127. O’Brien, How the War Was Won.
128. FE, 20.4.1941, p. 168.
129. RT, 2.4.1941, p. 372.
130. See Hans Buchheim, ‘Die höheren SS und Polizeiführer’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 11 (1963), pp. 362–91, especially pp. 365, 372.
131. Speech, 4.5.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,699.
132. Thus Lammers to Bormann, 7.6.1941, in Andrea Löw (ed.), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945, vol. 3: Deutsches Reich und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren, September 1939–September 1941 (Munich, 2012).
133. Hitler meeting with Mussolini, 12.6.1941, SD, I, p. 573.
134. Helmut Krausnick, ‘Hitler und die Befehle an die Einsatzgruppen im Sommer 1941’, in Eberhard Jäckel and Jürgen Rohwer (eds.), Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Entschlussbildung und Verwirklichung (Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 88–106.
135. Thus Shlomo Aronson, Hitler, the Allies and the Jews (Cambridge, 2004), p. 32.
136. O’Brien, How the War Was Won.
137. Thus Gromyko in Schwendemann, ‘Stalins Fehlkalkül’, p. 294.
138. GT, 16.6.1941, I/9, p. 378, summarizing Hitler’s instructions.
139. GT, 16.6.1941, I/9, pp. 376–9.
140. Dietrich, 12 Jahre, p. 82.
141. David Stahel, Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Defeat in the East (Cambridge, 2009).
142. Quoted in Hilger, Wir und der Kreml, p. 313.
143. Stahel, Operation Barbarossa, pp. 228–30, 400 et passim.
144. See BT, 26.6.1941, pp. 198–9.
145. BT, 2.7.1941, p. 207.
146. Thus David Stahel, ‘Rediscovering Operation Barbarossa–the importance of the military campaign’, in Christoph Dieckmann and Babette Quinkert (eds.), Kriegführung und Hunger, 1939–1945. Zum Verhältnis von militärischen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Interessen (Göttingen, 2015), p. 64.
147. Alex J. Kay, Jeff Rutherford and David Stahel (eds.), Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization (Rochester, NY, 2012); Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s War of Extermination in the East (Lexington, 2011); and Johannes Hürter (ed.), Notizen aus dem Vernichtungskrieg. Die Ostfront 1941/42 in den Aufzeichnungen des Generals Heinrici (Darmstadt, 2016).
148. See Christian Streit, Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945 (Stuttgart, 1978), pp. 88–9.
149. Krausnick and Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges.
150. See Longerich, Unwritten Order, p. 110.
151. Norman J. W. Goda, ‘Blackmarks: Hitler’s bribery of his senior officers during World War II’, Journal of Modern History, 72 (June 2000), p. 434.
152. Thus Snyder, Black Earth, passim.
153. Proclamation, 22.6.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,726.
154. See Dieckmann, ‘Das Scheitern des Hungerplans’, pp. 99–101.
155. ‘Aufzeichnungen Martin Bormanns über die Besprechung Adolf Hitlers mit seinen Mitarbeitern über die Ziele des Krieges gegen die Sowjetunion’, 16.7.1941, Führerhauptquartier (FHQ), in Czesław Madajczyk (ed.), Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan (Munich, 1994), pp. 15–18.
156. RT, 20.7.1941, p. 400.
157. Sönke Neitzel, ‘Hitlers Europaarmee und der “Kreuzzug” gegen die Sowjetunion’, in Michael Salewski and Heiner Timmermann (eds.), Armeen in Europa–Europäische Armeen (Münster, 2004), pp. 137–50, and Jochen Böhler and Robert Gerwarth (eds.), The Waffen-SS: A European History (Oxford, 2017).
158. See R. L. DiNardo, ‘The dysfunctional coalition: the Axis powers and the eastern front in World War II’, Journal of Military History, 60 (October 1996), pp. 711–30.
159. See the account in KB, 2.10.1941, p. 46.
160. RT, 1.9.1941, p. 403.
161. KB, 18.10.1941, p. 79. See also RT, 1.9.1941, p. 403.
162. RT, 20.7.1941, p. 400.
163. See the summary of his comments on 4/5.1.1942, in Werner Jochmann (ed.), Adolf Hitler. Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 1941–1944 (Munich, 2000), p. 178.
