information, sources of, 187
insults, 2, 30–32, 39
interactions, social, 26
Internet, 2–3, 32, 41, 46
interruption, 26–27
invalidity, 147
Iraq war, 163–169
irrelevance, 184
Israeli parliament, 205
Johnson,B. (British politician), 34–35
joint structure, 130, 138
joking, 31–32
justification, 82–83, 89–90
and assuring terms, 99
and deduction, 149
and evaluating arguments, 142–143
and evaluative terms, 104
and fallacies, 196
and guarding terms, 96
and inferences to the best explanation, 169
and reconstruction, 128–138
Kahneman, D. (economist), 69–70
King, M.L. Jr. (civil rights activist), 154, 207–209
Lagaan (film), 88–89
language, 174, 214
law, 191
learning, 8, 30, 42, 56, 63
and ad hominem arguments, 186
how to argue, 67–73
and rules to live by, 216
Le Pen, M. (French politician), 37
Lerner, J. (psychologist), 59
Liberalism is a Mental Disorder (Savage), 29
Liberal Mind: Psychological Causes of Political Madness,The (Rossiter), 29
liberals, 13, 16, 186
linear structure, 135
markers, argument, 85, 86–87, 107–108
and close analysis, 113, 115–116
and reconstruction, 128–129, 133, 135
markers, conclusion, 128
markers, reason, 128, 137
marketing, 39
material, 81
mathematics, 214
meanings, semantic, 120
memory, 38
Merkel, A. (German chancellor), 37
migrant crisis, 23
Mill, J.S. (philosopher), 45
Missouri Compromise, 62
mistakes, 173, 212
misunderstandings, 6, 8, 28, 55
modesty, 7, 48
modus ponens, 121, 148
modus tollens, 121–122, 148
Monty Hall Problem, 68
Monty Python, 77–78, 81, 200
MSNBC, 41
news sources, 41–42
Newton, I., Sir (scientist), 161, 191
New York Times, 32
North Korea, 56
observation, 161–162
On Liberty (Mill), 45
opponents, 51, 102, 198
overconfidence, 63
paradoxes, 67, 178–179
Paris Accord, 2
Park Geun-hy (South Korean president), 87
parties, political, 21–22, 60
partisan gap, 16–17
patience, 7, 26, 48, 55
personal experience, appeal to, 197
persuasion, 82–83, 138, 142
and inferences to the best explanation, 169
Pew Research Center, 40
Phelps-Roper, M. (activist), 54
philosophers, 117–118, 146
philosophy, 214
point of view, 125
polarization, 8, 13–16, 18, 20–24
and abstraction, 60–61
and ad hominem arguments, 186–187
and arguments, 63
and assuring terms, 101
and fallacies, 198
and rules to live by, 215
and silencing, 40
and toxic talk, 25, 34, 39
politics, 11–12, 18, 22, 40
popular opinion, appeal to, 197
Powell, C. (U.S. Secretary of State), 163–164, 169, 173
pragmatic standards, 142
predictions, psychological, 189
prejudice, 160
premise markers, 85
premises, 7, 69, 80, 81, 82
and ambiguity, 175–176
and application, 159
and assumptions, 123–124
and assuring terms, 99
and authority, 187
and deduction, 147–149
and discounting terms, 106
and evaluating arguments, 143–144
and evaluative terms, 104
and fallacies, 174, 177–178, 183
ad hominem arguments, 186
begging the question, 195
and generalizations, 155–156, 158
and guarding terms, 94, 96
and inductive arguments, 150, 152
and inferences to the best explanation, 161–162, 164
and irrelevance, 184
and linear structure, 135
and parallel arguments, 208–210
and probability, 151
and questions, 87
and reconstruction, 128–129, 131–133
and refutation, 202–203, 207, 212
and soundness, 122
and stopping arguments, 88–93
suppressed, 125–126, 130, 136, 139, 141
and evaluating arguments, 142–143
and fallacies, 198–199
and homosexuality, 175
and validity, 118–120
presidential election, U.S. (2016), 155
probability
and generalizations, 156
and rules to live by, 214
probability, conditional, 150–151, 154
reasoning about, 153
and refutation, 207
probability continuum, 180
process of elimination, 120
propositions, 79, 84, 121, 174
qualifications, 212–213
questions, 5–6, 11–12, 16, 19
and arguments, 59
and assumptions, 126
and assuring terms, 99
and authority, 187–189, 191–194
failure to answer, 184
and fallacies, 177, 183, 187
and generalizations, 157
and guarding terms, 94
and humility, 60
leading, 158
and political debates, 81
and reconstruction, 141
rhetorical, 87, 165
and rules to live by, 215
and silencing, 44
and toxic talk, 34
and trust/trustworthiness, 70, 197
racism, 35–37
Rapoport, A., 25
