62Cf. C. Subramaniam, Hand of Destiny: Memoirs, vol. 2: The Green Revolution (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1995), chapter 11 and passim.
63Mrs Gandhi’s US trip is described in K. A. Abbas, Indira Gandhi: Return of the Red Rose (Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, 1966), pp. 147–57.
64Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941–1969 (New Delhi: B. I. Publications, 1972), pp. 525–35. Cf. also Howard B. Schaffer, Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall India, 1994), pp. 280ff.
65Anon., ‘India’s Food Crisis, 1965–67’, in File 7, Box 32, Thomas J. Schonberg Files, Dean Rusk Papers, University of Georgia, Athens.
66Memorandum to President Johnson from Orville Freeman, 19 July 1966, in File 6, Box 32, Thomas J. Schonberg Files, Dean Rusk Papers, University of Georgia, Athens.
67This account of the 1966 devaluation is based on Rahul Mukherji, ‘India’s Aborted Liberalization – 1966’, Pacific Affairs, vol. 73, no. 3, 2000, supplemented by Kuldeep Nayar, Between the Lines (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1969), chapter 3.
68Indira Gandhi to Jayaprakash Narayan, 7 June 1966, copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
69Thought, 11 June 1966.
70Jayaprakash Narayan to Indira Gandhi, 23 June 1966, Sarvodaya Ashram, Sokhodeora (Gaya), copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
71Indira Gandhi to Jayaprakash Narayan, 6 July 1966, copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
72Thought, 15 October 1966.
73Hindustan Times, 31 October–5 November 1966.
74Reports in Hindustan Times, 5 and 6 November 1966.
75Hindustan Times, 7 November 1966; Thought, 12 November 1966.
76‘Indians Becoming Increasingly Hostile to West’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 December 1965.
77Ronald Segal, The Crisis of India (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), pp. 171, 227, 255–7, 272, 309–10.
78Ursula Betts to Ian Bowman, 25 May 1966, Mss Eur F229/24, OIOC.
79Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968), Preface.
80William and Paul Paddock, Famine – 1975! America’s Decision: Who Will Survive? (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1968), pp. 60–1, 217–18.
81S. Mulgaokar, ‘The Grimmest Situation in 19 Years’, Hindustan Times, 3 November 1966.
19. LEFTWARD TURNS
1Sol W. Sanders, ‘India: A Huge Country on the Verge of Collapse’, U.S. News and World Report, 28 November 1966.
2Neville Maxwell, ‘India’s Disintegrating Democracy’, in three parts, The Times, 26 and 27 January and 10 February 1967 (emphases added).
3Cf. Yogesh Atal, Local Communities and National Politics (Delhi: National, 1971); A. M. Shah, ed., The Grassroots of Democracy (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007).
4E. P. W. da Costa, The Indian General Elections 1967: The Structure of Indian Voting Intentions: January 1967. A Gallup Poll with Analysis (New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Opinion).
5Thought, 4 March 1967.
6These paragraphs on MGR and the DMK are based on Robert L. Hardgrave and Anthony C. Neidhart, ‘Films and Political Consciousness in Tamil Nadu’, Economic and Political Weekly, 11 January 1975; N. Balakrishnan, ‘The History of the Dravidian Munnetra Kazhagam, 1949–1977’, unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, 1985, esp. pp. 278–86.
7Narendra Subramanian, Ethnicity and Populist Mobilization: Political Parties, Citizens and Democracy in South India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 204–10; Sagar Ahluwalia, Anna – the Tempest and the Sea (New Delhi: Young Asia Publications, 1969), pp. 51–7, 82–4.
8Jyoti Basu, Memoirs: A Political Autobiography (Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1999), pp. 195–209.
9Bhabani Sengupta, Communism in Indian Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).
10Marcus F. Franda, Radical Politics in West Bengal (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), chapter 6.
11Cf. Rabindra Ray, The Naxalites and their Ideology (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992).
12Mainstream, 8 July 1967, quoted in Franda, Radical Politics, p. 171.
13Shanta Sinha, Maoists in Andhra Pradesh (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1989), chapters 4–7; Sumanta Banerjee, In the Wake of Naxalbari: A History of the Naxalite Movement in India (Calcutta: Subarnarekha, 1980), chapter 5.
