276. W. McDonald, Some Ethical Questions of Peace and War, with Special Reference to Ireland (Dublin 1919; new edn, intr. Tom Garvin, Dublin 1998).
277. Irish Catholic, 4 Sep. 1920, q. Heffernan, ‘Catholic Priests and Political Violence in Ireland’, p. 77.
278. Irish Catholic, 5 Jul. 1919, q. Heffernan, ‘Catholic Priests and Political Violence in Ireland’, p. 68.
279. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government, p. 103.
280. War Cabinet, 14 May 1919. WC 567A, NA CAB 23/15.
281. Liam Cahill, Forgotten Revolution: The Limerick Soviet 1919 (online edition 2003).
282. Tom Crean, ‘From Petrograd to Bruree’, in Fitzpatrick (ed.), Revolution?, p. 152.
283. GS Memo, Oct. 1918, q. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 63; Charles Townshend, The British Campaign in Ireland 1919–1921: The Development of Political and Military Policies (Oxford 1975), p. 43.
284. NA HO 45/19665.
285. Memorial to War Cabinet by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 8 Oct. 1918. MAI BMH CD 178/1/13.
286. French to Lloyd George, 12 Oct. 1918. French papers, IWM JDF 8/1.
287. Draft memorandum, 17 Dec. 1919. MAI BMH CD 178/1/19.
288. The order has not survived, and it is not clear whether it was first issued on 11 November or 27 December. D. M. Leeson, The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920–1921 (Oxford 2011), p. 24.
289. Draft memorandum by Lord French, 17 Dec. 1919. MAI BMH CD 178/1/19.
290. Lloyd George to Bonar Law, 30 Dec. 1919. HLRO, Lloyd George papers F/31/1/16.
291. Draft memorandum, 17 Dec. 1919. MAI BMH CD 178/1/19.
292. BMH WS 1137 (Patrick Connaughton), WS 1111 (James Daly).
293. BMH WS 1436 (Walter Brown).
294. George Power memoir, NLI MS 31335.
295. Valiulis, Mulcahy, p. 39.
296. Richard Mulcahy, ‘Commentary upon Piaras Béaslaí’s Michael Collins. UCDA P7/D/I/67.
297. Seamus Robinson, NLI MS 21265.
298. Dan Breen, ‘Lord French Was Not Destined to Die by an Irish Bullet’, With the IRA in the Fight for Freedom (Tralee 1955), pp. 45–6.
299. DMP report, 20 Dec. 1919. NA HO 45/10974.
300. IG RIC Monthly Report, 15 Dec. 1919. NA CO 904/110. W. J. Lowe, ‘The War against the RIC, 1919–21’, Eire-Ireland 37 (2002), p. 83.
301. Usually given as 2 or 3 Jan.; BMH Chronology has 4 Jan. 1920.
302. General Richard Mulcahy, ‘Chief of Staff 1919’, Capuchin Annual 36 (1969), pp. 351–2
303. French to Macpherson, 5 Jan. 1920. IWM JDPF 8/2.
304. HQ 1st Cork Bde to D/C/S, GHQ, 1 Nov. 1919. O’Donoghue MSS, NLI MS 31197.
305. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 247.
306. Ibid., p. 241.
PART 2: TWO GOVERNMENTS: 1920
1. Charles Townshend (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War (Oxford 1997), pp. 160–61.
2. ‘The Strategy that the Volunteer Force as at present armed and trained is likely to use in case it takes to the field voluntarily’, encl. in IG RIC Report, Feb. 1920. NA CO 904/111.
3. BMH WS 981 (Patrick Riordan).
4. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, pp. 47–8. Ernie O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound (London 1936, Dublin 1979), pp. 116–17.
5. Deasy, Towards Ireland Free, p. 94.
6. Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 22–3.
7. BMH WS 853 (Peadar de Barra).
8. BMH WS 1385 (James McMonagle).
9. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, ch. 11.
