Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [65] “There are many other lessons and teachings in Homer, which might be cited, that make for courage and the other qualities of a king, but perhaps their recital would require more time than we now have. I will say, however, that he not only expresses his own judgment clearly in every instance — that in his belief the king should be the superior of all men — but particularly in the case of Agamemnon, in the passage where for the first time he sets the army in array, calls the roll of the leaders, and gives the tale of the ships.

  [66] ἐκεῖ γὰρ οὐδὲ ἅμιλλαν τῶν ἄλλων οὐδενὶ καταλέλοιπεν ἡρώων πρὸς αὐτόν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσον ταῦρος ἀγέλης ὑπερφέρει κατὰ ῥώμην καὶ μέγεθος, τοσοῦτον διαφέρειν φησὶ τὸν βασιλέα, οὕτως λέγων:[p. 31]

  ἠύτε βοῦς ἀγέληφι μέγ᾽ ἔξοχος ἔπλετο πάντων

  ταῦρος: ὁ γάρ τε βόεσσι μεταπρέπει ἀγρομένῃσι:

  τοῖον ἄρ᾽ Ἀτρείδην θῆκε Ζεὺς ἤματι κείνῳ,

  ἐκπρεπέ᾽ ἐν πολλοῖσι καὶ ἔξοχον ἡρώεσσιν.

  [66] In that scene the poet has left no room for any other hero even to vie with Agamemnon; but as far as the bull surpasses the herd in strength and size, so far does the king excel the rest, as Homer says in these words:

  ‘And as a bull amid the horned herd

  Stands eminent and nobler than the rest,

  So Zeus to Agamemnon on that day

  Gave to surpass in manly port and mien

  The heroes all.’

  [67] τοῦτο δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἴρηκεν, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, τὴν ἰσχὺν αὐτοῦ μόνον ἐπαινῶν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι βουλόμενος: οὕτω μὲν γὰρ δὴ καὶ λέοντι παραβαλὼν καλῶς ἂν αὐτὸν ἐδόκει ἀφομοιῶσαι: τὸ δὲ ἥμερον τῆς φύσεως ἐνδεικνύμενος καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρχομένων προθυμίαν. ὁ γὰρ ταῦρος οὐκ ἔστι τῶν γενναίων μόνον ζῴων οὐδὲ αὑτοῦ χάριν χρῆται τῇ ἀλκῇ, καθάπερ ὅ τε λέων καὶ σῦς οἵ τε ἀετοί, διώκοντες τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα καὶ κρείττους γιγνόμενοι τροφῆς ἕνεκα τῆς αὑτῶν: διὸ δὴ καὶ μᾶλλον ἄν τις αὐτοὺς φαίη τυραννίδος παράδειγμα ἢ βασιλείας γεγονέναι.

  [67] This comparison was not carelessly chosen, so it seems to me, merely in order to praise the hero’s strength and in the desire to demonstrate it. In that case it seems that he would surely have chosen the lion for his simile and thus have made an excellent characterization. No, his idea was to indicate the gentleness of his nature and his concern for his subjects. For the bull is not merely one of the nobler animals; nor does it use its strength for its own sake, like the lion, the boar, and the eagle, which pursue other creatures and master them for their own bellies’ sake. (For this reason one might in truth say that these animals have come to be symbols of tyranny rather than of kingship.)

  [68] ὁ δὲ ταῦρος σαφῶς, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, πρὸς βασιλείαν καὶ βασιλέως εἰκόνα πεποίηται. τροφῇ τε γὰρ ἑτοίμῃ καὶ διαίτῃ χρῆται νεμόμενος, ὥστε μηδὲν δεῖν βιάζεσθαι μηδὲ πλεονεκτεῖν ταύτης ἕνεκεν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥσπερ τοῖς ὀλβίοις βασιλεῦσιν ἀνελλιπῆ καὶ ἄφθονα ὑπάρχει τὰ τῆς ἀναγκαίου κτήσεως.

