[224] Frank Risdale, “A Discussion of the Potlatch and Social Structure,” Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 3, no. 2 (2011): 7–15.
http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/totem/vol3/iss2/3
[225] In the absence of kinship ties, reputation becomes the standard for relationships. Andrew Fraser notes that oath-taking was and remains a peculiarly English pre-occupation, so much so that “the commonplace spectacle of Third World immigrants reciting oaths of allegiance at naturalization ceremonies is calculated to warm the hearts of WASPs committed heart and soul to the constitutionalist creed of civic nationalism.” Oath-taking is a public affirmation that is fundamentally about one’s reputation. It is, of course, a bit of WASP egoism to assume other peoples have a similar sense of public trustworthiness:
WASPs are trusting souls. For that very reason they can be exploited easily by those who promise one thing and do another. … Mass Third World immigration imposes enormous risks upon Anglo-Saxon societies grounded in unique patterns of trusting behavior that evolved over many centuries. If newcomers do not accept the burdens entailed by the civic culture of the host society—most notably the need to forswear one’s pre-existing racial, ethnic and religious allegiances—they are bound to reduce the benefits of good citizenship for the host Anglo-Saxon nation.
All evidence indicates that these groups will not forswear such allegiances, any more than Jews have forsworn their ethnic and religious allegiances despite centuries of living among Europeans.
Andrew Fraser, The WASP Question (Mumbai: Arktos, 2011), 57, 64.
[226] Christopher H. Boehm, Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior (Cambridge: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
[227] Ibid.
[228] Peter Frost, “European Hair and Eye Color: A Case of Frequency-Dependent Sexual Selection?,” Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (2006): 85–103.
[229] Frank Salter, “Carrier Females and Sender Males: An Evolutionary Hypothesis Linking Female Attractiveness, Family Resemblance, and Paternity Confidence,” Ethology and Sociobiology 17, no. 4 (1996): 211–220.
[230] Harry C. Triandis, “Cross-cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism,” in John J. Berman (ed.) Current Theory and Research in Motivation; Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Cross Cultural Perspectives 37 (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989): 41–133.
[231] See Chapter 8 for a discussion of the psychological research on this trait.
[232] Kevin MacDonald, Emily Patch, and Aurelio José Figueredo, “Love, Trust, and Evolution: Nurturance/Love and Trust as Two Independent Attachment Systems Underlying Intimate Relationships,” Psychology 7, no. 2 (2016): 238–253.
[233] John Murray Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Levi-Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
[234] Money, Love, and Love Sickness.
[235] Kevin MacDonald, “Warmth as a Developmental Construct: An Evolutionary Analysis,” Child Development 63 (1992): 753–773.
[236] Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1977).
[237] Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine, and Ara Norenzayan, “The Weirdest People in the World?,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2010): 61–135.
[238] Benedikt Herrmann, Christian Thoni, C. and Simon Gachter, “Antisocial Punishment Across Societies,” Science 319, no. 5868 (2008):1362–67, 1366.
[239] Joan G. Miller and David M. Bersoff, “Culture and Moral Judgment: How Are Conflicts between Justice and Interpersonal Responsibilities Resolved,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992): 541–554, 545.
[240] This chapter is based on Kevin MacDonald, “The Familial Origins of European Individualism,” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 43. Nos. 1 and 2 (Spring and Summer 2018): 78–108.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325395931
[241] Mary S. Hartman, The Household and Making of History: A Subversive View of the Western Past (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1, xxx.
[242] Ibid., 3.
[243] See, e.g., Hartman, Ibid.; Michael Mitterauer, Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path, trans. Gerald Chapple (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010; orig. German edition, 2003).
[244] For example, Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 6; Peter Laslett, “Characteristics of the Western Family Considered Over Time,” Journal of Family History 2 (Summer, 1977): 89–114, 95.
[245] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 13.
[246] John Hajnal, “European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,” Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, D. V. Glass and D. E. Eversle (eds.) (Chicago: Aldine, 1965): 101–43, 132.
[247] James A. Brundage, “Concubinage and Marriage in Medieval Canon law,” Journal of Medieval History 1: 1–17, 1975; Barbara Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Alan MacFarlane, Marriage and Love in England: Modes of Reproduction 1300–1840 (London: Basil Blackwell, 1986); Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England: 1500–1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977); Lawrence Stone, The Road to Divorce: 153–1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
[248] Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800.
[249] MacFarlane, Marriage and Love in England, 174.
[250] Edward Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (5th ed.) (New York: Allerton, 1922).