10. E. O Mallie to Capt. G. Plunkett, 5 Dec. 1919. O’Malley MSS, UCDA P17 A/1. Charles Townshend, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the Development of Guerrilla Warfare, 1916–1921’, English Historical Review, April 1979, p. 324.
11. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, p. 149.
12. BMH WS 1008 (Thomas Brady).
13. General Orders, 26 May 1920. NLI MS 31193.
14. Court martial of Irish Volunteers 1920, NLI MS 11406. Also NLI Pos 916, A/0478.
15. Dan Gleeson in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 263.
16. Mary Daly, ‘Local Government and the First Dáil’, in Farrell (ed.), Creation of the Dáil, p. 123.
17. White, Kevin O’Higgins, p. 36.
18. Daly, ‘Local Government and the First Dáil’, p. 126.
19. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 50.
20. BMH WS 1685 (Michael McMahon).
21. BMH WS 1370 (Joseph Clancy).
22. Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 356.
23. Resolution No. 2, in BMH WS 1265 (Paul J. Mulvey).
24. Natasha Grayson, ‘The Quality of Nationalism in Counties Cavan, Louth and Meath during the Irish Revolution’, PhD thesis, Keele University 2008, pp. 209–10.
25. Q. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 50.
26. Erskine Childers, Military Rule in Ireland (Dublin 1920), p. 3.
27. Ministry of Home Affairs, Interim Report with reference to the Scheme for the Establishment of National Arbitration Courts, 19 Aug.–25 Oct. 1919. NAI DE2/51.
28. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel).
29. National Arbitration Courts Committee, 28 Sep. 1919. NAI DE2/38.
30. ‘Proposals for Arbitration’, n.d. NAI DE2/38.
31. Report by Stack, 4 Mar. 1920. NAI DE2/38.
32. J. A. Gaughan, Austin Stack: Portrait of a Separatist (Dublin 1977), p. 103.
33. Mary Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution: The Dáil Courts, 1920–24 (Dublin 1994), p. 24.
34. Art O’Connor, ‘A Brief Survey of the Work done by the Agricultural Department, Dáil Éireann, April 1919–August 1921’. Diarmuid O’Hegarty MSS, UCDA P8/25. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel), 885.
35. Inspector General RIC, Monthly Report, Jul. 1920. NA CO 904/111.
36. Gaughan, Austin Stack, pp. 108–9.
37. ‘Manifesto!’, ‘Claims on Property’, 26 Apr. 1920. NLI MS 33912 (11).
38. Dáil proclamation, 29 Jun. 1920. MAI CD 264/8/2.
39. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government, pp. 141–2.
40. Irish Times, 2 Aug. 1920.
41. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, pp. 174–5.
42. An tOglaċ, 15 May 1920.
43. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel), 905.
44. BMH WS 1268 (Patrick J. Hargaden).
45. BMH WS 1436 (Walter Brown).
46. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, pp. 52–3.
47. Ibid., p. 51.
48. NLI Pos 916, q. Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare, p. 287.
49. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 63–5.
50. BMH WS 1336 (Patrick Lennon).
51. Freeman’s Journal, 4, 9 Jun. 1920. Robert Kee, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London 1972), p. 679.
52. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, p. 166.
53. GHQ IV, General Order No. 12, 1 Nov. 1920. Copy in MAI CD 243.
54. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, pp. 177–80.
55. Gaynor, ‘Sinn Féin Days’, NLI MS 19826.
56. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, p. 180.
57. Ibid., pp. 178–80, 182.
58. French to Macpherson, 5 Jan. 1920. IWM JDPF 8/2.
59. Irish Command, ‘Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–21, and the Part Played by the Army in Dealing with it’, vol. III: ‘Law’. NA WO 141/93.
60. Ibid., vol. II: ‘Intelligence’.
61. The Military Situation in Ireland, memo by GOC-in-C, 25 Mar. 1920. CP 1131, NA CAB 24/104.
62. Dublin District Historical Record. NA WO 141/93, vol. IV pt III.
63. Lowe, ‘The War against the RIC’, p. 99.
64. Charles Townshend, ‘One Man Whom You Can Hang If Necessary: The Discreet Charm of Nevil Macready’, in J. B. Hattendorf and M. H. Murfett (eds.), The Limitations of Military Power (London 1990), pp. 143ff.