  [68] But clearly, in my opinion, the bull has been used by the poet to betoken the kingly office and to portray a king. For the bull’s food is ready to hand, and his sustenance he gets by grazing, so that he never needs to employ violence or rapacity on that score; but he, like affluent kings, has all the necessaries of life, unstinted and abundant.

  [69] βασιλεύει δὲ καὶ ἄρχει τῶν ὁμοφύλων μετ᾽ εὐνοίας, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, καὶ κηδεμονίας, τοῦτο μὲν ἐξηγούμενος νομῆς, τοῦτο δὲ θηρίου φανέντος οὐ φεύγων, ἀλλὰ πάσης τῆς ἀγέλης προμαχόμενος καὶ τοῖς ἀσθενέσι βοηθῶν, προθυμούμενος σῴζειν τὸ πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῶν χαλεπῶν καὶ ἀγρίων θηρίων: ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν ἄρχοντα χρὴ καὶ βασιλέα τῷ ὄντι καὶ τῆς μεγίστης ἐν ἀνθρώποις οὐκ ἀνάξιον τιμῆς.

  [69] He exercises the authority of a king over his fellows of the herd with good-will, one might say, and solicitude, now leading the way to pasture, now, when a wild beast appears, not fleeing but fighting in front of the whole herd and bringing aid to the weak in his desire to save the dependent multitude from dangerous wild beasts; just as is the duty of the ruler who is a real king and not unworthy of the highest honour known among men.

  [70] ἐνίοτέ γε μὴν ἄλλης ἀγέλης ἐπιφανείσης ἀγωνίζεται πρὸς τὸν ἐκείνης ἡγεμόνα νίκης ἕνεκα, ὡς κρείττω μὲν αὐτὸν δόξαι, κρείττω δὲ τὴν αὐτοῦ ἀγέλην. καὶ μὴν τό γε ἀνθρώποις μὴ πολεμεῖν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀφρόνων ζῴων ἡγεμονικώτατόν τε καὶ ἄριστον πεφυκότα [p. 32] ὅμως προσίεσθαι τὴν τοῦ κρείττονος ἡγεμονίαν, ἰσχύι μὲν καὶ θυμῷ καὶ βίᾳ μηδενὸς ἡττώμενον μηδὲ ὑπείκοντα, λογισμῷ δὲ καὶ φρονήσει ἑκόντα ὑποταττόμενον, πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ τοῦτο θείη τις ἂν παίδευμα καὶ δίδαγμα βασιλικὸν τῶν σωφρόνων βασιλέων,

  [70] Sometimes, it is true, when another herd appears upon the scene, he engages its leader and strives for victory so that all may acknowledge his superiority and the superiority of his herd. Consider, again, the fact that the bull never makes war against man, but, notwithstanding that nature has made him of all unreasoning animals the best and best fitted to have dominion, he nevertheless accepts the dominion of his superior; and although he acknowledges his inferiority to none as regards strength, spirit, and might, yet he willingly subordinates himself to reason and intelligence. Why should we not count this a training and lesson in kingship for prudent kings,

  [71] τὸ δεῖν ἀνθρώπων μὲν τῶν ὁμοίων κρείττονα φαινόμενον ἄρχειν, δικαίωσκαὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἔχοντα τὴν ἡγεμονίαν, καὶ τὸ μὲν πλῆθος σῴζειν τῶν ὑπηκόων, προβουλεύοντα καὶ προπολεμοῦντα, ὅταν δέῃ, καὶ φυλάττοντα ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγρίων καὶ παρανόμων τυράννων, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλων βασιλέας, εἴ τινες ἄρα εἶεν, ἁμιλλᾶσθαι περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς καὶ ζητεῖν, εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη, ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ὅποι ποτὲ ἀνθρώπων

  [71] to teach them that while a king must rule over men, his own kind, because he is manifestly their superior, who justly and by nature’s design exercises dominion over them; and while he must save the multitude of his subjects, planning for them and, if need be, fighting for them and protecting them from savage and lawless tyrants, and as regards other kings, if any such there should be, must strive with them in rivalry of goodness, seeking if possible to prevail over them for the benefit of mankind at large;

