Grechko, Georgi 164, 213
Grishin, Lev 213, 216
Grissom, Gus 224, 278, 291, 307–8
Gröttrup, Helmut 29, 47, 54, 114
G-1 rocket 100, 103, 104, 122
intelligence report on 98–9
loss of status 122
moved to Soviet Union 100–103
returns to West 145
rocket work in Soviet sector 73–6, 96–7, 100
at Soviet V-2 launch 116, 118
Gröttrup, Irmgardt 73–5, 96–7, 100–102, 145
diary entries 29, 47–8, 74, 103, 116–18, 122
Grumman Aircraft Engineering 274
Hagerty, James 147, 176
Hamill, Major 143
Himmler, Heinrich 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 24, 44, 53–4
Hiroshima 72, 90, 135
Hitler, Adolf 9, 19, 20
assassination attempt 11
death of 44–5
and fall of Germany 13, 25–6, 29, 40, 44
and V-2 rocket 4–6, 11, 23, 32, 55
Hoover, Commander George 143
Houbolt, John 265–6, 268
Houston, Texas 257, 268, 272
Huntsville, Alabama 132,144–5, 167, 175, 218
see also Marshall Space Flight Center
Huzel, Dieter 4, 6, 25, 27–8, 47, 56, 106
hydrogen bomb 135, 138
I Aim at the Stars 220
ICBMs 138, 185 198, 218, 261
Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine, Moscow 201, 232
Institute Nordhausen 96
Institute Rabe 69, 71, 72, 76, 92, 96, 98
Interdepartmental Technical Commission, USSR 66, 76
International Geophysical Year (1957) 143–4, 164, 172
Iron Curtain 97, 260
Isayev, Alexei Mikhailovich 21, 67–71, 75, 212–14, 236
Ivanovsky, Oleg 211, 237, 239
Japan 72, 105
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena 172, 189
Jodrell Bank Observatory 202, 271
Johnson, Caldwell 192, 266
Johnson, Lyndon 168, 174, 187
as President 279, 308
as vice president 248, 250
and Vietnam 282, 288
Joint Intelligence Directives Agency 120
Jones, R. V. 17, 18, 21
Juarez, Mexico 111–12
Juno 1 rocket 172
Jupiter rocket 150–51, 162, 172
developed into Saturn 189–90
satellite launcher 174
test launch 154–5
Kamanin, Gen. Nikolai 237, 239, 314
on American superiority 274, 326
on docking in space 258
and Gagarin 311, 318–19
head of cosmonaut training 206, 228, 231, 270
on Korolev’s death and funeral 299, 300
on Korolev’s ill health 291, 293
and Mishin 314, 319–20, 324
and N-1 failures 329, 333
on Voskhod project 279, 284
Kammler, Hans 46
career as Nazi 11–12, 26–7, 38, 55
death 91
disappearance 38, 42, 91, 110
evacuates Peenemünde 13–14
relations with German scientists 28–9, 37–8
role at Mittelwerk 12, 24, 32, 55, 91, 119
and slave labour 12, 31, 91
Kapustin Yar 116, 127, 147, 188, 296
Kazakhstan 131, 138, 147, 156, 214
Kazan 87, 88, 90
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm 54
Keldysh, Mstislav 165–6, 204, 206, 215, 295, 300
Kennedy, John F. 214, 247, 261
and Apollo programme 272, 278, 279
assassination 278–9
and Cuba 247–8, 273
moon landing speech 250–51, 272, 274
KGB x, 19, 162, 164
Kharchev, Lt Vasily 73, 74–5
Khrushchev, Nikita 66, 141, 215
Baikonur visit 282
Berlin Wall built by 260
boasts of Soviet superiority 168, 171, 174, 183–4, 194, 215, 222
and Cuba 248, 272–3
and cosmonauts 232, 253
enthusiasm for space programme 205–6, 262–3, 270, 279–80
fall of 284, 289
and first manned flight 233, 236, 244, 247
Korolev’s relations with 152–3, 169, 184–5, 188, 261, 275, 283
military priorities 272, 275
and moon landing programme 259, 282
and R-7 rocket 159, 184
and satellite development 152–3, 169
and Stalin’s death 136–7
visits United States 202–3
Khrushchev, Sergei 185, 186, 261, 275
King, Martin Luther 323
Kistiakowsky, George 218
Kleimenov, Ivan 79, 84, 85
Kolyma Gulag, Siberia 79, 80, 84, 296, 298
Komarov, Vladimir 283, 307, 294–5, 311–14
Komarova, Valentina 313
