by Nada Bakos
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by Winthrop LLC
Cover design by HSU & Associates
Cover art by Kelly Gorham / Montana State University; arches by Nada Bakos
Cover copyright © 2019 by Hachette Book Group, Inc.
Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your support of the author’s rights.
Little, Brown and Company
Hachette Book Group
1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104
littlebrown.com
twitter.com/littlebrown
facebook.com/littlebrownandcompany
First ebook edition: June 2019
Little, Brown and Company is a division of Hachette Book Group, Inc. The Little, Brown name and logo are trademarks of Hachette Book Group, Inc.
This does not constitute an official release of CIA information. All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official positions or views of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or any other U.S. Government agency. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying U.S. Government authentication of information or CIA endorsement of the author’s views. This material has been reviewed solely for classification.
The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher.
The Hachette Speakers Bureau provides a wide range of authors for speaking events. To find out more, go to hachettespeakersbureau.com or call (866) 376-6591.
ISBN 978-0-316-26045-9
E3-20190427-JV-NF-ORI
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Introduction
Chapter 1: Murder Boards
Chapter 2: The Farm
Chapter 3: Career Analyst Program X
Chapter 4: No Room for Ambiguity
Chapter 5: Looking for Unicorns
Chapter 6: Long Guns to Be Placed Here
Chapter 7: Strategy, What Strategy?
Chapter 8: Special Friends
Chapter 9: The Real CIA Must Be in the Basement—We’re Just the Cover
Chapter 10: It’s All Sunshine and Rainbows Until…
Chapter 11: We Asked Him Nicely
Chapter 12: A Bucket of Turtles
Chapter 13: Shift in Momentum
Chapter 14: Perpetual End of the Road
Epilogue
Acknowledgments
Discover More
About the Author
Notes
To E, H, and R My love and gratitude for your support
Explore book giveaways, sneak peeks, deals, and more.
Tap here to learn more.
Introduction
On a moonless night in May of 2011, an elite team of Navy SEALs blew the doors off their hinges at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. They stormed up the darkened stairway to the third floor, and there, in a spartan bedroom, they shot Usama bin Ladin multiple times in his head and chest.
The 2011 strike should seem like a bookend to a winding tale of tragedy that began on September 11, 2001, when nineteen al Qaida terrorists hijacked four airliners over the United States. It was an event that would not have been possible without CIA officers mapping out the elaborate, evolving terror network that was unlike any foe the United States had faced before. Ultimately, by identifying and locating key players—a form of analysis known as targeting—Agency personnel tracked bin Ladin’s trusted courier to a guesthouse near the Afghan border, and US forces were able to launch operations to capture or kill the emir of al Qaida.
Counterterrorism timelines, however, do not have fixed start or end points; ideology exists outside of one individual. The death of bin Ladin was dramatic, but it was not the final act in a series of events that began well before 2001—and similar Agency work continues today against al Qaida and organizations like the Islamic State. It is almost impossible to quantify the exact number of people at the CIA who were involved in this fight over the years—an array of employees who brought vast regional and intelligence expertise to the battle against al Qaida.
My contribution to the United States’ effort to combat terrorism came not in Afghanistan, the ancestral home of al Qaida, but farther west, in Iraq. I started working at the CIA before the attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC, on September 11, 2001—though this book focuses largely on 2003, the year the US-led coalition invaded Iraq and toppled Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, and on the fiery chaos that unfolded in the years following. My role throughout those years began as that of an analyst focused on whether there was a connection between Iraq and al Qaida and later as a targeting officer in the Directorate of Operations. My focus, and the focus of my team, was the movement sparked by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi—a Jordanian who quickly became a leader of terrorism in Iraq and differentiated himself from al Qaida by focusing on not only US targets but also Iraqis.
In the three years following the invasion of Iraq, as the United States struggled to institute democracy and implement basic security, no insurgent group caused more bloodshed—with more recklessness and indiscriminate focus—than Zarqawi’s. A high school dropout turned religious fanatic, Zarqawi found in the power vacuum and lawlessness that was post-Saddam Iraq the chance to be recognized as a leader, and he became responsible for literally thousands of deaths. His legacy carries on in the actions of the Islamic State, or ISIS; the climax of his bloody reign was the 2006 civil war between Iraq’s rival Sunni and Shia factions, which many believe continues to this day. Removing Zarqawi’s network among the insurgency was crucial if Iraq was to have any shot at a stable future.
At the height of his power, Zarqawi commanded a regional terror network known as Al Qaida in Iraq (AQI). It was the most prominent regional franchise of al Qaida central. Zarqawi corresponded with bin Ladin personally; toward the end of his short life the man who would be nicknamed by his supporters the “slaughtering sheik” was in regular contact with al Qaida central command. The intelligence we gathered in dismantling Zarqawi’s network was crucial in building a response to al Qaida.