  [72] κρατεῖν: θεοῖς γε μὴν τοῖς ἀμείνοσιν ἕπεσθαι, καθάπερ οἶμαι νομεῦσιν ἀγαθοῖς, καὶ τὴν κρείττω καὶ μακαριωτέραν φύσ
ιν προτιμᾶν, δεσπότας αὑτοῦ καὶ ἄρχοντας νομίζοντα ἐκείνους, καὶ τοῦ μεγίστου καὶ πρώτου βασιλέως θεοῦ κτῆμα ἀποφαίνοντα τιμιώτατον πρῶτον μὲν αὑτόν, ἔπειτα τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῷ

  [72] yet the gods, who are his superiors, he must follow, as being, I verily believe, good herdsmen, and must give full honour to their superior and more blessed natures, recognizing in them his own masters and rulers and showing that the most precious possession which God, the greatest and highest king, can have is, first himself and then those who have beenº appointed to be his subjects?

  [73] τεταγμένους. καὶ γὰρ δὴ ὥσπερ οἱ σώφρονες νομεῖς, ἐπειδὰν χαλεπὸς καὶ ἄγριος ταῦρος γενόμενος ἄρχῃ ἀσελγῶς παρὰ φύσιν, τῆς μὲν αὑτοῦ καταφρονῶν ἀγέλης καὶ λυμαινόμενος, τοὺς δὲ ἔξωθεν ἐπιβουλεύοντας ὑποχωρῶν καὶ προβαλλόμενος τὸ ἀδύνατον πλῆθος, μηδενὸς δὲ χαλεποῦ παρόντος ὑβρίζων καὶ θρασυνόμενος, τοῦτομὲν ὀξὺ καὶ ἀπειλητικὸν μυκώμενος, τοῦτο δὲ ὀρθοῖς τοῖς κέρασι παίων τὸν οὐκ ἀνθιστάμενον, ἐπιδεικνύμενος δὲ τὴν ἰσχὺν ἐν τοῖς ἥττοσι καὶ τοῖς οὐ μαχομένοις, τὸ δὲ τῶν βοῶν πλῆθος οὐκ ἐῶν νέμεσθαι καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν δι᾽ ἔκπληξιν καὶ φόβον: τότε τοῦτον οἱ δεσπόται καὶ βουκόλοι μετέστησαν καὶ ἠφάνισαν, ὡς οὐκ ἐπιτήδειον

  [73] “Now we know how wise herdsmen deal with a bull. When he becomes savage and hard to handle, and rules outrageously in violation of the law of nature, when he treats his own herd with contempt and harms it, but gives ground before outsiders who plot against it and shields himself behind the helpless multitude, yet, when there is no peril at hand, waxes overbearing and insolent, now bellowing loudly in a menacing way, now goring with levelled horns any who cannot resist, thus making show of his strength upon the weaker who will not fight, while at the same time he will not permit the multitude of the cattle to graze in peace because of the consternation and panic he inspires — when the owners and the herdsmen, I say, have such a bull, they depose and kill him as not being fit to lead the herd nor salutary to it.

  [74] οὐδὲ συμφέροντα ἡγεῖσθαι τῆς ἀγέλης: τὸν δὲ πρᾷον μὲν ταῖς ἑπομέναις βουσίν, εὔψυχον δὲ καὶ ἄφοβον πρὸς τὰ θηρία, σεμνὸν δὲ καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῆ καὶ δυνατὸν φυλάττειν καὶ προηγεῖσθαι τῆς ἀγέλης, τοῖς δέ γε νομεῦσιν εἴκοντα καὶ πειθόμενον, ἐῶσι μέχρι γήρως ὑστάτου, κἂν ἤδη βαρύτερος τὸ σῶμα γένηται.

  [74] That bull, on the other hand, which is gentle towards the kine of his following, but valiant and fearless towards wild beasts, that is stately, proud, and competent to protect his herd and be its leader, while yet submissive and obedient to the herdsmen — him they leave in charge til extreme old age, even after he becomes too heavy of body.

