The Future Is Asian

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The Future Is Asian Page 44

by Parag Khanna


  Asia and, 321–25

  infrastructure and, 322

  US and, 321

  government:

  effectiveness of, 303

  trust in, 291, 310

  violence against minorities by, 308–9

  Government Accountability Office (GAO), 293

  GrabShare, 174–75

  grain imports, Asian, 90

  Grand Canal, China, 37, 42

  Grand Trunk Road, 33

  Great Britain:

  Asian investments in, 247

  Brexit vote in, 283–84, 286, 293–94

  civil service in, 293–94

  colonial empire of, 46–47

  industrialization in, 46

  Iran and, 252

  populism in, 283–84

  South Asian immigrants in, 253, 254

  West Asian mandates of, 49–50

  Great Game, 47

  Great Leap Forward, 55

  Great Wall of China, 31

  Greece, 60, 91, 248

  Greeks, ancient, 29, 34

  greenhouse gas emissions, 176–77, 182

  gross domestic product (GDP), 2, 4, 150

  Grupo Bimbo, 272

  Guam, 50, 136

  Guangdong, 42, 98

  Guangzhou (Canton), 37, 48, 68

  Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 58, 101, 102

  Gulf states (Khaleej), 6, 9, 57, 62, 81

  alternative energy projects in, 251

  Asianization of, 100–106

  China and, 101, 102

  European investment in, 251

  India and, 102

  Israel and, 99–100, 105

  Japan and, 102

  oil and gas exports of, 62, 74, 100–101, 176

  South Asian migrants in, 334

  Southeast Asia’s trade with, 102

  South Korea and, 102

  technocracy in, 311–12

  US arms sales to, 101

  women in, 315

  see also specific countries

  Gulliver, Stuart, 148, 150

  Gupta Empire, 35

  H-1B visas, 219

  Hamas, 59, 100, 139

  Hamid, Mohsin, 184

  Han Dynasty, 32, 33, 34, 300

  Hanoi, 180

  Han people, 31–32, 37, 69

  Harappa, 29

  Hardy, Alfredo Toro, 275

  Hariri, Saad, 95

  Harun al-Rashid, Caliph, 37

  Harvard University, 230

  Haushofer, Karl, 1

  health care, 201–2

  Helmand River, 107

  Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, 75

  Herodotus, 30

  heroin, 106–7

  Hezbollah, 58, 95, 96, 106

  Hindus, Hinduism, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 70–71

  in Southeast Asia, 121

  in US, 220, 221

  Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 51

  Hispanic Americans, 217

  history, Asian view of, 75

  history textbooks:

  Asia nationalism in, 27–28

  global processes downplayed in, 28

  Western focus of, 27–28, 67–68

  Hitler, Adolf, 50

  Ho, Peter, 289

  Ho Chi Minh, 52

  Ho Chi Minh City, 56

  Honda, 275

  Hong Kong, 56, 74

  American expats in, 234

  art scene in, 342

  British handover of, 60, 141

  civil society in, 313

  Hongwu, Ming emperor, 42

  honor killings, 315

  Hormuz, Strait of, 103, 106

  hospitality industry, 190, 214

  Houthis, 106, 107

  Huan, Han emperor, 33–34

  Hulagu Khan, 40

  Human Rights Watch, 313

  human trafficking, 318

  Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 37

  Hungary, 40, 248, 256

  Huns, 35, 76

  hunter-gatherers, 28

  Huntington, Samuel, 15

  Hu Shih, 332

  Hussein, Saddam, 58, 62, 101

  Hyundai, 104

  IBM, 212

  I Ching, 30

  Inclusive Development Index (IDI), 150

  income inequality:

