10 Aleksandr Vatlin, ‘Terror raionnogo masshtaba: Kuntsevo’, in Butovskii poligon, 1937–1938 gg.: kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskikh repressii, no. 5 (Moscow, 2001), pp. 13–21.
Chapter 38 The Foundation Pit
1 G. Gigor'ev, ‘Pamiatnik epokhi’, Ogonek 20–1 (1937), pp. 23–5, here p. 23.
2 See, e.g., Vecherniaia Moskva, 23 December 1936, but above all the magazines devoted to building and architecture, such as Stroitel'stvo Moskvy, under the heading ‘Na stroitel'stve Dvortsa Sovetov’ or ‘Moskva na stroike’. Stroitel'stvo Moskvy 9 (1937), pp. 26–7: ‘Sooruzhenie fundamentov Dvortsa Sovetov’.
3 E. V. Mandel and A. F. Radin, ‘Raion Dvortsa Sovetov’, Stroitel'stvo Moskvy 9 (1937), pp.19–20, 56–61.
4 For all this, see Dvorets Sovetov, ed. Otdel Tekhnopropagandy Stroitel'stva Dvortsa Sovetov (Moscow, 1939).
5 Memoirs of M. L. Pasternak, in Razrushenie Khrama Khrista Spasitelia (London, 1988), pp. 30–8 [with photographs]; Sergei Romaniuk, Moskva: utraty (Moscow, 1992), pp. 7–86.
6 Sebastian Kempgen, Kirchen und Klöster Moskaus (Munich, 1994), p. 205. On the construction history, see E. I. Kirichenko, Khram Khrista Spasitelia – pamiatnik arkhitektury 1830–1850 (Moscow, 1996); Razrushennye i oskvernennye khramy: Moskva i sredniaia Rossiia s poslesloviem ‘predely vandalizma’ (Frankfurt am Main, 1980).
7 See Razrusheniie Khrama Khrista Spasitelia.
8 On the competitions, see Catherine Cook and Igor Kazus, Sowjetische Architekturwettbewerbe 1924–1936 (Basel, 1991); Beate Moser (ed.), Naum Gabo und der Wettbewerb zum Palast der Sowjets Moskau, 1931–1933 (Berlin, 1992); Peter Noever (ed.), Tyrannei des Schönen: Architektur der Stalin-Zeit (Munich and New York, 1994); Christian Borngräber, ‘Der Sowjetpalast im Zentrum von Moskau: Chronologie der sieben Entwurfsphasen bis zum Baubeginn am Ende der 30er Jahre’, in Jürgen Harten (ed.), ‘Die Axt hat geblüht …’: Europäische Konflikte der 30er Jahre in Erinnerung an die frühe Avantgarde (Düsseldorf, 1987), pp. 417–25.
9 Andrey Platonov, The Foundation Pit, trans. Robert Chandler and Geoffrey Smith (London, 1996), p. 26.
10 Karine Ter-Akopyan, ‘Projektierung und Errichtung des Palasts der Sowjets in Moskau: Ein historischer Abriss’, in Moser (ed.), Naum Gabo und der Wettbewerb zum Palast der Sowjets Moskau, 1931–1933, p. 185.
11 Ibid., pp. 202–9.
12 Igor A. Kazus, ‘Stalin und der Palast der Sowjets’, in Noever (ed.), Tyrannei des Schönen, pp. 51–4.
13 Helen Adkins, ‘Die internationale Beteiligung am Wettbewerb zum Palast der Sowjets’, in Moser (ed.), Naum Gabo und der Wettbewerb zum Palast der Sowjets Moskau, 1931–1933, pp. 197–201.
14 Interview with Frank Lloyd Wright, in Peter Lizon, The Palace of the Soviets: Change in the Direction of Soviet Architecture (Ann Arbor, MI, 1972), pp. 173–5; see also Donald Leslie Johnson, ‘Frank Lloyd Wright in Moscow, June 1937’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 46/1 (1987), pp. 65–79.