164. See his remarks as summarized in KB, 23.10.1941, p. 97.
165. ‘Aufzeichnungen Martin Bormanns’, p. 16.
166. RT, 20.7.1941, p. 393.
167. ‘Aufzeichnungen Martin Bormanns’, p. 17.
168. ‘Aufzeichnungen Martin Bormanns’, pp. 16–17.
169. Hitler meeting with Oshima, 14.7.1941, SD, II, p. 550.
170. See the facing portrait of Ralph Colin Ross, Von Chicago nach Chungking. Einem jungen Deutschen erschliesst sich die Welt (Berlin, 1941).
171. Hitler meeting with Oshima, 14.7.1941, SD, II, p. 543.
172. RT, 20.7.1941, reporting a conversation on 16 July, p. 396.
173. Hitler meeting with Oshima, 14.7.1941, SD, II, p. 543; Hitler meeting with Kvaternik, 21.7.1941, SD, II, p. 552.
174. FE, 13.7.1941, p. 182.
175. Directive 32b, 14.7.1941, HW, pp. 136–9.
176. For German anxieties about Britain and the US at this time, see the memorandum by Raeder which was approved by Hitler: ‘Denkschrift zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Seekriegführung gegen England Juli 1941’, in Michael Salewski, Die deutsche Seekriegsleitung 1935–1945, vol. 3: Denkschriften und Lagebetrachtungen (Frankfurt, 1973), pp. 192–210.
177. Directive 33, 19.7.1941, HW, pp. 140–42; Directive 34, 23.7.1941, HW, pp. 145–7. See also Stahel, ‘Rediscovering Operation Barbarossa’, p. 74.
178. BT, 25.7.1941, p. 230.
179. Halder, KTB, 26.7.1941, III, p. 123.
180. ET, 28.7.1941, p. 107.
181. As described in BT, 28.7.1941, p. 233.
182. Thus Halder, KTB, 30.7.1941, III, p. 133.
183. Directive 34a, 12.8.1941, HW, pp. 148–50.
184. Hans Mommsen, Das NS-Regime und die Auslöschung des Judentums in Europa (Göttingen, 2014), pp. 131–48.
185. Quoted in Hillgruber, ‘Die “Endlösung”’, p. 142.
186. E.g. Waitman W. Beorn, ‘A calculus of complicity: the Wehrmacht, the anti-partisan war, and the Final Solution in White Russia, 1941–42’, Central European History, 44 (2011), pp. 308–37, especially pp. 311–12 re Hitler’s instructions; and Omer Bartov, ‘The barbarisation of warfare: German officers and men on the eastern front, 1941–1945’, Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Geschichte, 13 (1984), pp. 305–39.
187. Hitler meeting with Kvaternik, 21.7.1941, SD, II, p. 557.
188. Thus Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Andrej Angrick, Jürgen Matthäus and Martin Cüppers (eds.), Die ‘Ereignismeldungen UdSSR’ 1941. Dokumente der Einsatzgruppen in der Sowjetunion (Darmstadt, 2011), p. 17 (with quotations).
189. Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (Oxford, 2010), p. 192.
190. See Norman Ohler, Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany (London, 2016), pp. 137–41 (quotation on p. 138).
191. See the summary in Gibbels, ‘Hitlers Nervenkrankheit’, p. 167.
192. Nicholas J. Cull, ‘Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War’, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 7 (1996), pp. 1–28, especially pp. 14–16.
193. David Reynolds, ‘The Atlantic “Flop”: British foreign policy and the Churchill–Roosevelt meeting of August 1941’, in Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther (eds.), The Atlantic Charter (New York, 1994), pp. 129–50.
194. Thus Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 287; these memoirs were originally written just a few years after the end of the war. See Tobias Jersak, ‘Die Interaktion von Kriegsverlauf und Judenvernichtung. Ein Blick auf Hitlers Strategie im Spätsommer 1941’, Historische Zeitschrift, 268 (1999), pp. 311–74.
