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Illustration Credits
Chapter One Courtesy of Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association.
Chapter Two Guiseppe Guidicini, President Washington Taking the Oath, 1789; 1812–1868; 1839, Oil on fine linen, 521/2 x 72 in., New-York Historical Society. Courtesy of the Collection of the New-York Historical Society.
Chapter Three Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, the New York Public Library (1789-03-30).
Chapter Four Lithograph by William L. Breton. From John Fanning Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia (1830). Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Chapter Five Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Chapter Six Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, New York Public Library. 1910.
Chapter Seven Courtesy of the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, New York Public Library.
Chapter Eight Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Chapter Nine Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Chapter Ten Courtesy of the New York Public Library Digital Collections.
Chapter Eleven Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Chapter Twelve Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.
Chapter Thirteen Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.
Epilogue Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Page numbers of illustrations appear in italics.
A
abolitionism
Description of a Slave Ship (broadside), 30–31
Douglass and, 185
Franklin and, 31
manumission societies, 34–35, 42
newspapers of, xvii, 185
in northern states, 24
in Philadelphia, 31, 65, 83
religious groups and, 31, 43, 65–66, 83
Adams, Abigail, 92, 175
Adams, John, 92, 141, 153, 163
Adams, T. H., 218n109
African Free Schools, 34–35
African Society, 35
Alexandria, Virginia, 190
free black community in, 190
“Mount Washington,” 194
Allen, Richard, 77, 83, 85, 107–8, 218n108
American Revolution, 15–16, 52
emancipation of slaves and, 42
slaves in, 141, 175, 181
Washington as commander, 15–16
Anglicans, 43
Archibald, Thomas H., xvii, 171, 185
Arlington House, Vi
rginia, 192–93
Arnold, Benedict, 55
Austin (slave, brother to Ona Judge), 7–8, 9, 50
attends Southwark Theatre, 76
children of, 85, 215n85
death of, 85–86
as dower slave, 70
traveling alone, 68, 212n68
as waiter/butler for Washington, 23, 28–29, 42, 54
Washington’s plan to circumvent Pennsylvania’s gradual abolition law and, 68
wife, Charlotte, 23, 85, 104, 207n23, 215n85, 217n104
B
Bank of Washington, 195, 196
Banneker, Benjamin, 31–32, 208n32
Bard, Samuel, 46, 47
Bartlett, John and Ann, 180, 224n180
Bassett, Burwell, Jr., 164
Langdon and, 164, 167–68
Washington sends to capture Ona Judge (1799), 164–69, 180, 223n164
Beaux’ Stratagem, The (Farquhar), 75–76
Ben (slave), 104
Betty (Mulatto Betty, slave, Ona Judge’s mother), xii–xiii, 6, 8–11, 14, 23, 86
birth of daughter, Ona Judge, 9, 205n9
birth of daughter, Philadelphia, 12
as dower slave, 6, 9, 10, 204n7
moved to Mount Vernon, 7–8, 204n7
relationship with Andrew Judge, 10–11
relationship with Martha Washington, 6, 8
son, Austin, and, 7–8, 9, 23, 204n7
“black jacks,” 157–58
Bowles, John, 113–15, 117, 118, 120, 219n113, 219n114
helping Ona Judge’s escape, 113
Brackett, James, 180–81
Brannin, Leanthe, 196, 228n196
burial rights for slaves, 35
Burr, Aaron, as slave owner, 42
C
Calvert, Rosalie Stier, 193
Carey, Matthew, 31
Charlotte (slave), 23, 207n23
bequeathed to “Wash” Custis, 192
children of, 85, 207n23, 215n85
whipping of, 104–5, 217n104
Chase, Benjamin, 185
Clark, Joseph, 225n182
Claypoole, David, 136
Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser
advertisement for runaway slave, “Oney” Judge, 99, 111–12, 218n111
Washington’s Farewell Address, 136
Clinton, George, 20, 42
Clymer, George, 47
Coldelough, Alexander, 9
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 17, 28
Continental Army, 15–16
Continental Congress, 25–26
Conway, Richard, 18
Costin, Philadelphia (slave), 12, 94, 188, 205n12, 216n94, 228n195
children of, freed by Thomas Law, 194, 227–28n194, 228n194
children with Costin, 228n195
emancipation of, 194, 227–28n194
fears of, 195
marriage to Costin, 190–91, 194
as slave to Eliza Custis Law, 188, 189–90, 192, 193–94, 227n192
Costin, William, 190–91, 194, 228n195
black community and, 195
Custis family ties, 190–91, 226–27n191
emancipation of slaves by, 196–97, 229n197
marriage to Philadelphia, 190–91, 194
transportation business of, 195, 196
Washington grandchildren and, 195, 196
Craik, James, 172–73
Crummell, Alexander, 35
Custis, Daniel Parke, 6, 89
slaves of, 6, 174, 176, 179
Custis, Eleanor Calvert, 5, 90
Custis, Eleanor Parke “Nelly,” 36, 39, 55, 89, 90, 130–31
slaves inherited, 192
Custis, Elizabeth Parke “Eliza.” See Law, Elizabeth Parke Custis “Eliza”
Custis, Frances, 6, 9, 89