14See clippings and papers in Subject File 3, Dharma Vira Papers, NMML.
15Sankar Ghosh, The Disinherited State: A Study of West Bengal, 1967–70 (Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1971), chapter 3.
16Cf. clippings in Mss Eur F158/456, OIOC.
17Ghosh, The Disinherited State, pp. 248ff.
18See Subject File 99, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
19See IB report in Subject File 212, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
20See Ranjit Gupta, The Crimson Agenda: Maoist Protest and Terror (Delhi: Wordsmiths, 2004), pp. 105, 110–11, 157–9 etc.
21Inder Malhotra, ‘Naxalites Put City in Fear of Bombs’, Guardian, 19 August 1970.
22For the (very long) list of charges, see S. N. Dwivedy, The Orissa Affair and the CBI Inquiry (New Delhi: privately published, 1965).
23Sunit Ghosh, Orissa in Turmoil (Bhubaneshwar: Bookland International, 1991), pp. 149–57; Sukadev Nanda, Coalition Politics in Orissa (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1979), pp. 70–7.
24Special Branch report marked ‘Top Secret’, 26 February 1967, Subject File 25, D. P. Mishra Papers, Second Instalment, NMML.
25Mishra to Kamaraj, 21 June 1967, ibid.
26See R. C. V. P. Noronha, A Tale Told by an Idiot (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976), chapter 8.
27Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Telengana: Language is not Enough’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 3 August 1969.
28S. K. Chaube, Hill Politics in North-East India (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1973), chapters 7 and 8.
29See letters and notes in Subject File 142, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
30Dipankar Gupta, Nativism in a Metropolis: The Shiv Sena in Bombay (Delhi: Manohar, 1982), pp. 39–40, 82–3 etc.; Vaibhav Purandare, The Sena Story (Mumbai: Business Publications, 1999), pp. 22–4, 42–4 etc.
31Thought, 11 February 1967.
32See notes in Subject File 128, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
33Thought, 16 March, 6 July and 19 October 1968; Daily Telegraph, 27 June 1968.
34See news clippings in Mss Eur F158/239, OIOC.
35See letters and papers in File 61, Alexander Papers, Friends House, Euston.
36Thought, 7 June 1968.
37A. G. Noorani, ‘How Does a Riot Begin and Spread?’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 9 November 1969; N. C. Saxena, ‘The Nature and Origins of Communal Riots in India’, in Asghar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India, 2nd edn (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1991); K. D. Malaviya to Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, 30 March 1967, in Subject File 128, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
38Ghanshyam Shah, ‘The 1969 Communal Riots in Ahmedabad: A Case Study’, in Engineer, Communal Riots; untitled report on the Ahmedabad riots by a group of Congress MPs, 7 October 1969, in Subject File 142, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
39Khushwant Singh, ‘Learning Geography through Murder’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 31 May 1970.
40Editorial in Thought, 2 March 1968; cf. also S. E. Hassnain, Indian Muslims: Challenge and Opportunity (Bombay: Lalwani Publishing House, 1968).
41This sketch is based on Bidyut Sarkar, ed., P.N. Haksar: Our Times and the Man (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1989), a conversation with Professor André Béteille, Delhi, February 2005 and the material in the P. N. Haksar Papers, NMML.
42Katherine Frank, Indira: A Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (London: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 314.
43Note dated 21 January 1968, in Subject File 198, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
44Speech by S. S. Dhawan, London, March 1969, copy in Subject File 197, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Inst
alment, NMML.
45Inder Malhotra, Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1989), pp. 108f.
46The Years of Challenge: Selected Speeches of Indira Gandhi, January 1966–August 1969, 2nd edn (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1985), pp. 25–8, 34–9, 172–4, 268–9.
47Thought, 8 and 29 March 1969.
48Uma Vasudev, Indira Gandhi: Revolution in Restraint (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), p. 502.
49Malhotra, Indira Gandhi, p. 116.
50Thought, 23 December 1967; Morarji Desai, The Story of My Life, vol. 2 (Delhi: Macmillan India, 1974), pp. 243f.
51The speech is reproduced in A. Moin Zaidi, The Great Upheaval, 1969–1972 (New Delhi: Orientalia India, 1972), pp. 103–6.