KORD system 275, 329, 333
Korean War 131, 142
Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich ix–xii, 339
anonymity x, 149, 176–7, 194, 205, 208, 209, 247, 276–7
appearance and personality 81, 92, 117, 159, 209
background 80–84, 211
and Beria 122–4
as Chief Designer x, 103, 176, 314
and cosmonauts 209–12, 228–9, 231–2, 286, 295–6
death and state funeral 299–300, 301
Gulag years ix, 76, 77–80, 84–8, 93, 104, 296, 298
health problems 160, 176, 234, 235, 281, 286, 292–8
home 205, 345
identity revealed 299, 302
lunar ambitions 251, 257, 275–6, 279, 280, 282
manned space flight proposals 182, 193, 201, 214–15
meetings with Stalin 107–9, 125–6
at NII-88 103, 112–13, 127, 135, 152–3
non-Communist 113
in occupied Germany 90, 92–6, 99
personal life 88–9, 99, 113, 115, 118–19, 127
rehabilitation 159
relations with Glushko 85, 113, 140, 161, 186, 262–3, 274, 275, 295
relations with Khrushchev 152, 169, 184–6, 206, 244, 261, 275, 280, 283
reputation of 344–5
space flight vision 80, 81, 114, 124–7, 135, 137, 140–41, 181, 209, 257–8
underfunding 259, 274–5, 276, 279, 280–82, 289
writings 83, 176, 181, 252–4
Koroleva, Ksenia 77–81, 85, 88–9, 99, 115, 119, 127
Koroleva, Natasha 77, 85, 88–9, 99, 108, 159, 205, 247
relations with father 127, 137, 157–8, 301
Koroleva, Nina Ivanovna (née Kotenkova) 237, 275
affair with Korolev 115, 118–19
and Korolev’s illness 292–4, 296–9
Korolev’s translator 115
marriage 127
as widow 301
Kosygin, Alexei 284, 289, 313
Kraft, Chris 219, 222–3, 227, 322–3, 334
Kranz, Gene 222, 331, 335–7
Kruglov, Gen. 98
Kryukov, Sergei 282
Kummer, SS Major 38–9
Kurashov, S. V. 300
Kurchatov, Igor 123, 126
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Dmitrievich 263, 271, 274, 318, 328
Laika 170
Lang, Fritz 8
Langemak, Georgi 79, 84, 85
Langley Research Center, Virginia 189, 192, 265, 320
Lappo, Vyacheslav 164, 166
Lavochkin design bureau 306
Lehesten 92, 96, 113
Lehrer, Tom 290
Leonov, Alexei 285–8, 296, 318, 319, 332, 338
Life magazine 197, 261, 331
Lovell, Sir Bernard 271
Lovell, Jim 324–6
Low, George 321, 322
Luna project 194, 202–5, 291, 306, 334–5, 338
lunar module 265, 268, 272, 274
Apollo 284–5, 320–21, 330–31, 335–6
lunar orb
it rendezvous (LOR) 265–6, 268–9, 274, 289
lunar probes 181, 187–8, 190, 203
see also Luna project
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas 131
McCarthy, Joseph 132
McDonnell 197, 219, 222
McElroy, Neil 167, 172
Magnus, Kurt 71
Malachowsky, David 31
Malenkov, Georgi 23, 136–7, 141
Malyshev, Vyacheslav 137–8
Manchester Guardian 168
Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston 257, 268
Mao Tse-tung 131
Mars 182, 206, 215, 258
Mars Project, The (von Braun) 128
Marshall Space Flight Center 201, 218–19, 263, 268–70, 302
Medaris, Brig. Gen. John 158, 162, 167, 171–5
Mercury Project 187, 189, 212, 218–19, 222–3
astronauts 190–92, 195–8, 201
capsule 189, 192–3, 197–200, 265
chimp test flight 225–7
manned flights 248–50, 267–8
rockets 198–200
unmanned flight 232–3
Mexico 111–12
Michel, Jean 341–2
Mikhailovna, Elena 236
Military-Industrial Commission, USSR 182, 289
Mir space station 345
Mirak (Minimum Rocket) 9
Mishin, Vasily Pavlovich 121, 137, 169, 299, 301
background 95
as Chief Designer 306, 310, 314, 319–20, 344
designs Baikonur launch pad 157
drink and health problems 313–14, 319, 324, 333
fired 344
on Gagarin’s flight 237, 240
Korolev’s deputy 279, 297, 305–6
and lunar probes 306, 334
at NII-88 98, 138
and Soyuz programme 310, 311, 313–14, 322, 323, 327, 329
V-2 research 69, 95