[251] E.g. Peter Brown, “Late Antiquity,” in Paul Veyne (ed.), A History of Private Life, Vol. I, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987): 235–311; Alain Corbin, “Backstage,” in Michelle Perrot (ed.), A History of Private Life: IV. From the Fires of the Revolution to the Great War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990) 451–667; Roy Porter, “Mixed Feelings: The Enlightenment and Sexuality in Eighteenth-Century Britain,” in Paul Gabriel Boucé (ed.), Sexuality in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1–27; Paul Veyne, “The Roman Empire,” in Paul Veyne (ed.), A History of Private Life, Vol. I, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987): 5–234.
[252] Laslett, “Characteristics of the Western Family Considered Over Time,” 1977.
[253] Hajnal, “Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System.”
[254] Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England.
[255] Hajnal, “Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System.”
[256] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 25.
[257] Ibid., 41.
[258] Incidentally, from this perspective, one might even claim that the moderate collectivism of much of southern Europe and its persistence into the contemporary period needs explaining at least as much as the individualistic patterns of northern Europe.
[259] Patrick Heady, “A ‘Cognition and Practice’ Approach to an Aspect of European Kinship,” Cross-Cultural Research 51, no. 3 (2017): 285–310.
[260] Maria Iacovu and Alexandra Skew, “Household Structure in the EU,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Eric Marlier (eds.), Income and Living Conditions in the EU (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010): 79–100, 81.
[261] Hajnal, “European Marriage Patterns in Perspective.”
[262] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 29.
[263] However, in a situation where men faced the prospect of being forced to marry the mother of their illegitimate child, men would also face pressures to control their sexuality.
[264] Kevin MacDonald, “Effortful Control, Explicit Processing and the Regulation of Human Evolved Predispositions,” Psychological Review 115, no. 4 (2008): 1012–1031.
[265] Peter Laslett, “Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group: Areas of Traditional Europe Compared,” in Richard Wall (ed.), in collaboration with Jean Robin, and Peter Lasle
tt, Family Forms in Historic Europe (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1983): 513–564.
[266] Krzysztof Kościński, “Assessment of Waist-to-Hip Ratio Attractiveness in Women: An Anthropometric Analysis of Digital Silhouettes,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43, no. 5 (2014): 989–997.
[267] Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976; orig. published 1798); quoted in MacFarlane, Marriage and Love in England, 294.
[268] R. S. Schofield, “Family Structure, Demographic Behavior, and Economic Growth,” in J. Walter and R. S. Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988): 279–304, 285.
[269] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 74.
[270] Tacitus, Germania 18; emphasis added.
[271] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 75,
[272] Laslett, “Characteristics of the Western Family Considered Over Time,” 113.
[273] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 76.
[274] Richard P. Saller and Brent D. Shaw, “Tombstones and Roman Family Relations in the Principate: Civilians, Soldiers and Slaves,” The Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984): 124–156, 124.
[275] Ibid.
[276] Ibid., 146.
[277] Brent D. Shaw and Richard P. Saller, “Close-Kin Marriage in Roman Society?,” Man (New Series) 19, no. 3 (September, 1984): 432–444, 432.
[278] Ibid., 438–439.
[279] Ibid.
[280] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 86.
[281] Kevin MacDonald, “Temperament and Evolution,” in Marcel Zentner and Rebecca L. Shiner (eds.), Handbook of Temperament (New York: Guilford Press, 2012), 273–296.
[282] Hartman, The Household and Making of History Ibid., 83.
[283] Wally Seccombe, A Millennium of Family Change: Feudalism to Capitalism in Northwestern Europe (London: Verso, 1992), 43.
[284] Richard M. Smith, “Geographical Diversity in the Resort to Marriage in Late Medieval Europe: Work, Reputation, and Unmarried Females in the Household Formation Systems of Northern and Southern Europe,” in P. J. P. Goldberg (ed.), Women in Medieval English Society (Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, U.K: Sutton Pub 1997): 16–59, 17.
[285] Mitterauer, Why Europe?, 28.
[286] Ibid., 34.
[287] Ibid., 29.
[288] Ibid., 30
[289] Ibid., 31.
[290] George Caspar Homans, “The Rural Sociology of Medieval England,” Past and Present 4 (1953): 32–43; reprinted in George Caspar Homans, Sentiments and Activities (London: Forgotten Books, 2016): 145–157, 147.