195. E.g. Speech, 30.9.1942, Domarus, IV, p. 1,913; Speech, 21.3.1943, Domarus, IV, p. 2,000.
196. GT, 19.8.1941. II/1, p. 269.
197. Communiqué, 29.8.1941, Domarus, IV, pp. 1,749–50.
198. See Klaus Jochen Arnold, ‘Hitlers Wandel im August 1941: ein Kommentar zu den The
sen Tobias Jersaks’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 48 (2000), pp. 239–50.
199. GT, 18.8.1941, II/1, p. 262.
200. Historisch-Technisches Museum Peenemünde (ed.), Wunder mit Kalkül. Die Peenemünder Fernwaffenprojekte als Teil des deutschen Rüstungssystems (Berlin, 2016), p. 72.
201. Jochmann (ed.), Hitler. Monologe, 19/20.8.1941, pp. 58–9.
202. Hitler ‘Studie’, 22.8.1941, KTB, OKW, I/2, pp. 1,063–8 (quotation on p. 1,063).
203. E.g., BT, 4.9.1941, p. 268.
204. Thus BT, 15.9.1941, p. 277.
205. David Stahel, Kiev 1941: Hitler’s Battle for Supremacy in the East (Cambridge, 2013).
206. KB, 22.9.1941.
207. GT, 19.8.1941, II/1, p. 265. See also Tobias Jersak, ‘A matter of foreign policy: “final solution” and “final victory” in Nazi Germany’, German History, 21 (2003), pp. 369–91, especially pp. 378–9.
208. Thus Ralf Ogorreck, Die Einsatzgruppen und die ‘Genesis der Endlösung’ (Berlin, 1996), p. 179, drawing on the testimony of Einsatzkommandoleiter Bradfisch.
209. See Streit, ‘Ostkrieg, Antibolschewismus und “Endlösung”’, p. 248.
210. Thus Longerich, Unwritten Order, pp. 120–21.
211. Thus GT, 19.8.1941, II/1, p. 265.
212. Gerhard Bidlingmaier, Einsatz der schweren Kriegsmarineeinheiten im ozeanischen Zufuhrkrieg (Neckargemünd, 1963), p. 231.
213. LV, 27.10.1941, p. 302.
214. In remarks recorded in KB, 19.10.1941, p. 84.
215. RT, 1.10.1941, pp. 411–12 (quotation on p. 412).
216. FE, 16.9.1941, pp. 198–9. See also FE, 7.12.1941, p. 213).
217. See Thomas A. Bailey and Paul B. Ryan, Hitler vs. Roosevelt: The Undeclared Naval War (New York and London, 1979), pp. ix–x et passim.
218. Franklin D. Roosevelt, ‘Address for Navy and Total Defense Day’, 27.10.1941; John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout, Jr, ‘FDR and the “Secret Map”’, Wilson Quarterly, 9 (1985), pp. 167–73. See also Stanley E. Hilton, Hitler’s Secret War in South America 1939–1945: German Military Espionage and Allied Counterespionage in Brazil (Baton Rouge and London, 1981).
219. See Beck, Bötticher; and Pyta, ‘Weltanschauliche und strategische Schicksalsgemeinschaft’, p. 36.
220. KB, 20.10.1941, p. 109; KB, 25.10.1941, p. 105; KB, 20.9.1941, p. 30; KB, 24.10.1941, p. 99.
221. Speech, 8.11.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,777.
222. Hitler meeting with Ciano, 25.10.1941, SD, I, pp. 633–4.
223. FE, 11.9.1941, p. 197.
224. KB, 6.9.1941, p. 4.
225. See Ullrich, Hitler. Die Jahre des Unterganges, pp. 299–300.
226. His remarks are reported in RT, 14.12.1941, p. 415. See also Schmuhl, Rassenhygiene, p. 352.
227. KB, 22.10.1941, p. 92.
228. KB, 25.10.1941, p. 107.
229. Moll, ‘Der Sturz alter Kämpfer’, pp. 30–36.
230. Katja Klee, Im ‘Luftschutzkeller des Reiches’. Evakuierte in Bayern, 1939–1953. Politik, soziale Lage, Erfahrungen (Munich, 1999), p. 84.