65. Wilson’s diary, 13 and 12 May 1920, q. Keith Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson (Oxford 2006), p. 263.
66. Police Adviser to S/S for War, 27 Jun. 19
20. NA CAB 27/108.
67. Cabinet Committee on the Irish Question, 4 Nov. 1919. NA CAB 24/92, C.P. 56; Cabinet, 19 Dec. 1919. NA CAB 23/18.
68. Fisher to Bonar Law, 15 May 1920. Lloyd George MSS, HLRO F/31/1/33.
69. For this suggestion, Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence (Dublin and Montreal 2002), p. 37.
70. Macready to Wilson, 21 May 1920. IWM HHW 2/2A.
71. Maurice Crowe MSS, MAI CD 208/2/5.
72. Dublin District Historical Record. NA WO 141/93.
73. Bonar Law in House of Commons 15 Apr. 1920, q. Seán McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922: Theaters of War (London and New York 2003), p. 721.
74. Dublin District Historical Record, NA WO 141/93; Peter Hart (ed.), British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–21: The Final Reports (Cork 2002), p. 11.
75. Nora Connolly O’Brien in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 209.
76. Cabinet, 26 Jul. 1920. NA CAB 24/109.
77. Cabinet, 11 Aug. 1920. NA CAB 24/110.
78. Charles Townshend, ‘The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence’, Irish Historical Studies 21 (1979), pp. 266–72.
79. BMH WS 1197 (Philip Murphy).
80. Briollay, Ireland in Rebellion, pp. 67–8.
81. ‘I.O.’ (C. J. C. Street), The Administration of Ireland 1920 (London 1921), pp. 249–50.
82. Cavan Brigade history. NLI Pos 915, A/0453.
83. BMH WS 1479 (Seán Healy).
84. Macready to Wilson, 2 Jul. 1920. IWM HHW 2/2A.
85. C.P. 1891, 25 Sep. 1921. NA CAB 24/111.
86. Diary of Sir Mark Sturgis, 11 Oct. 1920, NA PRO 30/95/2; Townshend, ‘Irish Railway Strike’, pp. 274–5.
87. Report of Mansion House Conference, 16 Nov. 1920. ILP/TUC Report 1921, Appendix, pp. 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61.
88. Townshend, ‘Irish Railway Strike’, pp. 280–81.
89. Dundalk Democrat, 10 Jul. 1920, q. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 50.
90. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government, p. 146.
91. Reports from Resident Magistrates, Jun. 1920, circulated to Cabinet by S/S for War. NA CAB 27/108.
92. Macready to Wilson and reply, 28, 29 Jun. 1920. IWM HHW 2/2A.
93. Michael Brennan, The War in Clare 1911–1921: Personal Memoirs of the Irish War of Independence (Dublin 1982).
94. Macready to Greenwood, 17 Jul. 1920. Lloyd George MSS, HLRO F/19/2/12.
95. Colm Campbell, Emergency Law in Ireland 1918–1925 (Oxford 1994), p. 27
96. Military Court of Inquiry on Joseph Taylor, 14 Mar. 1921. NA WO 35/160. For court instructions and findings see Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, pp. 106–7.
97. Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 66.
98. Irish Command, ‘Record of the Rebellion’, vol. II, p. 10. Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, p. 103.
99. Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, pp. 57–8.
100. William H. Kautt, Ambushes and Armour: The Irish Rebellion 1919–1921 (Dublin 2010), pp. 66–8.
101. GOC-in-C Ireland to War Office, 20 Sep. 1920. NA WO 141/44.
102. Minute by Deputy Adjutant General, 5 Oct., and Note by Chief of Air Staff, 9 Oct. 1920. NA WO 141/44.
103. Charles Townshend, ‘Civilization and “Frightfulness”: Air Control in the Middle East between the Wars’, in C. Wrigley (ed.), Warfare, Diplomacy and Politics: Essays in Honour of A. J. P. Taylor (London 1986), pp. 142–62.