[291] From Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1891: A villein is “a person attached to a manor, who was substantially in the condition of a slave, who performed the base and servile work upon the manor for the lord, and was, in most respects, a subject of property and belonging to him.”
https://dictionary.thelaw.com/villein/
[292] From Black’s Law Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1891: “Socage tenure, in England, is the holding of certain lands in consideration of certain inferior services of husbandry to be performed by the tenant to the lord of the fee. “Socage,” in its most general and extensive signification, seems to denote a tenure by any certain and determinate service.”
https://dictionary.thelaw.com/socage/
[293] Mitterauer, Why Europe?, 59.
[294] Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 157.
[295] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 89.
[296] Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri, “Major Influences on Agriculture, Ecology, Politics, and Economics,” in Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri (ed.), History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. III, Part 2 (Delhi: Pearson Education India, 2008): 169–402.
[297] Ibid.
[298] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 90.
[299] Ibid., 91.
[300] Ibid., 99.
[301] Muslim attitudes on religion and sexuality are resistant to change after migration to Western countries. Although Western Muslims are consistently located between Islamic and Western societies in their attitudes, there is no evidence that generational change, by itself, will transform the situation so that the cultural differences between Muslim migrants and Western natives will disappear: younger Westerners are adopting modern values even more swiftly than their Muslim peers.
Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, “Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations,” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP09-007, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2009.
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4481625/norris_muslimintegration.pdf?sequence=1
[302] Ladislav Holy, Kinship, Honour, and Solidarity: Cousin Marriage in the Middle East (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1989), 12, 13.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=99vBAAAAIAAJ
[303] Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village, 1294–1324, trans. Barbara Bray (New York: Penguin Books, 1980); orig. publ.: Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1978).
[304] As noted above, a flaw in Hartman’s argument on why the northwest European pattern served family interests was that daughters’ labor could be exploited. Here we see that daughters-in-law could easily replace daughters, and hiring non-relatives did occur.
[305] Emanuel LeRoy Ladurie, The French Peasantry 1450–1660, trans. A. Sheridan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986; orig. published in 1977.)
[306] Ladurie The French Peasantry 1450–1660, 340.
[307] Ibid., 341.
[308] George Caspar Homans, “The Frisians in East Anglia,” Economic History Review Second Series 10 (1957), 189–206; reprinted in George Caspar Homans, Sentiments and Activities (London: Forgotten Books, 2016): 158–181, 180.
[309] Peter Laslett, “Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group.”
[310] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 127.
[311] Ibid., 129.
[312] Ibid., 132.
[313] Ibid., 141.
[314] Ibid., 151.
[315] Ibid., 239.
[316] Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
[317] Hartman accepts the idea that the rise of the nation state was not the result of attempts to create lasting institutions (state-building) but of elite family strategies. The eldest son inherited the estate, but younger sons could inherit any additions to the estate, “an adaptation to a changing environment of land shortage, population rise, and nuclear residential arrangements. … The motor of conduct remained household interest” at all levels of society. Protestantism was imposed by elites, not the result of popular clamor; Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 211.
[318] David Sven Reher, “Family ties in Western Europe: Persistent Contrasts,” Population and Development Review 24, no. 2 (June, 1998): 203–234, 215.
[319] Ibid., 217.
[320] Ibid., 219.
[321] Ibid., 221.
[322] Ibid., 203.
[323] Ibid., 229.
[324] Hartman, The Household and Making of History, 260.
[325] Ibid., 270.
[326] Mitterauer, Why Europe?, 42.
[327] Tombs, The English and Their History, 88.
[328] Thomas Tombs, The English and Their History (London: Penguin Books, 2015; originally published: London: Allen Lane, 2014), 88.
[329] Jonathan Schulz, Duman Bahrami-Rad, Jonathan Beauchamp, and Joseph Henrich, “The Origins of WEIRD Psychology,” (preprint, Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 2018).
https://psyarxiv.com/d6qhu/
[330] Herlihy, Medieval Households, 44.
[331] Wally Seccombe, A Millennium of Family Change, 51.
[332] Herlihy, Medieval Households, 47.
[333] Ibid., 46.
; [334] Ibid., 48; emphasis added.
[335] Ibid., 55.
[336] Mitterauer, Why Europe, 43.
[337] Herlihy, Medieval Households, 33
[338] Ibid., 36.
[339] John Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400–1700 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 59.
[340] Colm Lennon, “The Confraternities and Cultural Duality in Ireland, 1450–1550,” in Christopher Black and Pamela Gravestock (eds.), Early Modern Confraternities in Europe and the Americas (Hants, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2006): 35–52, 37.
Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition Page 44