By the time of bin Ladin’s death, I’d retired from the CIA. Today, the “targeting” of terrorists forms the backbone of Zero Dark Thirty and Homeland—a topic that invariably comes up whenever people learn about my former life. People initially asked if I’m the real-life Maya, the main character from Zero Dark Thirty. I am not and was not working for the CIA at the time; Maya’s character was based on someone else. In my experience, it took a team of people more than twenty years to find bin Ladin.
Many tenacious women and men led targeting operations for significant al Qaida figures, including bin Ladin. My team’s efforts directly preceded the climactic action in that movie, just as our work built upon the groundbreaking analysis of the women and men who came before me. Additionally, while it’s rarely the crux of the initial question, those shows and their heroines—Maya and Carrie Mathison—hint at a larger truth that reflects my own experiences: women initially made up the majority of the CIA targeters charged with hunting the most dangerous figures in the most dangerous terrorist organization the United States has ever known. Women were critical to defining al Qaida and managing the ramp-up at the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center (CTC) after 9/11.
When I worked at the CIA, I—like all of m
y peers and counterparts—worked in quiet obscurity; the long hours we put in to keep our families, friends, and fellow citizens safe were simply part of the job. Today, I am a far more public figure. As a former analyst and targeting officer, I can now speak more freely about the challenges I faced inside the Agency, the successes my team helped deliver, and the failures we suffered. The lessons I learned may never be more timely because of how much has not changed with regard to ideologically driven individuals and groups who inexplicably see violence as the best way to accomplish their desired goals.
At the funeral of Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare’s Antony said, “The evil that men do lives after them,” a line I’ve thought of often regarding extremism. The shock waves from Zarqawi’s short time on earth seem to only have intensified in the years following his death, in 2006.
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS, has risen from the ashes of Zarqawi’s organization in Iraq to temporarily claim the mantle of deadliest jihadist group. ISIS’s brutal approach to establishing a twenty-first-century Islamic caliphate is taken almost entirely from Zarqawi’s strategy. If we are to have any hope of countering violent extremist groups in the future, it is crucial to understand not only Zarqawi’s rise to prominence but also the complicated social, political, and military factors that enabled him to unleash a wave of destruction that few people would have believed possible. Only then can we effectively map out a strategy for defeating the latest extremist movements. Simply put, we cannot kill our way out of a conflict rooted in ideology; to defeat ideological extremism, we need to address the political, economic, and societal issues that give rise to and sustain extremism. As a person who came to know that terrorist, I can say that the brutality he unleashed plagues me to this day.
CHAPTER 1
Murder Boards
“C’mon, c’mon…”
I jabbed at the Door Close button and caught my reflection in the elevator’s brushed aluminum interior. My pulse raced.
With a final jab, the doors clamped shut on the third floor of the Central Intelligence Agency’s New Headquarters Building, in Langley, Virginia. It was early June of 2004, nearly four years after my first day at the Agency.
“Fuck this,” I muttered.
It had been ten months since I’d returned from Iraq to the cubicle farms of Agency headquarters. I spent the prior summer as the CIA’s point person for our Iraq terrorism analysis group in Baghdad. At that time, I was working in the Iraq unit, within the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center, or CTC. In May 2003, I volunteered for a temporary-duty assignment to Iraq for multiple reasons: first to support my team at headquarters, which was continuing to answer questions from the administration about Iraq or al Qaida and report anything new, and, second, getting out of headquarters would give me a chance to find signs that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was still in Iraq. Until early 2004, a year after the war started, Zarqawi’s group was not part of al Qaida.
My job with that team had initially been focused on analyzing the Iraqi Intelligence Service, or IIS. Our question was: To what degree did the IIS facilitate regional and global extremist organizations and terrorist movements? But we knew the IIS had a greater reach under Saddam: it could have acted as the facilitator through which Iraqi forces had trained and harbored Palestinian terrorists, plotted assassinations, and carried out other international crimes. By mid-2003, in the wake of the US-led coalition’s invasion of Iraq, we were fielding endless backward-looking questions about what connection Saddam might have had to Islamist extremists.
Almost immediately in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks—when nineteen al Qaida extremists under orders from Usama bin Ladin hijacked four passenger planes and, along with them, a generation of American foreign policy—the White House had begun delivering the singular question to CIA analysts, day after day: What’s the connection between bin Ladin and Iraq?
Everyone within the Iraq unit sweated under the demands from George W. Bush and his administration for more answers about a possible Iraq–al Qaida collaboration than we could plausibly provide. The administration didn’t seem to like the answers we offered, through a steady flow of President’s Daily Briefs, or PDBs. As a result, we found ourselves locked in a contentious relationship with the White House.