and Voskhod 280, 306–7
work on steering engines 140
‘Missile Flight into the Stratosphere’ (Korolev) 83
missiles x, 72, 74, 83
cruise missiles 186
ICBMs 138, 185, 218, 261, 263
warheads 108, 121, 132
see also rockets
Mittelwerk 12, 19, 76, 116, 119
construction of 32, 119
Kammler’s role at 12, 24, 32, 55, 91, 119
Rudolph’s role at 24, 33, 112, 119, 342
site cleared by Americans 34–5, 50, 55–6, 58–62, 66
slave labour 31–5, 51, 55, 91, 112, 119, 341–3
Soviets reach 66–9
V-2 team at 14, 16, 24
von Braun’s role at 35–6, 55, 119–21, 342
moon xii, 52, 82, 107
circumlunar missions 324–7
far side photographed 203–5
first man on 338
first robotic landing 306
lunar orbit 188, 190, 324–5
surface of 266, 291, 292–3, 306, 326, 337
Moskalenko, Marshal 234, 237
Mueller, George 278
Mueller, SS Col. 53
Munich 43, 46
N-1 rocket 292, 322
approved 271, 274
delays 261–3, 280–81, 323–4
Korolev’s design 259
launch failures 328–9, 332–4, 344
moon mission role 275, 280, 289
in production 297
programme suspended 344
testing 306
NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) 188–9, 219
Nagasaki 72, 90
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) x
budget cuts 341
Flight Systems Division 189
formation of 187, 188, 218
Manned Spacecraft Center 257, 268
mission control center 219
Office of Manned Space Flight 278
Space Task Group 189, 192, 199, 219, 227, 257
von Braun’s team in 201, 219–20
Washington headquarters 195
National Academy of Sciences, Washington 164
NATO 131
Nedelin, Marshal Mitrofan 126, 186, 234
death in Baikonur inferno 217, 228
and R-7 rocket 159–61
and Vostok 213, 214, 215, 217
Neufeld, Michael 343
New Orleans 257
New York Times xi, 168, 169, 224, 247, 276, 277, 302, 307
Newton, Isaac 8, 82, 114
NII, see Scientific Research Institutes
Nikolayev, Major Andrian 270–71, 276, 292
NKVD 19–20, 23, 66–7, 72, 86, 98, 100, 108
Korolev arrested by 77, 78–9, 84
Nordhausen 12, 13, 19, 24, 28, 47, 58, 59, 60
concentration camps 31–5, 55, 67, 91, 110
Institute Nordhausen 96
Institute Rabe 69, 71, 72, 76, 92, 96
Soviets in 50, 66–9, 76
war crimes trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
see also Mittelwerk
North American Aviation 264, 274, 310
nuclear weapons xi–xii, 138, 270
Cuban missile crisis 272–3
espionage 132
Tzar Bomba 261
warheads 108, 132
see also atomic bomb; hydrogen bomb
Nuremberg trials 110
Oberammergau, Bavaria 37, 40, 47
Oberjoch, Bavaria 42, 44, 45, 46
Oberth, Hermann 8, 9, 52, 82, 83, 169
Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA 278
Office of Military Government, US 120
Office of Special Investigations, US 342
OKB-1 (Special Design Bureau) 135, 138, 161, 345
and cosmonauts 201, 209, 211, 294
Khruschev’s visit 152
Korolev promoted to head of 127
Mishin as head of 305–6
OKB-456 113
‘On the Prospects of the Mastering of Outer Space’ (Korolev and Tikhonravov) 181, 188, 206, 258
Operation Overcast 90–91, 110
Oslo report 17
Patterson, Robert 59, 60
Peenemünde 3–4, 10, 18–20, 99, 120
evacuated 6–7, 13–15, 65
forced labour 342–3
Pentagon 58, 59, 106, 154, 168, 171–2, 174
Petrone, Rocco 316
Petrovsky, Dr Boris 298–9
Pickering, Dr William 172
Pilyugin, Nikolai 166, 258
Pioneer project 190, 203
Piszkiewicz, Dennis 343
Pobedonostsev, Col. Yuri 102
Podlipki 98, 133, 156, 205, 345
Poland 11, 20, 66
Popovich, Major Pavel 271
Porter, Dr Richard 50, 60
Powers, Gary 218
Pravda 181, 252–4, 260, 300
Project Paperclip xi, 110, 120–21, 342
Proton rocket 289, 334
Quistorp, Alexander von 133
Quistorp, Maria von, see von Braun, M.