Custis, George Washington Parke “Wash,” 36, 39, 55, 58, 89, 192, 196, 227n192
slaves inherited, 177, 192–93, 227n192
Custis, John Parke “Jacky,” 89–90, 226–27n191
Custis, Martha Parke “Patsy,” 4–5, 89, 90
D
Dandridge, Ann (Ann Holmes), 190–91, 194, 226–27n191, 228n194
Dandridge, Bartholomew, 58
Davis, Betty (slave, Ona Judge’s sister), 8, 49–50, 84, 94, 216n94, 226n190
bequeathed to “Wash” Custis with her family, 192–93
children (surnamed Fortune), xii, 50, 84, 192, 210n49, 215n84
value in dollars, 192–93, 227n193
Davis, Thomas, elder (slave), 8, 204n8
Davis, Tom, younger (slave), 8
Dearborn, Samuel, 225n182
Declaration of Independence, 141
Delaware, slave population in, 100, 216–17n100
Democratic Republicans, 165
Description of a Slave Ship (broadside), 30–31
Dockum, Jonathan, 225n182
Douglass, Frederick, 185
E
Elish (slave), 177, 192
Elizabethtown, New Jersey, 36
Embree, Lawrence, 34
enslaved women
“abroad marriages,” 102
childbirth and, 162
children borne by, 9, 11, 102
as fugitives, 102, 103, 217n102
home remedies for, 162
life expectancy, 124
living conditions and, 123–24
male vs. female emancipation, 79
moral character of owner and, 7, 97, 204n7
rape and forced breeding of, 97–98
scant records about, xi
F
Farquhar, George, 75
Federal City (Washington, DC), 150, 187, 190
black codes in, 195–96
Costin in, 191
free blacks in, 190, 191, 194–95, 226n190
kidnappers and slave catchers in, 195
plans to create, 51–52, 89
slave population in, 226n190
slavery as legal in, 195
Federal Gazette, The, 51
Federalists, 142, 152, 164
Ford, West, 211–12n58
Fortune, Lucinda (slave), 192, 193, 227n193
Fortune, Nancy (slave), 50, 192, 193, 210n49, 227n193
Fortune, Oney (slave), 84, 192, 193, 197, 215n84, 227n193, 229n197
Fox, George, 65
Franklin, Benjamin, 31, 103
Fraunces, Samuel “Black Sam,” 56, 211n56
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington, 204n8
Free African Society, 77
free blacks. See also Costin, William
African Society and, 35
in Alexandria, Virginia, 190
black codes, 195–96
“black jacks” (sailors), 157–58
death and burial, 35, 181–82
education for, 34–35
employment for free black men, 157–58
in Federal City (Washington, DC), 191, 195–96
in Georgetown, 190
leaders of, 35, 185
literacy and, 184
mutual aid organizations for, 181–82
in New Hampshire, 120, 219n120
in New York City, 35
in Philadelphia, xv–xvi, 30, 75, 77, 84, 107, 110, 114, 215n84
in Virginia (1790), 79, 210n50, 214n79
free white servants, 38–39
Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 105–6, 125, 139–40
fugitive slaves, xvi–xvii, 24, 33, 100, 203nxvii, 216–17n100
advertisements for, 99, 103, 111–12
Captain Bowles aiding, 113–14
capture and punishment of, 104, 132
distancing themselves from their pasts, 155–56
failed escapes, betrayal and, 110
free black allies for, 107–8
as male, 102, 217n102
from Mount Vernon, 188–89
New York City avoided by, 113
obstacles faced by, 100–101, 217n101
“personal liberty” laws for, 106
from Phil
adelphia, 78–79, 214n79, 217n101
punishment for harboring, 113
seen as menace, 152
slave catchers and, 111, 120, 137–38, 157, 166, 184, 195
women as, 102, 103, 217n102
G
Garnet, Henry Highland, 35
Georgetown, DC, 190, 226n190
Giles (slave), 28, 54, 59, 70, 81, 214n81
Granite Freeman (newspaper), xvii, 171, 185, 218n109
Greenland, New Hampshire, xvii, 181, 224n181
burial of Phillis Jack, 225n182
Jack family in, 169, 180–83, 185–86
Judge-Staines marriage, 160, 222n160
Ona Judge in, xvii, 168–69, 181, 182, 185–86, 197
H
Haitian slave insurrection, 105, 191
Hamilton, Alexander, 42, 50, 136, 216n93
Hammon, Jupiter, 35
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 7
Haven, Samuel, 185, 222n160
Hercules (slave, Washington’s chef), 53–54, 56, 59, 86, 123
attends Southwark Theatre, 76
chooses family over his freedom, 71–73
daughters, Evey and Delia, 72
meal preparation and, 110
monetary gift to, 76
Pennsylvania’s gradual abolition law and, 70, 71, 78
runs away, 73, 213n73
son, Richmond, 53–54, 72
status of, 70–71
Hope Park, Virginia, 93
Howe, William, 55
Humphreys, David, 27
I
indentured servitude, 9–10, 11, 39, 69, 80, 182, 225n182
interracial relationships, 10, 191, 226n191
J
Jack, John, 181, 183, 225n181
Jack, Nancy, 180, 182, 183, 225n183
Jack, Phillis, 180–82, 225n182
Jack, Phillis, Jr., 180, 182, 183, 185–86, 225n183
Jack family, 180
census of 1810, 225n182
emancipation of, 180–81
matriarch dies, 181–82
Ona Judge Staines and, 180, 181, 182, 185–86, 224n179, 225n182
patriarch dies, 183
poverty of, 181
rescue of Ona Judge by, 169, 180
surname of, 181, 225n181
Jackson, William, 58
Jacobs, Harriet, 98
Jay, John, 42
Jefferson, Thomas, 50, 142
Johnson, Nathan, 182, 183
Jones, Absalom, 77, 83, 85
Judge, Andrew (Ona Judge’s father), 9–12, 13–14, 205n11, 205n11–12
Judge, Ona Maria (Ona Judge Staines)
appearance of, 13, 115, 205n11
birth of, 9, 11, 205n9
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