El Norte
Page 65
143 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 818.
144 St. John, Line in the Sand, p. 63.
145 Ibid., pp. 91–94.
146 Ibid., p. 85.
147 Ibid., p. 77.
148 Griswold del Castillo, The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, pp. 80–81; Sánchez et al., New Mexico: A History, p. 176.
149 David V. Holtby, Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012), p. 6.
150 David L. Caffey, Chasing the Santa Fe Ring: Power and Privilege in New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014), pp. xiii–xv.
151 Ibid., p. 42.
152 Ibid., p. 16.
153 David L. Caffey, Frank Springer and New Mexico: From the Colfax County War to the Emergence of Modern Santa Fe (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), pp. 25–26; John M. Nieto-Phillips, The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004), p. 61; Holtby, Forty-Seventh Star, p. 78.
154 Caffey, Frank Springer and New Mexico, pp. 48–49.
155 Ibid., pp. 65–70.
156 Much of this explanation about the Maxwell grant case comes from Nieto-Phillips, The Language of Blood, p. 61; Holtby, Forty-Seventh Star, p. 78.
157 Rodriguez, Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans, and Vagabonds, p. 103; Anselmo Arellano, “The People’s Movement: Las Gorras Blancas,” in Erlinda Gonzales-Berry and David Maciel (eds.), The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000), pp. 59–83.
158 Arellano, “The People’s Movement,” p. 66.
159 Report to Samuel D. King, Surveyor General for California, from Leander Ransom, September 28, 1852, NARA RG 49: Records of the Bureau of Land Management, Special Act Files, 1785–1926, no. 124 (1860), United States–California Boundary, Box 27.
160 Charles F. Lummis, The Spanish Pioneers and the California Missions (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1936), p. 304.
161 Thomas G. Andrews, “Towards an Environmental History of the Book: The Nature of Hubert Howe Bancroft’s Works,” Southern California Quarterly 93, no. 1 (2001): 36.
162 Ibid., p. 39.
163 Ibid., p. 42.
164 Proceedings of the Society of California Pioneers in Reference to the Histories of Hubert Howe Bancroft (San Francisco: Sterett, February 1894).
165 María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, and Beatrice Pita and Rosaura Sánchez (eds.), The Squatter and the Don (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997), Kindle. For more oral histories, see Rosaura Sánchez, Telling Identities: The Californio Testimonies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Marissa López, “The Political Economy of Early Chicano Historiography: The Case of Hubert H. Bancroft and Mariano G. Vallejo,” American Literary History 19, no. 4 (2007): 874–904. For more on the life of women in Mexico and early American California, see Miroslava Chávez-García, Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004).
166 María Amparo Ruiz de Burton to Platón Vallejo, April 23, 1859, in Rosaura Sánchez and Beatrice Pita (eds.), Conflicts of Interest: The Letters of María Amparo Ruiz De Burton (Houston: Arte Público Press, 2001), pp. 157–58.
167 Ruiz de Burton, The Squatter and the Don, loc. 1114.
168 Ibid., loc. 1290.
169 Helen Hunt Jackson, Ramona, Translated and with an Introduction by José Martí, in Gonzalo de Quesada (ed.), Obras completas de Martí, no. 57 (La Habana: Editorial Trópico, 1994), p. 12.
170 Ibid., p. ix.
171 James J. Rawls, “The California Mission as Symbol and Myth,” California History 71, no. 3 (1992): 347.
172 Jackson, Ramona, p. 350.
173 Ibid., p. 387.
174 Lummis, The Spanish Pioneers and the California Missions, p. 295.
175 Starr, California: A History, p. 148.
176 Barbara A. Wolanin, Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capitol (Washington, D.C.: Featured Senate Publications 103d Congress, 1998), p. 164.
177 Montgomery C. Meigs to Emanuel Leutze, February 8, 1857, quoted ibid., p. 149.
178 Francis V. O’Connor, “The Murals by Constantino Brumidi for the United States Capitol Rotunda, 1860–1880,” in Irma B. Jaffe (ed.), The Italian Presence in American Art, 1860–1920 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1992), pp. 87–88.