15 Isaak Yu. Éĭgel, Boris Iofan (Moscow, 1978), p. 93.
16 ‘Gel'freikh, Iofan, Shchuko: arkhitekturnaia dominanta Moskvy’, Stroitel'stvo Moskvy 19–20 (1937), pp. 11ff.
17 E. Veniaminov, ‘Torzhestvo peredovoi tekhniki’, ibid., pp. 15–17.
18 The best account is still to be found in Eigel, Boris Iofan.
19 Isaak Ejgel, ‘Der Tyrann und der Baumeister’, in Noever (ed.), Tyrannei des Schönen, pp. 192–6, here p. 195.
20 This was demonstrated for the first time in the exhibition of the work of Armando Basini in the Shchusev Museum of Architecture in Moscow: Il Palazzo Italiano di Soviet: Italyansky Dvorets Sovetov, catalogue from the Schusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, 15 December 2006–20 February 2007. See there, especially, Vladimir Sevod, ‘Italianskii Dvorets Sovetov’, pp. 52–96, and Sergei Nikitin, ‘Na puti k Dvortsu Sovetov: zhizn' i tvorchestvo Borisa Iofana v 1920-e gody’, pp. 120–7.
21 The statue was increased in height from 75 to 100 metres – i.e. by a quarter of the overall height; see Eigel, Boris Iofan, p. 99.
22 See the drawings ibid.
23 Albert Speer, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1969), p. 183.
24 Rem Kolhaas has drawn attention to Diego Rivera’s Lenin fresco in the Rockefeller Center, which was painted over and is discussed in ‘Kremlin on Fifth Avenue’, in Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan (New York, 1994), pp. 220–9. In reality, however, it is a matter of the relation not to the Kremlin but to the Palace of the Soviets.
25 Among its patrons was the author of this book, who many years ago began his exploration of a Moscow that had become invisible. See Karl Schlögel, Moskau lesen (Berlin, 1984), in the chapter ‘Der Schatten eines imaginären Turms’ [The Shadow of an Imaginary Tower], pp. 56–64.
Select Bibliography
Adès, Dawn (ed.), Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators 1930–45 (London, 1995).
Afinogenov, Aleksandr, Izbrannoe v dvukh tomakh, vol. 2: Pisma i dnevniki (Moscow, 1977).
Afinogenov, Aleksandr, ‘Dnevnik 1937 goda’, Sovremennaia dramaturgiia 1 (1993), pp. 239–53.
Agurskii, Mikhail, Ideologiia natsional-bol'shevizma (Paris, 1980).
Agurskii, Mikhail, ‘Defeat as victory and the living dead: the case of Ustrialov’, History of European Ideas 5 (1984), pp. 165–80.
Aleshchenko, Nikolai M., Rukovoditeli vlasti Moskvy: 1917–1993 gody (Moscow, 2004).
Alexopoulos, Golfo, Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926–1936 (Ithaca, NY, and London, 2003).
Andreevskii, Georgii V., Povsednevnaia zhizn' Moskvy v stalinskuiu epokhu 1930– 1940-e gody (Moscow, 2003).
Andrle, Vladimir, Managerial Power in the Soviet Union (Farnborough, 1976).
Almoeva, V., Iurii Ivanovich Pimenov (Moscow and Leningrad, 1950).
Alvarez, A., The Savage God: A Study of Suicide (London and New York, 1971).
Années 30 en Europe: le temps menaçant 1929–1939: exposition du 20 février au 25 mai 1997, Musée d’Art moderne de la Ville de Paris (Paris, 1997).
Antipina, Valentina, Zhizn' sovetskikh pisatelei 1930–1950e gody (Moscow, 2005).
Applebaum, Anne, Gulag: A History (New York, 2003).
Aralovec, Natalia A., and Valentina B. Zhiromskaia (eds), Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 1937 goda: kratkie itogi (Moscow, 1991).
Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1971).
Arkhitektura parkov SSSR: sostavili albom Mikhail P. Korzhev i Milica I. Prokhorova (Moscow, 1940).