52Thought, 19 July and 16 August 1969.
53For details see Subject File 153, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
54Trevor Drieberg, Indira Gandhi: Profile in Courage (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1972), chapter 7.
55S. Nijalingappa to Indira Gandhi, 11 November 1969, in Zaidi, The Great Upheaval, p. 231.
56Sukumar Muralidharan and Ravi Sharma, ‘A Congressman from Another Age: S. Nijalingappa, 1902–2000’, Frontline, 1 September 2000.
57Cf. drafts of speeches in Subject File 143, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
58N(ikhil) C(hakravartty), ‘Syndicate at Waterloo’, Mainstream, 16 August 1969.
59Nayantara Sahgal, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982), p. 53.
60Note by P. N. Haksar dated 16 September 1967, Subject File 118, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
61Subject File 121, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML; Rajinder Puri, India 1969: A Crisis of Conscience (Delhi: privately published, 1971), pp. 67–73.
62See letters in Subject File 145, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
63This account of the Parliamentary and judicial interventions in the privy purse controversy is based on D. R. Mankekar, Accession to Extinction: The Story of Indian Princes (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), chapters 18 to 20.
64For details see M. S. Randhawa, A History of Agriculture in India, vol. 4: 1947–1981 (New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1986), chapters 30 to 32.
65Don Taylor, ‘This New, Surprising Strength of Mrs Gandhi’, Evening Standard, 21 August 1969.
66New York Times, 26 January 1970.
67‘Is India Cracking up?’, editorial in Thought, 4 January 1967.
68‘The Meaning of Naxalbari’, Thought, 17 June 1967.
69Kathleen Gough, ‘The Indian Revolutionary Potential’, Monthly Review, February 1969 (based on an essay originally published in Pacific Affairs, winter issue, 1968–9).
70Lasse and Lisa Berg, Face to Face: Fascism and Revolution in India, trans. Norman Kurtin (Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971), pp. 23–4, 28, 31, 56, 125, 162, 209–10.
20. THE ELIXIR OF VICTORY
1Thought, 22 November 1969.
2See Election Manifestos 1971 (Bombay: Awake India Publications, 1971).
3Rajaji to Minoo Masani, 2 January 1971, in Subject File 142, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fourth Instalment, NMML.
4Indira Gandhi to Dorothy Norman, 23 April 1971, in D. Norman, ed., Indira Gandhi: Letters to an American Friend, 1950–1984 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), p. 132.
5Thought, 20 May 1972.
6‘A Special Correspondent’, ‘The Making of Fifth Lok Sabha’, Thought, 20 March 1971.
7Khushwant Singh, ‘Indira Gandhi’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 14 March 1971.
8See D. R. Mankekar, Accession to Extinction: The Story of Indian Princes (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), chapter 21.
9D. N. Dhanagare, ‘Urban–Rural Differences in Election Violence’, in S. P. Varma and Iqbal Narain, eds, Fourth General Elections in India, vol. 2 (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1970).
10This section is based on Election Commission of India, Report on the Fifth General Elections in India, 1971–72 (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1973), passim. The CEC was named S. P. Sen Varma; his report – the mystical preface apart – was clearly modelled on the first such, written by his great predecessor Sukumar Sen.
11This and the following paragraphs are principally based on Herbert Feldman, The End and the Beginning: Pakistan 1969–1971 (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), chapters 7 to 9. Cf. also D. R. Mankekar, Pak Colonialism in East Bengal (Bombay: Somaiyya Publications, 1971).
12Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi, quoted in Muntassir Mamoon, The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh (Dhaka: Somoy Prakashan, 2000), p. 159.
13R. K. Dasgupta, Revolt in East Bengal (Calcutta: G. C. Ray, 1971), pp. 4, 7, 9, 21, 24–5, 29, 39, 52, 61 etc. For the colonial treatment of East Pakistan by the West Punjabi elite, see also Anthony Mascarenhas, The Rape of Bangla Desh (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1971).
14Cf. reports by eyewitnesses collected in Anon., Bangla Desh Documents (Madras: The BNK Press, 1972), chapter 6.