R-7 rocket 139–41, 152, 155
drawbacks of 184–5
launch site 147–8, 157
Luna 1 launched by 194
manned-space flight 182
nose cone adapted for animal flight 169
test launches 155, 158–62, 236
RAF Bomber Command 3, 18
Rebrov, Mikhail 122–3, 258
Red Army xi, 79, 96, 100
advance into Germany 3, 6, 7, 14–15, 23, 40, 44 65
brutality 6, 40
purges 84
Red Orchestra 19–20
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 132, 158, 171
Redstone rocket 132
Jupiter based on 151
Mercury launcher 200–201, 219, 222, 251
as satellite launcher 144, 147
test flight 142
re-entry: failures and problems 213, 244, 267, 288, 313, 328
heat shields 150–51, 155, 192, 199–200
space capsule design 182–3, 192
; retrorockets 183, 192, 212, 213, 214, 228, 236
Rickhey, Dr Georg 24, 33, 111, 112, 119–20
Riedel, Klaus 54
Rocket into Interplanetary Space, The (Oberth) 8
rockets 8–9, 82–3
A-1/A-2/A-3 9–10
A-4, see V-2 rocket
A-9/A-10 7, 27, 59, 100
Atlas 146, 190, 198–200
boosters 139, 201, 228
G-1 103, 104, 122
guidance systems 10, 121, 132, 142, 155
Juno 1 172
Jupiter 150–51, 154–5, 162, 172, 174
multistage 114, 134, 144, 147, 151, 203
nose-cones 150–51, 155, 162
packet concept 125
Proton 289
R-1 96, 103–4, 121, 124
R-2 104, 108–9, 121–2, 126, 127
R-3 126, 135, 137
R-16 185–6, 215–16
recoil 8–9
for satellite launch 134–5, 163–4
steering 139
Thor-Able 190
UR-200/UR-500 261, 263, 282, 289
UR-700 282, 292
Vanguard 146, 150, 167, 172–4
Viking 142, 146
see also N-1; R-7; Redstone; Saturn; V-2
Romanov, Aleksandr 228, 294
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 49
Rosen. Milton 142, 143, 145–7, 150, 172
RSC Energia 345
Rudolph, Arthur: Mittelwerk director 24, 33, 112, 119, 342
Nazi past 24
and Saturn V programme 264, 270, 277, 278, 316
war crimes investigations 112, 342–3
Russia, see Soviet Union
Sakharov, Andrei 138
Salyut space stations 344
San Francisco Chronicle 172
Sarkisova, Ketovania Ivanovna 89
satellites 135, 253
American 143–7, 149–51, 154–5, 172, 218
dog in 169–71
Explorer 172, 175, 183
lack of Soviet interest in 114, 124, 126–7, 141
‘Object D’ 151, 155–7, 183
reconnaissance 142, 144, 152, 186, 193, 218
Soviet 144, 151, 155–8, 162–8
Sputniks xi, 158, 163–9, 183, 184
von Braun’s vision of 106, 133–4
Saturn rocket 189–90, 201, 218–219, 251, 264, 272
Saturn V rocket 264, 268, 274, 278, 284, 335, 341
Apollo 11 launch 335
engine problems 269–70, 273, 277, 303, 322–3
unmanned launches 315–18, 322
Sawatzki, Albin 33–4, 110, 119, 343
Schirra, Walter 196, 221
Schneiker, Pte Fred 46
Science Advisory Committee, US 270
Scientific Research Institutes, Soviet
NII-1 20, 21–3, 66, 69, 98, 165
NII-3 77
NII-4 114
NII-88 98, 102–3, 112–13, 115, 127, 135, 152, 185
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