Artizov, Andrei, Iu. Sigachev, I. Shevchuk and V. Khlopov (eds), Reabilitatsiia: kak eto bylo: dokumenty prezidiuma CK KPSS i drugie materialy, mart 1953 – fevral' 1956 (Moscow, 2000).
Artizov, Andrei, Iu. Sigachev, I. Shevchuk and V. Khlopov (eds), Reabilitatsiia: kak eto bylo: fevral' 1956 – nachalo 80-kh godov (Moscow, 2003).
Artizov, Andrei, A. Kozakovsky, V. Naumov, I. Shevchuk (eds), Reabilitatsiia: kak eto bylo: seredina 80-kh godov – 1991 (Moscow, 2004).
Astafeva-Dlugach, Margarita I., Iurii P. Volchok and Anatolii M. Zhuravlev (eds), Zodchie Moskvy: XX vek (Moscow, 1988).
Baberowski, Jörg, Der Feind ist überall: Stalinismus im Kaukasus (Munich, 2003).
Baberowski, Jörg, Der rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich, 2003).
Babichenko, D. L. (ed.), Shchast'e literatury: gosudarstvo i pisateli, 1925–1938: dokumenty (Moscow, 1997).
Bakhtin, Mikhail, The Dialogic Imagination (Austin, TX, 1982).
Bakhtin, Mikhail, Rabelais and his World (Bloomington, IN, 1984).
Bacon, Edwin, The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives (Basingstoke, 1996).
Bailes, Kendall E., Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917–1945 (Princeton, NJ, 1978).
Bailes, Kendall E., ‘The American connection: ideology and the transfer of American technology to the Soviet Union, 1917–1941’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 23 (1981), pp. 421–48.
Bailes, Kendall E., Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions: V. I. Vernadsky and his Scientific School, 1863–1945 (Bloomington, IN, 1990).
Balinaia, M., E. Dobrenko and Iu. Murashov (eds), Sovetskoe bogatstvo: stati o kul'ture, literature i kino: k shestidesiatiletiiu Hansa Guntera (St Petersburg, 2002).
Ball, Alan, Imagining America: Influence and Images in Twentieth-Century Russia (New York, 2003).
Barghoorn, Frederick C., The Soviet Image of the United States: A Study in Distortion (Port Washington, NY, and London, 1969).
Barsheva, Irina, and Kira Sazonova, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Samokhvalov (Leningrad, 1963).
Beck, F., and W. Godin [pseudonyms of Fritz Houtermans and Konstantin F. Shteppa], Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, trans. E. Mosbacher and D. Porter (New York, 1951).
Becker, Petra (ed.), In den Fängen des NKWD: Deutsche Opfer des stalinistischen Terrors in der UdSSR (Berlin, 1991) [includes brief biographies of over 1,100 victims].
Belitskii, Iakov, and Georgii Glezer, Moskva neznakomaia (Moscow, 1993).
Belobrovtseva, Irina, and Svetlana Kulyus, Roman Mikhaila Bulgakova ‘Master i Margarita’: opyt kommentarii (Tallinn, 2004).
Benjamin, Walter, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 1, ed. Rolf Tiedemann (Frankfurt am Main, 1982).
Beyrau, Dietrich (ed.), Im Dschungel der Macht: Intellektuelle Professionen unter Stalin und Hitler (Göttingen, 2000).
Binner, Rolf, and Marc Junge, ‘Wie der Terror “groß” wurde: Massenmord und Lagerhaft nach Befehl Nr. 00447’, Cahiers du monde russe 42/2–4 (2001), pp. 557–614.
Binner, Rolf, and Marc Junge, ‘“S etoi publikoi tseremonit'sia ne sleduyet”: Die Zielgruppen des Befehls Nr. 00447 und der Große Terror aus der Sicht des Befehls Nr. 00447’, Cahiers du monde russe 43/1 (2002), pp. 181–228;
Blum, Alain, Naître, vivre et mourir en URSS (Paris, 2004).