The foundation for the divide was laid not long after the 9/11 attacks, when, in a little-remembered bureaucratic line item, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and his head deputy, Paul Wolfowitz, created a brand-new department to provide answers they’d like to hear that were consistent with how they and other neoconservatives saw the world and America’s role in that world. The Office of Special Plans consisted of roughly a dozen personnel working on the fifth floor of the Pentagon. The people assigned to that office data-mined information gathered by the CIA and another intelligence agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, then formulated intelligence reviews for an administration growing increasingly skeptical of CIA analysis.
You need to understand something about intelligence analysis; it is not an academic exercise. The CIA’s analytic cadre are professionals who spend the majority of their time developing expertise on the issues they follow. That there are disagreements over the analytic findings based on the source material to build an argument is not surprising. Analysts often experience heated coordination meetings with their colleagues, and that is before a draft is submitted for a thorough editing and review process.
The Office of Special Plans seemed to utterly disregard the analytic tradecraft the Agency holds dear. Overseen by the undersecretary of defense for policy, Douglas Feith, the number three position within the Pentagon, the OSP often passed along raw intelligence without context and without explaining the reliability of the source to the White House. Feith’s team latched on to any single thread of information while ignoring a half century of established intelligence protocols. In other words, it was “Feith-based intelligence.”
OSP’s clear satisfaction in the administration’s end run around the CIA was particularly galling. In one press conference I watched, Rumsfeld practically gloated about its effectiveness: “In comes [my daily CIA] briefer and she walks through the daily brief, and I ask questions,” he said. “Gee, what about this? Or what about that? Has somebody thought of this?”
Skepticism about the CIA’s analysis was born early in the run-up to the war. In mid-2002, the predecessor to my team at the CIA prepared a product titled Iraq and al-Qa‘ida: Interpreting a Murky Relationship. The report acknowledged, “This Intelligence Assessment responds to senior policymaker interest in a comprehensive assessment of Iraqi regime links to al-Qa‘ida. Our approach is purposefully aggressive in seeking to draw connections.” On June 25, 2002, four days after the paper was published, the CIA ombudsman for politicization received a confidential complaint claiming that the CTC paper was misleading in that it did not make clear that it was an uncoordinated product that did not reflect the views of other analysts outside the CTC unit.
Still, the uneven give-and-take with the White House put us all on edge—only more so throughout 2002 and early 2003, as the unmistakable drumbeat of war grew louder. In fact, I saw Vice President Richard Cheney and I. Lewis “Scooter” Libby, his chief of staff, visiting Agency headquarters themselves—an unnerving shift in protocol from the long-standing CIA briefings at the White House.
I was thankful that in our briefings with the vice president, crucial top cover for our unit’s work came from our brazen, brilliant branch chief, “Katherine,” who had a remarkable ability to deliver workplace-appropriate words in ways that left little doubt about the profanity they stood in for. (Unfortunately, I don’t have the same skill.) As Libby’s personal daily briefer, she had enough credibility among White House personnel to act as a barrier between the vice president and analysts like me, who had less experience with the administration.
By late 2002, we had a much higher degree of confidence in our understanding of Saddam’s connections to terrorist groups, though we did not see evidence of
a connection to al Qaida. In the parlance of the Agency, Cheney was a “tough customer”—he knew enough about the substance of terrorism to ask pointed questions of the men and women who briefed him. In the years since those Langley meetings with top administration officials, various Agency personnel have described them as “unprecedented,” “highly unusual,” and “brutal.” Inside our unit, Katherine made the decision to put analysts in front of Vice President Cheney. To prepare us, she skewered our analysis during practice briefings, which we called murder boards, in which she acted patronizing challenging, unfair, and insulting to prepare us for the real sessions.
At the time, there was a widespread belief that an attack of similar magnitude could happen again and the CIA needed to act as a bulwark against such attacks. The consequence, in the near term, is that analysts were given the opportunity to work in CTC. Even longtime counterterrorism analysts were new to the Iraq unit. After all, it hadn’t existed on September 10, 2001. In my case, a coworker on my first day there dumped a dozen giant three-ring binders on my desk and said, “Here’s what we’ve written so far about al Qaida and Iraq. That’s for Congress, this is the White House, this is all our sourcing and research, and there is more in that filing cabinet outside the bullpen.” This process is called reading in to a new account, which usually takes weeks or months. I had about three days to get up to speed.
“Murky,” I muttered to myself in the elevator. I checked my watch: just after 2:00 p.m. I scowled; by then, I’d heard that word—murky—around the office so much it had come to make me cringe. The questions from the administration were about Iraq’s connections to any and all terrorism, not just al Qaida.
Even the most aggressive attempts at drawing a connection between Iraq and AQ, however, had failed to produce the kind of smoking gun the White House wanted. So, in late 2002, the administration pinpointed a new bogeyman to bolster the justification for its hegemonic intent: a thirty-six-year-old former drug-dealing street thug from Jordan named Ahmad Fadil al-Nazal al-Khalayleh. Khalayleh had recently adopted a new name, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. He would eventually join al Qaida after the invasion, and his group would be embraced as the prototype for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, also known as ISIS.