Pontiac (Native American), 63
Poor Richard’s Almanack, 10, 271
Pope, 211
Potomac Company, 170
Potomac River, 16, 30, 39, 170–72
Powel, Elizabeth, 218
Presbyterian, 69–70
presidency, U.S.: conception of, 187, 196, 210–18, 267; impeachment process for, 214, 305n100; regal title for, 264; selection process for, 201, 211–13, 216–18, 246; veto power for, 211, 213, 216
Priestley, Joseph, 92
Princeton, Battle of, 129
Princeton College, 212
Privy Council, 86, 91, 98, 132
Proclamation of 1763, 62, 98
property rights, 86, 189–90, 206–9
Protestantism, 117
Pulaski, Casimir, 134
Quakers, 8, 12; Native Americans and, 52, 57, 237; pacifism and, 11, 28, 40, 48–52, 131, 255; and slavery, viii, 240–44, 248, 251–52, 255–57, 269, 316n74
Quartering Act, 64, 81
Quebec, 19, 36, 114–18, 142
Quebec Act, 62, 65, 98, 152
Queen Anne’s War, 20
Qur’an, 259
Raleigh Tavern, 80, 87
Randolph, Edmund, 177–78, 187–88, 250, 264; on Constitution, 218–19, 233–35, 239–40; at Constitutional Convention, 200, 204, 214; as Virginia governor, 177–78, 186, 200
Randolph, Payton, 68, 87, 90
ratification: of Constitution, 219–38, 277n2
Read, George, 198
religion, freedom of, 114–18
Republican Party, 266–64
Revere, Paul, 85
Rhode Island, 69, 246; American
Revolution in, 113, 128, 141, 149; and Constitutional Convention, 187, 202; paper money in, 176, 194
Richmond (Virginia), 90, 225, 234–36, 240
Rochambeau, Comte de, 149–50
Rockingham, Marquis of, 71–72, 77
Rome, 214
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 274
Rush, Benjamin, 104–15, 175
Rutledge, John, 197
Saratoga, Battle of, 130–32, 142, 189
Saunders, Richard (Poor Richard), 74, 272, 283n21
Savannah (Georgia), 151, 153
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, 4–5, 222–23
Senate, U.S., 202–6, 216–18, 221, 307nn116–17; first federal, 260, 265 “Sentiments on a Peace Establishment,” 159
separation of powers, 216–18
Seven Years’ War, 30, 35, 58, 63, 67, 127. See also French and Indian War Sharp, Granville, 251
Shays, Daniel, 189–90
Shays’s Rebellion, 188–89, 194, 229
Shenandoah Valley, 16–17, 55
Sherman, Roger, 119, 143, 194, 204
slave trade, 209, 239–44, 248, 250–56, 270, 316n74, 318n86, 318n92
slavery, 108, 191–92, 237, 243, 248–29; Franklin’s view of, viii, 113, 191, 240–45, 248–59, 288n41, 316nn70–74, 317n83; as issue at Constitutional Convention, viii, 200, 206–10, 221, 238–43, 304–5n85; Washington’s view of, 113, 248–49, 254–57, 288n42
slaves: insurrections by, 56, 108, 240–42; at Mount Vernon, 42, 58, 167, 191–92, 269; Washington’s treatment of, 167, 249, 317n83
Society for Political Inquiry, 185
South Carolina, 31, 34, 224, 232, 239, 242, 252–55, 312n35; American Revolution in, 141, 147; at Constitutional Convention, 197, 199, 200–2, 207–9, 239
sovereignty, national, 200–201, 245
Spain, 18, 57, 127, 139, 151–53, 169
St. Clair, John, 41
St. Lawrence River, 114–16, 169
Stamp Act Congress, 70
Stamp Act crisis, 61–76, 80–81, 84
Staten Island (New York), 121–24
states: under Articles of Confederation, 200; large versus small, 198, 202–6, 210, 256; slave versus free, 200, 206–10, 240–43, 256, 270
states’ rights, 145, 200, 238–40, 255–56, 264, 270–71
Stephen, Adams, 54, 56
Steuben, Baron von, 134, 140, 293n9
Stuart, David, 257
Sugar Act, 64–65, 70, 73, 75, 81
Susquehanna River, 131
Tanacharison (Half King), 21–24, 31–34
tax power, 155, 219, 238–39, 266
taxation, as issue, 12, 38, 50–51, 59, 61–67, 265–66
Tea Act, 83–85, 89
Three-Fifths Compromise, 207–9, 216, 239, 304n78
Ticonderoga (New York), 100, 109, 130, 142
Tory. See loyalist
Townshend, Charles, 77, 83
Townshend Act, 77–84
trade, as issue, 64–65, 76–81, 165, 183, 270
Treaty of Paris (1763), 63
Treaty of Paris (1783), 138, 153, 165, 237
Trenton (New Jersey), 129, 145
Trenton, Battle of, 129
Trump, Donald, 271
Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 252
unicameral legislature, 125, 175, 187, 202
union, calls for, vii, xi, 29, 36–39, 56–59, 74, 80, 110, 138–47, 159–64, 168, 170, 177, 188, 192, 241, 250, 264, 277n2
United Kingdom. See Britain