Bodenschatz, Harald, and Christiane Post (eds), Städtebau im Schatten Stalins. Die internationale Suche nach der sozialistischen Stadt in der Sowjetunion 1919–1935 (Berlin, 2003).
Bonnell, Victoria E., Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley, CA, 1997).
Borodkin, Leonid, and Simon Ertz, ‘Forced labour and the need for motivation: wages and bonuses in the Stalinist camp system’, Comparative Economic Studies 47 (2005), pp. 418–36.
Boterbloem, Kees, Life and Death under Stalin, Kalinin Province, 1945–1953 (Montreal, 1999).
Bown, Matthew Cullerne, Kunst unter Stalin 1924–1956 (Munich, 1991).
Brandenberger, David, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956 (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2002).
Brooks, Jeffrey, Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ, 2000).
Broue, Pierre, Communistes contre Staline: massacre d’une génération (Paris, 2003).
Bucharin, Nikolai, ‘An eine künftige Generation von Parteiführern’, in Anna Larina Bucharina, Nun bin ich schon weit über zwanzig: Erinnerungen (Göttingen, 1991), pp. 428–30.
Bucharin, Nikolai, ‘Brief an Stalin (10.12.1937)’, in Henryk Skrzypczak (ed.), Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1 (1993), pp. 21–5 (also at www.stalinwerke.de/mp/mp_ bucharinbrief.html).
Bucharin, Nikolai, Gefängnisschriften, vol. 1: Der Sozialismus und seine Kultur, ed. Swetlana N. Gurwitsch-Bucharina, Wladislaw Hedeler and Ruth Stoljarowa (Berlin, 1996).
Bucharin, Nikolai, Gefängnisschriften, vol. 2: Philosophische Arabesken: Dialektische Skizzen, ed., trans. and with a commentary by Dieter Uzlig und Wladislaw Hedeler (Berlin, 2005).
Bucharina, Larina A., Nun bin ich schon weit über zwanzig: Erinnerungen (Göttingen, 1991).
Bukharin, Nikolai, ‘“Vsiudu i vezde ia budu nastaivat' na svoei polnoi absoliutnoi nevinovnosti …” (pisma N. I. Bukharina poslednikh let), avgust–dekabr' 1936g.’, Istochnik 2 (1993), pp. 4–18.
Bukharin, Nikolai, Vremena: Roman (Moscow, 1994).
Bukharin, Nikolai, How it All Began, trans. George Shriver, with an introduction by Stephen F. Cohen (New York, 1998).
Bukharin, Nikolai, ‘“No ia to znaiu, chto ia prav”: pismo N. I. Bukharina I. V. Stalinu iz vnutrennei tiurmy NKVD, 15 aprelia 1937g.’, Istochnik 3 (2000), pp. 46–58.
Bukharin, Nikolai, ‘“Ni razu ne govorilos' otnositel'no terrora”: stenogramma ochnoi stavki N. I. Bukharina s V. N. Astrovym v Politburo CK VKP(B), 13 ianvaria 1937g.’, Istochnik 2 (2001), pp. 89–110.
Bukharin, Nikolai, ‘“Ia ikh, eti navety, otvergaiu i budu otvergat'”: pismo N. I. Bukharina I. V. Stalinu ot 19 ianvaria 1937g.’, Istochnik 3 (2001), pp. 27–38.
Bulgakov, Mikhail, The Master and Margarita, trans. Michael Glenny (London: Harvill Press [1967] 1996).
Bulgakova, Oksana, Fabrika zhestov (Moscow, 2005).
Bulgakowa, Jelena, Margarita und der Meister: Tagebücher, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1993).
Butovskii poligon 1937–1938gg: kniga pamyati zhertv politicheskikh repressii, nos. 1–8 (Moscow, 1997–2004).
Canetti, Elias, Masse und Macht (Hamburg, 1960).
Chan-Magomedow, Selim O., Pioniere der sowjetischen Architektur: Der Weg zur neuen sowjetischen Architektur in den zwanziger und zu Beginn der dreißiger Jahre (Dresden, 1983).