231. Nicholas Stargardt, The German War: A Nation under Arms, 1939–1945: Citizens and Soldiers (New York, 2015), pp. 345–81.
232. Thus Nathan Stoltzfus, Hitler’s Compromises: Coercion and Consensus in Nazi Germany (New Haven and London, 2016), pp. 201–3.
233. As recorded in RT, 14.12.1941, p. 416.
234. Quoted in Stoltzfus, Hitler’s Compromises, pp. 202–3.
235. See Moll, ‘Steuerungsinstrument’, p. 237.
236. Speech, 8.11.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,772.
237. As recounted in KB, 7.11.1941, p. 123.
238. Peter Lieb, ‘Hitler’s Britain. Die Kanalinseln im Zweiten Weltkrieg’, Militärgeschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Bildung (2016), pp. 4–9 (quotation on p. 4).
239. Reuth, Entscheidung, p. 101.
240. For the issues see König, Kooperation als Machtkampf, pp. 78–9.
241. Quoted in Rahn, ‘Hitler und die Marineführung’, p. 221.
242. Christopher Browning, Die Entfesselung der ‘Endlösung’. Nationalsozialistische Judenpolitik 1939–1942 (Munich, 2003), pp. 469–70.
243. See Ben Shepherd, ‘The clean Wehrmacht, the war of extermination, and beyond’, Historical Journal, 52 (2009), pp. 455–73, especially p. 459.
244. Himmler to Greiser, 18.9.1941, in Löw (ed.), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung, vol. 3, p. 542.
245. KB, 7.10.1941, p. 64.
246. Thus Longerich, Unwritten Order, pp. 130 and 148.
247. RT, 12.9.1941, p. 408.
248. Reported in KB, 21.9.1941, p. 35.
249. Jochmann (ed.), Hitler. Monologe, 24.10.1941, p. 106.
250. Quoted in Longerich, Unwritten Order, pp. 148–9.
251. Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik (Frankfurt, 1991), pp. 25–9 et passim.
252. KB, 17.10.1941, p. 80.
253. KB, 5.10.1941, p. 56; KB, 20.9.1941, p. 28; KB, 2.10.1941, p. 48.
254. Jochmann (ed.), Hitler. Monologe, 17.10.1941, p. 91.
255. KB, 18.10.1941, p. 81; KB, 5.10.1941, pp. 53–6; RT, 14.12.1941, p. 581; KB, 17.10.1941, pp. 71–6.
256. Thus RT, 1.10.1941, pp. 411–12.
257. ‘Richtlinien für die der Ukraine gegenüber zu verfolgende Politik’, in KB, 17.10.1941, pp. 75–6.
258. Thus Patrick Bernhard, ‘Hitler’s Africa in the East: Italian colonialism as a model for German planning in eastern Europe’, Journal of Contemporary History, 51 (2016), pp. 61–90.
259. Proclamation, 1 and 2 October 1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,756. The ‘beasts’ theme formed a standard part of his rhetoric: Proclamation, 12.9.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,752; Speech, 3.10.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,765; Speech, 8.11.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,775.
260. Proclamation, 1 and 2 October 1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,756.
261. Proclamation, 1 and 2 October 1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,758.
262. David Stahel, Operation Typhoon: Hitler’s March on Moscow, October 1941 (Cambridge, 2013).
263. KB, 8.10.1941, p. 69.
264. Karl-Dietrich Abel, Presselenkung im NS-Staat. Eine Studie zur Geschichte der Publizistik in der nationalsozialistischen Zeit (Berlin, 1968), p. 19.
265. Thus Bernd Martin, Friedensinitiativen und Machtpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1942 (Düsseldorf, 1974), pp. 474–5.
266. Thus Pyta, ‘Weltanschauliche und strategische Schicksalsgemeinschaft’, p. 39.
267. KB, 17.10.1941, p. 73.
268. Speech, 8.11.1941, Domarus, IV, p. 1,775.
269. Franz W. Seidler, Fritz Todt. Baumeister des Dritten Reiches (Frankfurt and Berlin, 1988), p. 356.
270. He hardly mentioned Army Group Centre in a lengthy ‘Führerbesprechung’ on 6 December 1941: see HT, 6.12.1941, III, pp. 339–42.