104. S/S for War and Air to Chief of Air Staff, 24 Sep. 1920. Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, pp. 170–71.
105. Macready to Long, 23 Apr., 1 May 1920. HLRO LGP F/34/1.
106. IG RIC Report, Jun. 1920. NA CO 904/11.
107. Wilson’s diary, 1, 7 Jul. 1920, q. Jeffery, Wilson, p. 265.
108. Munster No. 1 Division Fortnightly Report to AUS, 1 Jun. 1920. NAI P&C Police Reports No. 5.
109. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, pp. 240–41.
110. Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 188–9.
111. Notably that of John Borgonovo, Spies, Informers and the ‘Anti-Sinn Féin Society’: The Intelligence War in Cork City 1920–1921 (Dublin 2007).
112. Ibid., pp. 7–10.
113. BMH WS 1268 (Patrick J. Hargaden).
114. BMH WS 584 (Timothy Brennan).
115. Sturgis diary, 4 Aug. 1920. NA PRO 30/59/1.
116. Gaughan (ed.), Memoirs of Constable Jeremiah Mee, pp. 94–9.
117. Elizabeth Malcolm, The Irish Policeman, 1822–1922: A Life (Dublin 2006), p. 166.
118. Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 140–41.
119. GHQ Order, 4 Jun. 1920. UCDA P7/A/45.
120. Weekly Summaries, NA CO 904/149. Lowe, ‘The War against the RIC’, p. 102.
121. CI Galway West Riding Report, Jul. 210; IG Report, Aug. 1920. NA CO 904/112.
122. Brian Hughes, ‘Persecuting the Peelers’, in David Fitzpatrick (ed.), Terror in Ireland 1916–1923 (Dublin 2012), pp. 214–15.
123. Douglas V. Duff, Sword for Hire (London 1934), p. 77.
124. Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 195–6.
125. Ibid., p. 196.
126. Augusteijn (ed.), Memoirs of John Regan, p. 139.
127. Sturgis diary, 22 Sep. 1920. NA PRO 30/59/1.
128. Ibid., 1, 5 Oct. 1920.
129. Leeson, Black and Tans, ch. 7.
130. Memo by GOC-in-C, 28 Sep. 1920. HLRO 103/3/27. CI Report, Mayo, Oct. 1920. NA PRO CO 904/113.
131. Austen to Hilda Chamberlain, 31 Oct. 1920; Cabinet, 1 Oct. 1920. D. George Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy 1918–22 (London 1972), p. 55.
132. GHQ to Cork No. 1 Bde, 23 Jul. 1920. NLI MS 311192 (1).
133. Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 80.
134. The accounts by the Manchester Guardian and Daily News reporters, and by the RIC County Inspector, are analysed in Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 166–70.
135. Daily News, 4 Oct.; Manchester Guardian 4, 8 Oct. 1920.
136. House of Commons Debates, 20 Oct. 1920.
137. Daily News, 11 Nov. 1920.
138. Lennox Robinson (ed.), Lady Gregory’s Journals 1916–1930 (London 1946), p. 143.
139. Daily News, 21 Oct. 1920.
140. BMH WS 1569 (George Hewson).
141. Hugh Martin, Ireland in Insurrection (London 1921), p. 115.
142. BMH WS 1517 (Pádraig Ó Fathaigh), WS 1652 (Henry O’Mara).
143. Louise Ryan, ‘Drunken Tans: Representations of Sex and Violence in the Anglo-Irish War (1919–21)’, Feminist Review 66 (2000), pp. 79–83.
144. Leeson, Black and Tans, pp. 179–80.
145. Robinson (ed.), Lady Gregory’s Journals, p. 138.
146. R. F. Foster, The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (London 2001), p. 72.
147. See the careful exploration in Donald Harman Akenson, Small Differences: Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants 1815–1922 (Montreal and Dublin 1988).