  in Asia, 183–84

  in US, 228, 285

  India, 101, 104

  Afghanistan and, 118

  Africa and, 264–66

  AI research in, 200

  alternative energy programs in, 178–79, 322

  Asian investments of, 118

  Australia and, 128

  British Raj in, 46, 49

  charitable giving in, 316–17

  China and, 19–20, 113, 117–18, 155, 156, 332

  civil society in, 313

  in Cold War era, 52, 55, 56

  corporate debt in, 170

  corruption in, 161, 305

  demonetization in, 184, 186–87

  diaspora of, 333–34

  early history of, 29, 30–31

  economic growth of, 9, 17, 148, 185–86

  elections in, 63

  European trade partnerships with, 250–51

  expansionist period in, 38, 41–42

  failure of democracy in, 302

  family-owned businesses in, 160

  film industry in, 349–51

  financial markets in, 186

  foreign investment in, 192

  gender imbalance in, 315

  global governance in, 322–23

  global image of, 331–32

  Gulf states and, 102

  inclusive policies in, 304

  infrastructure investment in, 63, 110, 185

  Iran and, 116, 118

  Israel and, 98–99

  IT industry in, 204, 275

  Japan and, 134, 156

  Latin America and, 275

  manufacturing in, 192

  as market for Western products and services, 207

  naval forces of, 105

  Northeast Asia and, 154–55

  oil and gas imports of, 96, 107–8, 176

  Pakistan and, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18

  partitioning of, 52–53

  pharmaceutical industry in, 228, 275

  population of, 15, 186

  in post–Cold War era, 61, 62

  privatization in, 170

  returnees in, 226

  Russia and, 86–87

  service industry in, 192

  Southeast Asia and, 154–55

  special economic zones in, 185

  spiritual heritage of, 332

  technocracy in, 304–6

  technological innovation in, 186–87

  territorial claims of, 11

  top-down economic reform in, 305

  traditional medicine of, 355

  West Asia and, 155

  Indian Americans, 217, 218, 219–20, 222

  Indian Institutes of Technology (ITT), 205

  Indian Ocean, 38, 47, 74, 105, 261, 262, 266

  European voyages to, 44

  Indians, in Latin America, 276

  IndiaStack, 187

  Indochina, 45, 50, 52

  see also Southeast Asia

  Indo-Islamic culture, 38

  Indonesia, 53, 61, 121, 125, 182

  art scene in, 342

  in Cold War era, 54

  economic growth of, 17, 148

  eco-tourism in, 340

  failure of democracy in, 302

  foreign investment in, 187

  illiberal policies of, 306

  inclusive policies of, 304

  Muslims in, 71

  technocracy in, 304–5

  Indus River, 32, 113

  Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 92, 159

  industrialization, spread of, 22

  Industrial Revolution, 2, 46, 68

  Indus Valley, 29

  infrastructure investment, in Asia, 6, 62, 63, 85, 88, 93, 96, 104, 108, 109, 110–11, 185, 190, 191, 243–44

  see also; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank;
Belt and Road Initiative

  Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), 257, 286–87

  insurance industry, 210

  intermarriage, 336, 337–38

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 162, 163, 166, 323

  International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), 116

  International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 100

  International Systems in World History (Buzan), 7

  Internet of Things (IoT), 134, 136, 197

  Interpol, 324

  Iran, 11, 15, 62, 92, 95, 98, 101, 140

  China and, 101, 106–7, 116

  in Cold War era, 54

  European trade with, 251–52

  growing opposition to theocracy in, 312

  India and, 116, 118

  Islamic revolution in, 57

  Israel and, 99, 100

  nuclear program of, 62

  oil and gas exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176

  in post–Cold War era, 58–59

  privatization in, 170

  re-Asianization of, 81, 106

  Russia and, 87

  Saudi Arabia and, 95–96, 100, 105–6

  Syria and, 106

  tourism in, 252

  Turkey and, 94

  US sanctions on, 87, 107, 241, 251, 252

  women in, 315

  Yemen and, 107

  Iran-Iraq War, 58, 106

  Iraq, 9, 11, 16, 49

  Kuwait invaded by, 59

  oil exports of, 55, 96

  Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 312

  Iraq Reconstruction Conference (2018), 96

  Iraq War, 3, 62, 91, 217, 240

  Isfahan, 41

  Islam, 40, 316

  politics and, 71–72

  spread of, 36, 38–39, 43, 69–72, 74

  Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 95, 312

  Sunni-Shi’a division in, 36

  see also Muslims; specific countries

  Islamic radicalism, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 115, 117, 139

  see also terrorism

  Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 63, 71, 94, 96, 117

  Israel, 11, 54, 96

  arms sales of, 98

  China and, 98–99

  desalinzation technology of, 181

  EU and, 97

  Gulf states and, 99–100, 105

  India and, 98–99

  Iran and, 99, 100

  Russia and, 88

  see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Palestinian-Israeli conflict