179 Special thanks to Andrés Bustamante for drawing my attention to the frieze as well as the influence of William Prescott’s work on U.S. troops during the Mexican-American War.
180 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt and Company, 1920), p. 1, Kindle.
Chapter 11: Ybor City, Florida
1 Juan González, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), p. 238.
2 Luis Martínez-Fernández, “Political Change in the Spanish Caribbean During the United States Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1861–1878,” Caribbean Studies 27, no. 1/2 (1994): 56.
3 Ulysses S. Grant: Seventh Annual Message, December 7, 1875, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29516 (accessed March 21, 2016); Louis A. Pérez Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), p. 53.
4 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, p. 54.
5 Laird W. Bergad, “Toward Puerto Rico’s Grito De Lares: Coffee, Social Stratification, and Class Conflicts, 1828–1868,” Hispanic American Historical Review 60, no. 4 (1980): 641–42.
6 Martínez-Fernández, “Political Change in the Spanish Caribbean During the United States Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1861–1878,” p. 55.
7 Ibid., p. 54.
8 Ibid.
9 Louis A. Perez, “Vagrants, Beggars, and Bandits: Social Origins of Cuban Separatism, 1878–1895,” American Historical Review 90, no. 5 (1985): 1094–98.
10 Ibid., p. 1098.
11 Louis A. Pérez Jr., “Cubans in Tampa: From Exiles to Immigrants, 1892–1901,” Florida Historical Quarterly 57, no. 2 (1978): 129.
12 Lisandro Pérez, “Cubans in the United States,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 487, no. 1 (1986): 128.
13 José Martí, Philip Foner (ed.), and Elinor Randall (trans.), Our America: Writings on Latin America and the Struggle for Cuban Independence (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977), p. 249.
14 Paul J. Dosal, Tampa in Martí/Tampa En Martí (Matanzas: Ediciones Vigía, 2010), p. 21.
15 Gerald E. Poyo, “Tampa Cigarworkers and the Struggle for Cuban Independence,” Tampa Bay History 7, no. 2 (Fall/Winter 1985): 103; Yoel Cordoví Núñez, La emigración cubana en los Estados Unidos: Estructuras directivas y corrientes de pensamiento, 1895–1898 (Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente, 2012), p. 32.
16 Cordoví Núñez, La emigración cubana en los Estados Unidos, p. 44.
17 Gerald Horne, Race to Revolution: The United States and Cuba During Slavery and Jim Crow (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014), p. 159.
18 Martí, Our America, p. 93.
19 César Jacques Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1989–1934 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), pp. 25–26.
20 Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), p. 164.
21 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, pp. 56–57.
22 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, pp. 56–57.
23 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, pp. 57–58.
24 Ibid., p. 62.
25 Ibid., p. 71; César Brioso, Havana Hardball: Spring Training, Jackie Robinson, and the Cuban League (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015), p. 1.
26 Louis A. Perez, “Between Baseball and Bullfighting: The Quest for Nationality in Cuba, 1868–1898,” Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (1994): 505.
27 Ibid., p. 511.
<
br /> 28 Ibid., p. 504.
29 Suarez, Latino Americans, loc. 3906.
30 George Marvin, “Puerto Rico, 1900–1903,” Puerto Rico Herald, August 1, 1903, no. 105.
31 Tom Dunkel, Color Blind: The Forgotten Team That Broke Baseball’s Color Line (New York: Grove/Atlantic, 2013), p. 53.
32 Leslie Bethell, Cuba: A Short History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 28.
33 Horne, Race to Revolution, p. 158.
34 Colored American, August 13, 1898, quoted ibid.
35 Horne, Race to Revolution, pp. 147–48.
36 Ibid., p. 149.
37 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, p. 58.
38 Memorial to the Secretary of State, May 17, 1897, quoted in Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902, p. 213.
39 Henry Cabot Lodge, “Our Blundering Foreign Policy,” Forum 19 (March 1895): 17–18.
40 Piero Gleijeses, “1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War,” Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 4 (2003): 686–707.