148. John Bowman, De Valera and the Ulster Question 1917–1973 (Oxford 1982), pp. 34–5.
149. Eamon Phoenix, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland 1890–1940 (Belfast 1994), pp. 54–5.
150. Austen Morgan, Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class, 1905–23 (London 1990), p. 287.
151. Mary Harris, The Catholic Church and the Foundation of the Northern Irish State (Cork 1993), pp. 80–81.
152. Lt M. Sheerin, ‘Record of Derry City Battalion, Derry Brigade’. NLI Pos 915, A/0464.
153. Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare, pp. 114–15.
154. BMH WS 395 (Thomas Fitzpatrick/Bob McDonnell).
155. BMH WS 389 (Roger McCorley).
156. Belfast News Letter, 5 Aug. 1920, q. D. S. Johnson, ‘The Belfast Boycott, 1920–1922’, in J. M. Goldstrom and L. A. Clarkson (eds.), Irish Population, Economy and Society (Oxford 1981), p. 288.
157. A. C. Hepburn, A Past Apart: Studi
es in the History of Catholic Belfast, 1850–1950 (Belfast 1996), p. 86.
158. Morris, Our Own Devices, p. 117.
159. Tim Wilson, ‘Boundaries, Identity and Violence: Ulster and Upper Silesia in a Context of Partition 1918–1922’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 2007, pp. 125–8.
160. Dáil Debates, 6 Aug. 1920.
161. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
162. Orders, Sep. 1920, MAI CD 256/3/8.
163. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 57.
164. Northern Standard, 28 Aug. 1920, q. Edward Micheau, ‘Sectarian Conflict in Monaghan’, in Fitzpatrick (ed.), Revolution?, p. 112.
165. CI Report, q. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, pp. 57–8. Grayson, ‘Quality of Nationalism’, p. 223.
166. Robert Lynch, The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, 1920–1922 (Dublin 2006), pp. 32–3.
167. BMH WS 746 (Seán Culhane).
168. Lynch, Northern IRA, p. 37.
169. BMH WS 1016 (Seamus McKenna).
170. Macready to Wilson, 28 Aug. 1920. IWM HHW 2/2A.
171. Sturgis diary, 19 Aug., 2 Sep. 1920. NA PRO 30/59/1.
172. Bryan A. Follis, A State under Siege: The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920–1925 (Oxford 1995), p. 14.
173. Doolin to Power, 26 Jul. 1920. Irish Office telegrams, NA CO 906/19.
174. Timothy Bowman, ‘The Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910–1920: New Perspectives’, in Boyce and O’Day (eds.), Ulster Crisis, pp. 256–8.
175. Coleman, County Longford, p. 164.
176. MAI CD 227/10/1–2.
177. Brennan, The War in Clare, pp. 70–71.
178. Director of Organization, Organization Memo No. 1 (1920). Organization of Flying Columns, 4 Oct. 1920. ‘The Irish Republican Army. (From Captured Documents Only)’. NA WO 141/40.
179. Operations Memorandum No. 7, 4 Oct. 1920. NA WO 141/40.
180. Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare, p. 132.
181. BMH WS 1701 (Maurice McGrath).
182. BMH WS 1490 (Roger Rabbitte).
183. History of the Anglo-Irish Conflict 1912–1921, West Clare Brigade, p. 191. NLI Pos 915, A/0363.
184. BMH WS 1197 (Philip Murphy).
185. 14 Inf. Bde Orders, 23 Aug. 1920. NLI MS 33913.
186. Michael T. Foy, Michael Collins’s Intelligence War: The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 (Stroud 2006), p. 64.
187. Eunan O’Halpin, ‘Collins and Intelligence 1919–1923: From Brotherhood to Bureaucracy’, in Doherty and Keogh (eds.), Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State, p. 70.
The Republic- The Fight for Irish Independence Page 65