Valley Forge, 131, 137, 140, 215
Van Doran, Carl, 130
Venango, 22–23
Venice, Doge of, 211
Vergennes, Comte de, 127, 146–53, 166
veto, executive, 211
vice presidency, 246
Virginia, 64, 89, 250, 252, 257, 264, 269–71; American Revolution in, 65, 68–71, 76–80, 96–89, 149–50; at Constitutional Convention, 178, 186, 195–96, 200–209, 215, 219; politics in, 97, 168, 171–72; and Potomac River navigation, 171–72; ratification of Constitution by, 232–36; western regions of, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 53–57, 235
Virginia Convention, 87–88, 90, 119
Virginia Plan, 195–96, 199–202, 206, 211, 218–19, 240, 303n58
Virginia Regiment, 29, 31, 42, 53
Virginians, 20–25, 31–34, 45–47, 70, 78–79, 198, 234, 238, 264, 272–74, 313n38, 321n15
voting, property qualification for, 209
Walking Purchase (1737), 48–49
war powers, 216, 238, 306n109
Ward, Artemas, 99
Washington, Augustine, 15
Washington, George: as actor, 99–100, 157, 272, 321n15; during American Revolution, 102–50, 291n91; appearance of, 3–4, 103–5, 191, 260–61; on Articles of Confederation, 159–61; assassin, charge against, 32–33, 35; on attending Constitutional Convention, 186–90, 301n19; on British, 58–62, 76–94, 97–98, 273; character of, 89, 103–5, 197, 210, 212–13, 225; as colonial legislator, 58, 61–62, 65, 97; colonial military career of, 18, 21–36, 39–48, 53–58; as consensus builder, 197, 221, 264, 304n89; at Constitutional Convention, vii–ix, 178–79, 206, 215–19; as Constitutional Convention president, 197–99, 205–15, 222–23; and constitutional amendments, 238–39, 256, 263, 271, 294, 299; at Continental Congress, 89–90, 92–94, 98–102, 147; correspondence with Franklin of, see Franklin: correspondence with Washington of; death of, 268–70; defies death, 24–25, 46, 56; election as president of, 245–47; Farewell Address of, 267; as federalist, 158–62, 167–68; finances of, 167, 183; fishing by, 215; and Franklin, see Franklin: and Washington; during French and Indian War, 39–48, 53–58, 98; health of, 84–85, 92, 97, 101, 302–3, 313n56; inaugural address of, 247; inauguration of, 247; on independence, 119, 288n45, 341n31; on military discipline, 54–55, 112–13, 145; as model for presidency, 215, 267, 307n116; and his mother, 16; on Native Americans, 17, 21–24, 169, 321n10; and Newburgh Conspiracy, 154–58; paintings of, 1–5; as planter, 61, 54–65, 76, 167, 268, 272–74; and Potomac Company, 170–71; as president, 247–49, 257, 260–61, 264–67; and ratification, 222–23, 229–37, 277n2, 308nn122–23, 312–13n35, 313–14nn39–41; religious views of, 142, 248, 273; reputation of, 27–28, 35–36, 42, 47, 53, 106, 128, 134, 158, 186–88, 192, 212–13, 236, 260, 267–74, 287n27, 292n101, 301n21; retirements of, 161–62, 267; as sl
aveholder, vii, 42, 58, 76, 108, 167, 191–92, 246–50, 268–69, 317n83; on slavery, 113, 248–50, 254, 259, 269–71, 285n60; and soldiers, 31, 54, 55; travels by, 16–27, 168, 191, 246–47; on union, 56, 59, 138, 143–44, 161, 171, 250, 257, 277n2; vision for America of, 26, 116–18, 143, 146, 159–61, 168, 221, 267; western holdings of, 16–17, 152, 168–70; as youth, 14–19
Washington, George Augustine, 204, 237
Washington, John, 32, 103, 161
Washington, Lawrence, 16, 18, 20, 42
Washington, Martha, 58, 103, 237, 249, 269, 285n3; grandchildren of, 271; at Mount Vernon, 191; slaves of, 58, 248, 269–70, 321n7; travels by, 114
Washington, Mary Ball, 16
Washington and Lee College, 272
Washington’s birthday, 231, 270
Wedgewood, Josiah, 250–51
West Indies, 127, 139, 267, 317n83
West Point (New York), 142, 159
Westminster (Massachusetts), 231
Whig, English, 77, 104
whiskey, 265, 267
Williamsburg (Virginia), 21, 26, 29, 70, 78–80, 83, 86–88
Wills, Garry, 6
Wilson, James, 203–7, 217, 225–28, 240–43
Winchester (Virginia), 55
women’s rights, 209, 237
Wood, Gordon, 6, 136, 146
World War II, 273
Wythe, George, 143, 198–99
Yates, Robert, 200
Yorktown, Siege of, 134–37, 146, 149–51, 287n30
Photo Section
Ambassador Benjamin Franklin, painted by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis in France, c. 1785.