41 Quoted ibid., p. 704. For more on Afro-Cuban participation in the independence movement, see Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868–1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
42 Carmen Diana Deere, “Here Come the Yankees! The Rise and Decline of United States Colonies in Cuba, 1898–1930,” Hispanic American Historical Review 78, no. 4 (1998): 732.
43 Evan Thomas, The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898 (New York: Little, Brown, 2010), p. 200.
44 Quoted ibid., p. 204.
45 Quoted ibid., p. 209.
46 “The Maine Disaster,” New York Times, February 17, 1898, p. 1.
47 Thomas, The War Lovers, pp. 210–11.
48 “William McKinley: War Message,” Digital History, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1373 (accessed March 22, 2016).
49 Ibid.
50 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, p. 95.
51 “William McKinley: War Message.”
52 Stephen Kinzer, The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of the American Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 2017), p. 38, Kindle.
53 Deere, “Here Come the Yankees!” p. 732; Pérez, Cuba and the United States, p. 96.
54 Quoted in Louis Pérez Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983), p. 95.
55 For an examination of how Cuban participation after the United States arrived was either denigrated or ignored, see chapter 4 in Louis A. Pérez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
56 Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, p. 187; Pérez, The War of 1898, p. 83.
57 Quoted in Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, p. 188.
58 Quoted ibid.
59 Philip Hanna to J. B. Moore, June 21, 1898, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, Microfilm Collection, U.S. Consuls in Puerto Rico, San Juan, reels covering 1898–99, Roll 21.
60 New York Journal, August 13, 1898.
61 Albert J. Beveridge, “March of the Flag,” September 16, 1898, Voices of Democracy: U.S. Oratory Project, http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/beveridge-march-of-the-flag-speech-text/ (accessed January 20, 2017).
62 Ibid.
63 W. E. B. Du Bois and Nahum Dimitri Chandler (ed.), “The Present Outlook for the Dark Races of Mankind (1900),” in The Problem of the Color Line at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Fordham University Press, 2014), p. 118.
64 For more on the anti-imperialism movement more widely in the United States in this period, see Michael Patrick Cullinane, Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism, 1898–1909 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
65 Thomas McCormick, “From Old Empire to New: The Changing Dynamics and Tactics of American Empire,” in Alfred McCoy and Francisco Scarano (eds.), Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), chapter 3.
66 Sexton, The Monroe Doctrine, pp. 213–14; Kinzer, The True Flag, p. 66.
67 Quoted in Kinzer, The True Flag, pp. 170–71.
68 Ibid., p. 171.
69 Quoted in Pérez, The War of 1898, p. 23.
70 Ibid., p. 33; Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, pp. 186, 277.
71 General William Ludow to the New York Chamber of Commerce, quoted in Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, p. 307.
72 Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, pp. 310–11.
73 Deere, “Here Come the Yankees!” p. 737.
74 Pérez, The War of 1898, pp. 33–34.
75 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, pp. 121–22; Pérez, Cuba Between Empires, p. 363.
76 Louis A. Perez, “Insurrection, Intervention, and the Transformation of Land Tenure Systems in Cuba, 1895–1902,” Hispanic American Historical Review 65, no. 2 (1985): 234.
77 Ibid., p. 240.
78 Ibid., p. 252.
79 Deere, “Here Come the Yankees!” p. 742.
80 Pérez, Cuba and the United States, p. 122.
81 Philip Hanna to J. B. Moore, June 21, 1898, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, Microfilm Collection, U.S. Consuls in Puerto Rico, San Juan, reels covering 1898–99, Roll 21.
82 Picó, History of Puerto Rico, p. 239.
83 Sam Erman, “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905,” Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 4 (2008): 10.
84 “The New Governor,” Puerto Rico Herald, August 15, 1903, no. 107.
85 Suarez, Latino American, loc. 1155; José A. Cabranes, “Citizenship and the American Empire: Notes on the Legislative History of the United States Citizenship of Puerto Ricans,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 127, no. 2 (1978): 392.