271. Quoted in Pyta, Hitler, p. 361.
272. Thus ET, 16.11.1941, p. 114 (with quotation).
273. HT, 19.11.1941, III, p. 295.
274. Scavenius meeting, 27.11.1941, SD, I, p. 657.
275. Thus Christian Hartmann, Halder. Generalstabschef Hitlers 1938–1942 (Paderborn, 1991), p. 297.
276. ‘Notizen aus der Führerbesprechung vom 6. Dezember 1941’, HT, III, p. 330.
277. Quoted in Enrico Syring, ‘Hitlers Kriegserklärung an Amerika vom 11. Dezember 1941’, in Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz (Munich and Zurich, 1989), pp. 683–96, here p. 688.
278. FE, 3.12.1941, pp. 210–12.
279. See David Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2014), pp. 42–3.
280. Richard J. Evans, ‘The German Foreign Office and the Nazi past’, Neue Politische Literatur, 56 (2011), pp. 165–83.
281. Pyta, ‘Weltanschauliche und strategische Schicksalsgemeinschaft’, p. 42.
282. Thus Eberhard Jäckel, ‘Die deutsche Kriegserklärung an die Vereinigten Staaten von 1941’, in Friedrich J. Kroneck and Wilhelm G. Grewe (eds.), Im Dienste Deutschlands und
des Rechtes (Baden-Baden, 1981), pp. 117–37 (quotations pp. 131–2).
283. Evan Mawdsley, December 1941: Twelve Days that Began a World War (New Haven and London, 2011).
284. See Gerhard Krebs, ‘Deutschland und Pearl Harbor’, Historische Zeitschrift, 253, 1 (1991), pp. 313–69. See also Puttkamer, Die unheimliche See, p. 5
285. Meissner, Staatssekretär, p. 576.
286. Directive 39, 8.12.1941, HW, pp. 171–4.
287. ‘Notizen aus der Führerbesprechung vom 6. Dezember 1941’, HT, III, p. 330.
288. Speech, 11.12.1941, Domarus, IV, pp. 1,794–811. See also Syring, ‘Hitlers Kriegserklärung’.
289. Gerhard L. Weinberg, ‘Pearl Harbor: the German perspective’, in Weinberg, Germany, Hitler, and World War II, pp. 194–204, especially p. 195.
290. Moll, ‘Steuerungsinstrument’, pp. 238–43.
291. GT, 13.12.1941, II/2, p. 498.
292. Alfred Rosenberg, ‘Vermerk über Unterredung beim Führer am 14.12.1941’, in RT, p. 579.
293. By contrast, Jews fighting in the Allied armies–including those from Palestine–were treated more or less as normal combatants, whether at Hitler’s request or by default is not clear. Thus Yoav Gelber, ‘Palestinian POWs in German captivity’, Yad Vashem Studies, 14 (1981), pp. 89–137.
294. See the contrasting views of Christian Gerlach, ‘The Wannsee Conference, the fate of German Jews, and Hitler’s decision in principle to exterminate all European Jews’, Journal of Modern History, 70 (1998), pp. 759–812; and Hermann Graml, ‘Ist Hitlers “Anweisung” zur Ausrottung der europäischen Judenheit endlich gefunden?’, Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung, 7 (1998), pp. 352–62.
295. See RT, 14.12.1941, p. 416.
296. Hitler meeting with Oshima, 13.12.1941, SD, I, pp. 682–8.
297. Thus Klaus Schmider, ‘Hitler, Roosevelt and the Road to Pearl Harbor’ (unpublished MS). I thank Dr Schmider for letting me have sight of this extremely important draft.
298. BT, 16.12.1941, pp. 351–4 (quotations on p. 353).
299. BT, 17.12 and 18.12.1941, pp. 354–5.
300. Thus GT, 13.12.1941, II/2, p. 494.
301. Thus the eyewitness Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, p. 297.
302. Quoted in Werner Rahn, ‘Seestrategisches Denken in der deutschen Marine 1914–1945’, in Hansen, Schreiber and Wegner (eds.), Politischer Wandel, p. 157.
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