaluating arguments, 142

  and fallacies, 185, 197

  and false equivalence, 211

  and guarding terms, 98

  and humility, 59–60

  and inductive arguments, 149

  and inferences to the best explanation, 162

  and irrelevance, 184

  and joking, 32

  vs. propositions, 84

  and recognizing arguments, 80–83

  and reconstruction, 129, 134

  and refutation, 201

  and regress, 94

  and rules to live by, 214–215

  and silencing, 40–41, 43, 45, 47

  and stopping arguments, 90

  strong, 193

  and toxic talk, 30, 35–36

  and trust/trustworthiness, 72

  reconstruction, 117, 126, 136–137, 140–141

  of Colin Powell’s statement on Saddam’s tubes, 164, 166


  Reddit, 46

  reductio ad absurdum, 204, 206

  reference classes, 159–160, 173

  refugee crisis, 28

  refutation, 166, 200–213

  regress

  infinite, 90–91, 94, 99

  skeptical, 103

  stoppers, 93

  reliability, 191–192

  religion, 19, 43, 191, 196

  respect, 4, 57–58, 63, 215

  Rickles, D. (comedian), 30

  rigidity, 15–16

  Rossiter, L., 29

  Rousseff, D. (Brazilian president), 105–106

  Rowling, J.K. (British author), 36

  Rubio, M. (U.S. senator), 31

  Saddam Hussein (Iraqi dictator), 163

  safe spaces, 47

  sample size, 157–158, 160

  satire, political, 32

  Savage, M., 29

  science, 72, 161, 191, 194

  and rules to live by, 214

  scientific beliefs, 18–19

  self-description, 94

  sentences, conditional, 109

  Shapiro, B., 29

  silencing, 40–47, 100

  Simon & Garfunkel, 40

  skepticism, 91

  slippery slope arguments, 179–181, 198

  causal, 182–183

  and reasons, 197

  Sloman, S. (psychologist), 59

  social media, 42

  social skills, 7

  solidarity, group, 31

  soundness, 122, 124–125

  South Korea, 23

  speech, negative, 14

  Sri Lanka, 23

  standards, relevant, 103, 112, 142, 158

  stereotypes, 28, 70, 154–155

  and application, 160

  Stewart, J. (comedian), 42

  Stone, The, 33

  straw man, 205

  strength, 149, 150, 156

  and application, 159

  and inferences to the best explanation, 162, 164

  and refutation, 202, 207, 210

  and rules to live by, 215

  Supreme Court, U.S., 44

  symmetry, 181–182

  Taiwan, 23

  Tetlock, P. (psychologist), 59

  Thailand, 23

  Three-Fifths compromise, 62

  timing, 26

  torture, 180–183

  toxic talk, 25–39

  tradition, appeal to, 197–198

  tricks, 173

  Trump, D. (U.S. president), 29, 31

  trust/trustworthiness, 3, 50–51, 98, 155

  and application, 159

  and assuring terms, 99, 101

  and discounting terms, 107

  and emotions, 197

  and fallacies, 183–194

  and generalizations, 157

  and induction, 153

  of representatives, 69–70

  truth, 5, 56, 58, 72, 122

  and evaluating arguments, 142–143

  truth tables, 121

  truth values, 119

  tu quoque (appeal to hypocrisy), 197

  uncertainty, 94

  understanding, 5–7, 24

  and abstraction, 61

  and ad hominem arguments, 186

  and arguments, 56, 63

  and close analysis, 116

  and discounting terms, 107

  and evaluating arguments, 142

  and fallacies, 183

  and humility, 59

  and inferences to the best explanation, 163

  and joking, 32

  mutual, 3

  and reconstruction, 141

  and rules to live by, 215

  and silencing, 45–46

  and trust/trustworthiness, 72

  United Kingdom, 23, 28, 34, 51

  United States, 13, 16, 22–23, 43

  and compromises, 62

  and Iraq war, 163–169

  and Muslim travel ban, 95–96, 103

  urban villages, 126–141

  vagueness, 174, 178–180

  validity, 69, 117, 118, 119

  and assumptions, 123–125

  and begging the question, 195

  and deduction, 147, 149

  formal, 120–122

  and inductive arguments, 149

  and inferences to the best explanation, 162

  and reconstruction, 134

  and refutation, 207

  and rules to live by, 215

  values, 5, 15, 18–19, 24, 31, 45

  and compromises, 62

  and rules to live by, 214–215

  vos Savant, M. (mathematician), 67

  Warsi, S. (British politician), 36

  Wason selection task, 71–73

  Web. See Internet

  Westboro Baptist Church, 54

  Wilde, O. (Irish author), 53

  wishful thinking, 69

  witnesses, 190

  Yancy, G. (philosopher), 32–34

 

 

 


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