86 Leonard Wood, William Taft, Charles H. Allen, Perfecto Lacoste, and M. E. Beale, Opportunities in the Colonies and Cuba (London: Lewis, Scribner, 1902), pp. 279, 290.
87 Ibid., pp. 316–17.
88 Ibid., p. 369.
89 Ibid., p. 280.
90 “Porto Rico Not Prospering Under United States Rule,” New York Times, October 4, 1903.
91 Picó, History of Puerto Rico, p. 144; Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2006), p. 591.
92 Picó, History of Puerto Rico, pp. 243–44.
93 Erman, “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire,” p. 6.
94 Ibid., p. 11.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid., p. 12.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid., p. 13.
99 Ibid., p. 15.
100 Ibid., p. 23.
101 Suarez, Latino Americans, loc. 1259.
102 Quoted in César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe, Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2007), p. 57; Harry Franqui-Rivera, “National Mythologies: U.S. Citizenship for the People of Puerto Rico and Military Service,” Memorias: Revista digital de historia y arqueología desde el Caribe 10, no. 21 (2013): 8.
103 Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995), pp. 31–33.
104 Franqui-Rivera, “National Mythologies,” p. 14.
105 Ibid.
106 Ibid., p. 15.
107 Truman R. Clark, “Governor E. Mont. Reily’s Inaugural Speech,” Caribbean Studies 11, no. 4 (1972): 106–8.
108 E. Mont. Reily to Warren Harding, August 31, 1921, E. Mont. Reily Papers, 1919–23, New York Public Library MSS and Archives Division, 1919, Folders 1.1–1.4, 1919 to June 1923.
109 Juan B. Huyke to Warren Harding, September 22, 1921, ibid.
110 E. Mont. Reily to Warren Harding, March 22, 1922, and Juan B. Huyke to Warren Harding, September 22, 1921, both ibid.
111 Clark, “Governor E. Mont Reily’s Inaugural Speech,” pp. 106–8.
113 Theodore Roosevelt, Fourth Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1904, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29545 (accessed March 22, 2016).
114 Ibid.
115 Ibid.
116 Linda Noel, “‘I Am an American’: Anglos, Mexicans, Nativos and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood,” Pacific Historical Review 80, no. 3 (2011): 432–33.
117 Holtby, Forty-Seventh Star, p. 34.
118 John M. Nieto-Phillips, “Spanish American Ethnic Identity and New Mexico’s Statehood Struggle,” in Gonzales-Berry and Maciel, The Contested Homeland, p. 105.
119 Private note to Stephen B. Elkins, May 22, 1874, Washington, D.C., MS 0033, Box 1, Folder 2, A&M no. 53, Stephen B. Elkins Papers, Archives and Manuscripts Section, West Virginia Collection, West Virginia University Library, accessed in Archives and Special Collections Department, New Mexico State University Library, Stephen B. Elkins Papers, Rio Grande Historical Collection.
120 New Mexico: Its Resources and Advantages, Territorial Bureau of Immigration, 1881, New Mexico history collection, Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico, MSS 349, BC, Box 11, Folder 11.
121 Ibid.
122 Speech of Hon. Casimiro Barela in the [Colorado] State Senate, Upon the Joint Memorial to the President and Congress, Praying for the Admission of New Mexico into the Union, February 8, 1889, New Mexico History Collection, Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico, Thomas B. Catron Papers, 1692–1934, MSS 29, BC, Series 102, Box 2, Folder 5.
123 Prince quoted in Nieto-Phillips, “Spanish American Ethnic Identity and New Mexico’s Statehood Struggle,” pp. 117–18.
124 Nieto-Phillips, The Language of Blood, p. 1.
125 Miguel Otero, My Nine Years as the Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, 1897–1906 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940), p. 35.
126 Ibid., p. 36.
127 Ibid., p. 50.
128 Sánchez et al., New Mexico: A History, p. 180.
129 Otero, My Nine Years as the Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, p. 200.
130 John Braeman, “Albert J. Beveridge and Statehood for the Southwest 1902–1912,” Arizona and the West 10, no. 4 (1968): 313; Beveridge, “March of the Flag.”