  Japan, 14, 16, 63, 68, 69, 73

  Africa and, 265

  Allied occupation in, 51

  alternative energy technologies in, 322

  Asian investments of, 118, 156

  Asianization of, 81

  Asian migrants in, 336–37

  Asian trade with, 273

  capitalism in, 159

  cashless economy in, 189

  China and, 19–20, 77, 134, 136–37, 140–42

  in Cold War era, 5, 55

  corporate culture of, 132

  early history of, 29, 31, 34–35

  economic growth of, 55, 132, 148, 158, 163

  economic problems of, 132, 134–35

  in era of European imperialism, 47–48

  EU trade agreement with, 133

  expansionist period in, 38, 42, 44

  foreign investment in, 135

  in global economy, 133–37

  global governance and, 322–23

  global image of, 331

  Gulf states and, 102

  immigration in, 135–36

  India and, 134, 156

  infrastructure investment in, 110

  Latin America and, 275

  precision industries in, 134, 135–36

  robotic technology in, 134

  Russia and, 82, 86–87

  Southeast Asia and, 133, 153–54, 156

  South Korea and, 141–42

  technological innovation in, 134, 196, 197

  territorial claims of, 11

  tourism in, 135

  US and, 136

  in World War I, 49

  in World War II, 50–51

  Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 265

  Japan-Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement, 273

  Java, 35, 38, 39, 45

  Javid, Sajid, 254

  Jericho, 28

  Jerusalem, 54, 98

  Jesus Christ, 35

  jihad, 38

  Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 52

  Jobs, Steve, 331

  Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 305, 306, 320

  Jollibee, 172

  Jordan, 54, 62, 97, 99

  Syrian refugees in, 63

  Journal of Asian Studies, 352

  Journey to the West, 353

  Judaism, 36

  Kagame, Paul, 268

  Kanishka, Kush emperor, 35

  Kapur, Devesh, 218

  Karachi, 113

  Karakoram Highway, 113

  Kashmir, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18, 119

  Kazakhstan, 59, 140, 207

  China and, 20, 108

  economic diversification in, 190

  energy investment in, 112

  as hub of new Silk Road, 111–12

  Kenya, 262, 263

  Kerouac, Jack, 331

  Khaleej, see Gulf states

  Khmer Empire, 70

  Khmer people, 34, 38, 239

  Khmer Rouge, 56

  Khomeini, Ayatollah, 57, 59

  Khorgas, 108

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 56

  Khwarizmi, Muhammad al-, 37

  Kiev, 40

  Kim Il Sung, 55

  Kim Jong-un, 142

  Kish, 28

  Kissinger, Henry, 357

  Koran, 316

  Korea, 11, 31, 51, 68, 69

  early history of, 34

  expansionist period in, 38

  Japanese annexation of, 48

  reunification of, 142–43

  see also North Korea; South Korea

  Korea Investment Corporation, 164

  Korean Americans, 217

  Korean War, 51

  Kosygin, Alexei, 56

  K-pop, 343

  Kuala Lampur, 121, 246

  Kublai Khan, 40

  Kurds, Kurdistan, 87, 94, 99, 256

  Kushan Empire, 32, 35

  Kuwait, 101

  Iraqi invasion of, 59

  Kyrgyzstan, 59, 108, 182

  language, Asian links in, 68–69

  Laos, 45, 52, 60, 122, 154

  Latin America:

  Asian immigrants in, 275–76

  Asian investment in, 273–75, 276–77

  Indian cultural exports to, 350

  trade partnerships in, 272–73, 274, 275

  US and, 271–72

  Lebanon, 49, 54, 58, 95, 106

  Syrian refugees in, 63

  Lee, Ang, 347

  Lee, Calvin Cheng Ern, 131

  Lee Hsien Loong, 296–97

  Lee Kuan Yew, 56, 127, 268, 288, 289, 292–93, 299, 305

  voluntary retirement of, 296

  Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, 22, 299

  Lenin, Vladimir, 49, 89

  Levant (Mashriq), 81, 95, 97

  LG, 275

  Li & Fung, 184–85

  Liang Qichao, 48–49

  Liberalism Discovered (Chua), 297

  Lien, Laurence, 317

  life expectancies, 201

  literature, Asian, global acclaim for, 353–54

  Liu, Jean, 175

  Liu Xiaobo, 249

  logistics industry, 243

  Ma, Jack, 85–86, 160, 189

  Macao (Macau), 44

  MacArthur, Douglas, 51

  McCain, John, 285

  McKinsey & Company, 160, 213

  Macquarie Group, 131

  Maddison, Angus, 2

  Made in Africa Initiative, 262

  Magadha Kingdom, 31

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 43

  Mahabharata, 35


  Mahbubani, Kishore, 3

  Mahmud of Ghazni, Abbasid sultan, 38

  Malacca, 38, 43, 44, 124

  Malacca, Strait of, 37, 39, 102, 103, 118, 125

  Malaya, 46, 50

  Malay Peninsula, 39, 53

  Malaysia, 53, 61, 188

  Asian foreign labor in, 335

  China and, 123, 124

  in Cold War era, 54

  economic diversification in, 190

  economic growth of, 17

  technocracy in, 308

  Maldives, 105

  Malesky, Edmund, 308

  Manchuria, 38, 48, 50, 51

  Mandarin language, 229–30, 257

  Manila, 121, 245

  Spanish colonization of, 44

  Mansur, al-, Caliph, 37

  manufacturing, in Asia, 192

  Mao Zedong, 51–52, 55, 56, 261, 300, 301

  Marawi, 71

  Marcos, Ferdinand, 53–54, 61

  martial arts, mixed (MMA), 340–41

  Mashriq (Levant), 81, 95, 97

  Mauritius, 268

  Mauryan Empire, 32–33, 68

  May, Theresa, 293

  Mecca, 57

  media, in Asia, 314

  median ages, in Asia, 148, 149, 155

  Median people, 29

  Mediterranean region, 1, 6, 29, 30, 33, 68, 84, 92, 95, 99, 106

  see also Mashriq

  Mehta, Zubin, 332

  Mekong River, 122

  Menander, Indo-Greek king, 33

  mergers and acquisitions, 212–13

  meritocracy, 294, 301

  Merkel, Angela, 242, 254

  Mesopotamia, 28

  Mexico, 7

  Asian economic ties to, 272, 273, 274, 277

  Microsoft, 208

  middle class, Asian, growth of, 3, 4

  Mihov, Ilian, 309

  mindfulness, 332

  Ming Dynasty, 42–43, 44, 69, 73, 75, 76, 105, 137, 262

  mobile phones, 157, 183–84, 187, 188, 189, 193, 199, 208–9, 211

  Modi, Narendra, 63, 98, 117, 119, 154–55, 161, 180, 185, 222, 265, 305, 306, 307, 320

  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 54

  Mohammed bin Salman, crown prince of Saudi Arabia, 72, 247, 310, 312, 315

  Mohenjo-Daro, 29

  Moluku, 45

  MoneyGram, 196

  Mongolia, 92, 111–12

  alternative energy programs in, 112, 182

  technocracy in, 307

  Mongols, Mongol Empire, 39–40, 42, 44, 68, 69, 73, 76, 77, 239

  religious and cultural inclusiveness of, 40, 70–71

  Monroe Doctrine, 271

  Moon Jae-in, 142

  Moscow, 81, 82

  Mossadegh, Mohammad, 54

  MSCI World Index, 166, 168

  Mubadala Investment Company, 88, 103, 104

  Mughal Empire, 41–42, 46

  religious tolerance in, 70–71

  Muhammad, Prophet, 36

  Mumbai, 185–86

  Munich Security Conference, 241

  Murakami, Haruki, 354

  Murasaki Shikibu, 353

  music scene, in Asia, 343

  Muslim Brotherhood, 59

  Muslims, 70–72

  in Southeast Asia, 38–39, 43, 70–71, 121

  in US, 220

  see also Islam; specific countries

  Myanmar, 60, 63, 161

  Asian investment in, 118–19

  charitable giving in, 316

 

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