Chase, William J., Enemies Within the Gates? The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934–1939 (New Haven, CT, and London, 2001).
Chukovsky, Kornei, Dnevnik 1901–1969, vol. 2: 1930–1969 (Moscow, 2003).
Citrine, Walter, I Search for Truth in Russia (London, 1936).
Clark, Katerina, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington, IN, 2000).
Colton, Timothy J., Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1995).
Conquest, Robert, The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties (London, 1973).
Courtois, Stéphane, and Jean-Louis Panné, ‘The Shadow of the NKVD in Spain’, in Stéphane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2000), pp. 333–52.
Cox, Randi, ‘This can be yours! Soviet commercial advertising and the social construction of space, 1928–1956’, in Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle and London, 2003), pp. 125–62.
Dallin, David, and Boris Nikolaevsky, Forced Labour in Soviet Russia (New Haven, CT, 1947).
Daniels, Robert V., ‘The Great Terror and the revolutionary process’, Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung (2006), pp. 290–6.
David-Fox, Michael, ‘The “heroic life” of a friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet culture’, Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures & Societies 18 (August 2006), pp. 8–114.
Davies, Joseph E., Mission to Moscow (London, 1942). Davies, Sarah, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent,
1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997).
Davies, Sarah, and James Harris (eds), Stalin: A New History (Cambridge, 2005).
Dehl, Oleg, Verratene Ideale: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Emigranten in der Sowjetunion in den 30er Jahren (Berlin, 2000).
Deineka, Aleksandr, Paintings, Graphic Works, Sculptures, Mosaics: Excerpts from the Artist’s Writings (Leningrad, 1982).
Dimitroff, Georgi, Tagebücher 1933–1943, ed. Bernhard H. Bayerlein, trans. Wladislaw Hedeler and Birgit Schliewenz (2 vols, Berlin, 2000); English trans. as The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, ed. Ivo Banac; German part trans. Jane T. Hedges, Russian, Timothy D. Sergay, and Bulgarian Irina Faion (New Haven CT, 2003) Dobrenko, Evgeni, and Eric Naiman (eds), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle and London, 2003).
Dorogi iunosti: al'bom (Moscow, 1988).
Dunham, Vera S., In Stalin’s Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction (enlarged and updated edn, Durham, NC, and London, 1990).
Duranty,
Walter, I Write As I Please (New York, 1935).
Dvorets sovetov, ed. Otdel' tekhnopropagandy stroitel'stva Dvortsa sovetov
(Moscow, 1939). Edelman, Robert, Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sport in the USSR (Oxford
and New York, 1993).
Eigel', Isaak Iu., Boris Iofan (Moscow, 1978).
Eisenstein, Sergei, Das dynamische Quadrat: Schriften zum Film, ed. Oksana
Bulgakova and Dietmar Hochmuth (Leipzig, 1991).
Die Eroberung des Nordpols, Part 1: Michail Wodopjanow, Der Traum des Piloten: Roman, Part 2: Die Verwirklichung des Traums: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eroberung des Pols (London, 1938).
Erren, Lorenz, ‘Selbstkritik’ und Schuldbekenntnis: Kommunikation und Herrschaft unter Stalin (1917–1953) (Munich, 2008).
Etkind, Alexander, Eros des Unmöglichen: Die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in Russland, trans. Andreas Tretner (Leipzig, 1996).
Evreinov, Nikolai N., and Shagi Nemezidy, Dramaticheskaia khronika v 6–ti karti-nakh iz partiinoi zhizni v SSSR (1936–1938) (Paris, 1956).
Fëdorov, Nikolai, ‘Strana “Dmitlag”: iz istorii stroitel'stva kanala im. Moskvy (kanala Moskva–Volga)’, in Butovskii poligon, v rodnom kraiu: dokumenty, svidetel'stva, sud'by … (Moscow, 2004), pp. 219–260.
Moscow, 1937 Page 88