15Jyoti Sen Gupta, History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973 (Calcutta: Naya Prokash, 1974), pp. 314–16, 325–6. The major who made the announcement was Zia-ur-Rahman, later president of Bangladesh.
16State Department telegram dated 2 July 1971, reproduced in Roedad Khan, comp., The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India–Pakistan–Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 613–15.
17Maj. Gen. Hakeem Arshad Qureshi, The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier’s Narrative (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 60, 71. The sentences quoted could as easily have been penned by an Indian army commander writing about Nagaland in 1957.
18Werner Adam, ‘Pakistan’s Open Wounds’, Washington Post, 6 June 1971; report in the New York Times, 25 June 1971; World Bank team report in Subject File 171, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
19Anon., Bangla Desh Documents, chapter 7.
20K. C. Saha, ‘The Genocide of 1971 and the Refugee Influx in the East’, in Ranabir Samaddar, ed., Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947–2000 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003).
21Iqbal Akhund, Memoirs of a Bystander: A Life in Diplomacy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 201.
2225-page secret report entitled ‘Threat of a Military Attack or Infiltration Campaign by Pakistan’, RAW, January 1971, copy in Subject File 220, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
23Dhar to Haksar, 18 April 1971, ibid.
24Cf. reports in Subject File 169, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
25The letter is reprinted in F. S. Aijazuddin, ed., The White House and Pakistan: Secret Declassified Documents, 1969–1974 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 129–30.
26‘Record of PM’s Conversation with Dr Kissinger’, 7 July 1971, in Subject File 225, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
27Indira Gandhi to Richard Nixon, 7 August 1971, copy in Subject File 220, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
28See the documents in Louis Smith, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 11: South Asia Crisis, 1971 (Washington, DC: Department of State, 2005), pp. 28, 35, 164, 167, 288–9, 303, 316, 324, 557 etc.; and the documents in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 242–6, 258–62.
29For the broader context of India’s changing relations with the superpowers in the early seventies, see T. V. Kunhi Krishnan, The Unfriendly Friends: India and America (New Delhi: Indian Book Co., 1974); Shashi Tharoor, Reasons of State: Political Development and India’s Foreign Policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977 (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982); and Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
30This paragraph is based on letters and papers in Subject Files 163, 225 and 229, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
31Top Secret Note of 5 June 1971 in Subject File 89, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third
Instalment, NMML.
32‘Record of conversations between Foreign Minister and Mr A. A. Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs, USSR, on 7th June 1971’, in Subject File 203, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
33The text of the treaty is reproduced in A. Appadorai, ed., Select Documents on India’s Foreign Policy and Relations, 1947–1972, vol. 2 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 136–40.
34Indira Gandhi, India: The Speeches and Reminiscences of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975), pp. 162–4.
35See Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 313, 336–9.
36Robert Jackson, South Asian Crisis: India–Pakistan–Bangla Desh (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975), p. 102.
37Letter of 23 November, in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 364–5.
38Jackson, South Asian Crisis, pp. 106–7; Brian Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (Karachi: Oxford University Press), pp. 148–9.
39B. G. Verghese, An End to Confrontation: Restructuring the Sub-Continent (New Delhi: 1972), pp. 35–50.
40Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army, p. 222.
41Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi, The Betrayal of East Pakistan (Delhi: Manohar, 1998), p. 132.
42Ibid., p. 114.
43D. R. Mankekar, Pakistan Cut to Size (New Delhi: Indian Book Co., 1972), pp. 54–63.
44Jackson, South Asian Crisis, pp. 137–8.
45Telegram quoted in Niazi, Betrayal, p. 180.
46See Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 447, 449–50.
47Niazi, Betrayal, pp. 187ff.
48Lok Sabha Debates, 16 December 1971.
49Living not far from the border then, I heard Yahya’s speech as it was delivered – he had (as Pakistani accounts also suggest) consumed a goodly amount of whisky before taking up the microphone.
50Air Chief Marshal P. C. Lal, My Years with the IAF (New Delhi: Lancer International, 1986), p. 321.
51Smith, Foreign Relations, pp. 439, 499, 594, 612, 674 etc. Cf. also the letters exchanged between Mrs Gandhi and Nixon after the end of the war, reproduced in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 476–80.
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