The National Portrait Gallery
President George Washington, one of some seventy-five “Athenaeum-type” portraits by Gilbert Stuart from a 1796 unfinished original.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Conjectural painting of Washington crossing the Allegheny River with Christopher Gist, who accompanied Washington on his 1753 mission to protest French occupation of the Ohio Country, by Daniel Huntington, mid-1900s.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Title page of the initial published version of Washington’s report on his mission to the Ohio Country, 1754.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Conjectural engraving of Washington conferring with his soldiers and Native American allies during the 1754 French assault on Fort Necessity at the outset of the French and Indian War by artist John McNevin, 1855.
The New York Public Library
Sketch illustrating Franklin’s military efforts on the Pennsylvania frontier in 1756 during the French and Indian War from an 1849 edition of his Autobiography.
Flickr
Earliest authenticated portrait of Washington, showing him as a colonel in the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War, painted by Charles Willson Peale, 1772.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Earliest known American political cartoon, designed by Franklin to urge colonial unity during the French and Indian War, from Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754.
Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky by Benjamin West, c. 1816, commemorating the 1752 kite experiment.
Cover page for Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack for 1748.
The Library of Congress
Title page for the constitution of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, which was enlarged under Franklin’s leadership in 1787.
Published text of the “Declaration of Independence” in Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, July 16, 1776.
Handwritten letter from Franklin to Washington, June 21, 1776. The two engaged in a lively correspondence throughout the Revolutionary era.
The New York Public Library
Handwritten letter from Washington to Franklin, December 28, 1778.
Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull, 1818, commemorating the presentation of the Declaration to Congress by the five-member drafting committee, including Franklin (standing at right of center).
The Architect of the Capitol
Franklin’s Reception at the Court of France, 1778, depicting Franklin receiving a laurel wreath upon his head, print by Anton Hohenstein, 1860s.
The Library of Congress
Franklin in France wearing his American bearskin cap, etching by Augustin de Saint-Aubin after Charles-Nicolas Cochin II, 1777.
Washington with his costumed slave William Lee on a bluff above the Hudson River during the American Revolution, painted from memory by the general’s former aide-de-camp John Trumbull, 1780.
Conjectural painting of Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777–1778 by John Ward Dunsmore, c. 1907.
The Library of Congress
Deborah Read Franklin, attributed to Benjamin Wilson, 1758.
Sarah Franklin Bache, portrait by John Hoppner, 1793.
Martha Dandridge Custis a year before her marriage to Washington, portrait by John Wollaston, 1757.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Conjectural illustration of Franklin greeted by his family and cheered by citizens on his return to Philadelphia in 1785 by J. L. G. Ferris, 1932.
The Library of Congress
The Washington family at Mount Vernon, showing George and Martha Washington; Martha’s grandchildren George Washington Parke Custis and Eleanor Parke Custis; and one of Washington’s slaves, probably William Lee, by Edward Savage, 1798.
The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
The State House in Philadelphia as it looked in 1787 during the Constitutional Convention.
U.S. Capitol mural showing delegates to the Constitutional Convention meeting with Franklin under the mulberry tree in his garden, painted by Allyn Cox, 1973.
The Architect of the Capitol
Handwritten draft of a speech by Franklin to delegates at the Constitutional Convention.
The Library of Congress
Printed draft of the U.S. Constitution with Washington’s handwritten notes, September 12, 1787.
Washington during the Constitutional Convention, painted and engraved by Charles Willson Peale, 1787.
The Library of Congress
Franklin during the Constitutional Convention, painted and engraved by Charles Willson Peale, 1787.
Howard Chandler Christy’s monumental 1940 Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, showing Washington presiding and Franklin at center.
Detail of The Apotheosis of Washington from the apex of the U.S. Capitol’s rotunda (Washington at top center and Franklin at lower left), fresco by Constantino Brumidi, 1865.
The Architect of the Capitol
About the Author
EDWARD J. LARSON received the Pulitzer Prize in History for Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. He is the coauthor of Modern Library’s The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison and the author of The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783–1789, and A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign. He was an inaugural Library Fellow at the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. Larson is University Professor of history and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He travels widely as a media commentator, visiting instructor, and guest speaker.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Also by Edward J. Larson
To the Edges of the Earth: 1909, the Race for the Three Poles, and the Climax of the Age of Exploration
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783–1789
An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science
A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign
Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Sc
ience and Religion
Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution
Evolution’s Workshop: God and Science on the Galapagos Islands
Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South
George Washington, Nationalist
The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison (with Michael Winship)
On Faith and Science (with Michael Ruse)
Copyright
FRANKLIN & WASHINGTON. Copyright © 2020 by Edward Larson. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for use of the images that appear in the art insert: the National Portrait Gallery; the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association; the New York Public Library; Flickr; the Library of Congress; and the Architect of the Capitol.
FIRST EDITION
Cover design by Owen Corrigan
Cover photographs © VCG Wilson/Getty Images (Washington); Wim Wiskerke/Alamy Stock Photo (Franklin)
Digital Edition FEBRUARY 2020 ISBN: 978-0-06-288017-8
Version 12092019
Print ISBN: 978-0-06-288015-4
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