Rapoport Rules, 26, 47
reason, 8, 40, 47–48, 51
and arguments, 56
reasoning, 35, 59, 215
about probability, 153
bad, 160
causal, 153–154
reason markers, 85
reasons, 6–7, 11–12, 23, 83
and arguments, 49–50, 52, 55, 57, 63
and assuring terms, 100
and authority, 194
and caricatures, 27
and close analysis, 114, 116
and compromises, 61–62
and discounting terms, 107
and emotion, 8, 35, 48–52, 54
and evaluating arguments, 142
and fallacies, 185, 197
and false equivalence, 211
and guarding terms, 98
and humility, 59–60
and inductive arguments, 149
and inferences to the best explanation, 162
and irrelevance, 184
and joking, 32
vs. propositions, 84
and recognizing arguments, 80–83
and reconstruction, 129, 134
and refutation, 201
and regress, 94
and rules to live by, 214–215
and silencing, 40–41, 43, 45, 47
and stopping arguments, 90
strong, 193
and toxic talk, 30, 35–36
and trust/trustworthiness, 72
reconstruction, 117, 126, 136–137, 140–141
of Colin Powell’s statement on Saddam’s tubes, 164, 166
Reddit, 46
reductio ad absurdum, 204, 206
reference classes, 159–160, 173
refugee crisis, 28
refutation, 166, 200–213
regress
infinite, 90–91, 94, 99
skeptical, 103
stoppers, 93
reliability, 191–192
religion, 19, 43, 191, 196
respect, 4, 57–58, 63, 215
Rickles, D. (comedian), 30
rigidity, 15–16
Rossiter, L., 29
Rousseff, D. (Brazilian president), 105–106
Rowling, J.K. (British author), 36
Rubio, M. (U.S. senator), 31
Saddam Hussein (Iraqi dictator), 163
safe spaces, 47
sample size, 157–158, 160
satire, political, 32
Savage, M., 29
science, 72, 161, 191, 194
and rules to live by, 214
scientific beliefs, 18–19
self-description, 94
sentences, conditional, 109
Shapiro, B., 29
silencing, 40–47, 100
Simon & Garfunkel, 40
skepticism, 91
slippery slope arguments, 179–181, 198
causal, 182–183
and reasons, 197
Sloman, S. (psychologist), 59
social media, 42
social skills, 7
solidarity, group, 31
soundness, 122, 124–125
South Korea, 23
speech, negative, 14
Sri Lanka, 23
standards, relevant, 103, 112, 142, 158
stereotypes, 28, 70, 154–155
and application, 160
Stewart, J. (comedian), 42
Stone, The, 33
straw man, 205
strength, 149, 150, 156
and application, 159
and inferences to the best explanation, 162, 164
and refutation, 202, 207, 210
and rules to live by, 215
Supreme Court, U.S., 44
symmetry, 181–182
Taiwan, 23
Tetlock, P. (psychologist), 59
Thailand, 23
Three-Fifths compromise, 62
timing, 26
torture, 180–183
toxic talk, 25–39
tradition, appeal to, 197–198
tricks, 173
Trump, D. (U.S. president), 29, 31
trust/trustworthiness, 3, 50–51, 98, 155
and application, 159
and assuring terms, 99, 101
and discounting terms, 107
and emotions, 197
and fallacies, 183–194
and generalizations, 157
and induction, 153
of representatives, 69–70
truth, 5, 56, 58, 72, 122
and evaluating arguments, 142–143
truth tables, 121
truth values, 119
tu quoque (appeal to hypocrisy), 197
uncertainty, 94
understanding, 5–7, 24
and abstraction, 61
and ad hominem arguments, 186
and arguments, 56, 63
and close analysis, 116
and discounting terms, 107
and evaluating arguments, 142
and fallacies, 183
and humility, 59
and inferences to the best explanation, 163
and joking, 32
mutual, 3
and reconstruction, 141
and rules to live by, 215
and silencing, 45–46
and trust/trustworthiness, 72
United Kingdom, 23, 28, 34, 51
United States, 13, 16, 22–23, 43
and compromises, 62
and Iraq war, 163–169
and Muslim travel ban, 95–96, 103
urban villages, 126–141
vagueness, 174, 178–180
validity, 69, 117, 118, 119
and assumptions, 123–125
and begging the question, 195
and deduction, 147, 149
formal, 120–122
and inductive arguments, 149
and inferences to the best explanation, 162
and reconstruction, 134
and refutation, 207
and rules to live by, 215
values, 5, 15, 18–19, 24, 31, 45
and compromises, 62
and rules to live by, 214–215
vos Savant, M. (mathematician), 67
Warsi, S. (British politician), 36
Wason selection task, 71–73
Web. See Internet
Westboro Baptist Church, 54
Wilde, O. (Irish author), 53
wishful thinking, 69
witnesses, 190
Yancy, G. (philosopher), 32–34
Think Again: How to Reason and Argue Page 22