  [75] ὁμοίως δὲ[p. 33] καὶ οἱ θεοὶ καὶ ὁ δὴ μέγας βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, ὅτε κηδεμὼν καὶ πατὴρ κοινὸς ἀνθρώπων καὶ θεῶν, Ζεύς ὃς ἂν ἀνθρώπων γένηται βίαιος καὶ ἄδικος καὶ παράνομος ἄρχων, τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνδεικνύμενος, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις καὶ τοῖς φίλοις, ἄπληστος μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἄπληστος δὲ χρημάτων, ὑπονοῆσαι ταχύς, ἀμείλικτος ὀργισθείς, ὀξὺς πρὸς διαβολάς, ἀπειθὴς λόγοις, πανοῦργος, ἐπίβουλος, ταπεινός, αὐθάδης, τοὺς κακοὺς αὔξων, τοῖς κρείττοσι φθονῶν, παιδείας ἀσύνετος, φίλον οὐδένα νομίζων οὐδ᾽ ἔχων, ὡς ἔλαττον αὑτοῦ τὸ κτῆμα, ἐκεῖνον ἐκποδὼν ἐποιήσατο καὶ μετέστησεν,

  [75] In like manner do the gods act, and especially the great King of Kings, Zeus, who is the common protector and father of men and gods. If any man proves himself a violent, unjust and lawless ruler, visiting his strength, not upon the enemy, but upon his subjects and friends; if he is insatiate of pleasures, insatiate of wealth, quick to suspect, implacable in anger, keen for slander, deaf to reason, knavish, treacherous, degraded, wilful, exalting the wicked, envious of his superiors, too stupid for education, regarding no man as friend nor having one, as though such a possession were beneath him, —

  [76] ὡς οὐκ ἄξιον ὄντα βασιλεύειν οὐδὲ κοινωνεῖν τῆς αὑτοῦ τιμῆς καὶ ἐπωνυμίας, μετά τε αἰσχύνης καὶ προπηλακισμοῦ, καθάπερ οἶμαι Φάλαρίν τε καὶ Ἀπολλόδωρον καὶ πολλοὺς ἄλλους τῶν ὁμοίων.

  [76] such a one Zeus thrusts aside and deposes as unworthy to be king or to participate in his own honour and titles, putting upon him shame and derision, as methinks he did with Phalaris and Apollodorus and many others like them.

  [77] τὸν δέ γε ἀνδρεῖον καὶ φιλάνθρωπον καὶ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις εὔνουν καὶ τιμῶντα μὲν τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ συναγωνιῶντα μή τινος τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόξῃ φαυλότερος, τοὺς δὲ ἀδίκους μετανοεῖν ἀναγκάζοντα, τοῖς δὲ ἀσθενέσιν ἀρήγοντα, τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀγάμενος ὡς τὸ πολὺ μὲν ἄγει πρὸς γῆρας, καθάπερ ἀκούομεν Κῦρόν τε καὶ Δηιόκην τὸν Μῆδον καὶ Ἰδάνθυρσον τὸν Σκύθην καὶ Λεύκωνα καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν Λακωνικῶν βασιλέων καὶ τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ πρότερόν τινας:

  [77] But the brave and humane king, who is kindly towards his subjects and, while honouring virtue and striving that he shall not be esteemed as inferior to any good man therein, yet forces the unrighteous to mend their ways and lends a helping hand to the weak — such a king Zeus admires for his virtue and, as a rule, brings to old age, as, for instance, according to tradition, Cyrus and Deïoces the Mede, Idanthyrsus the Scythian, Leucon, many of the Spartan kings, and some of the earlier kings of Egypt.

  [78] ἐὰν δὲ τὸ τῆς εἱμαρμένης ἀναγκαῖον ἐπείγῃ πρὸ τοῦ γήρως, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν μνήμης γε ἀγαθῆς καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν εὐφημίας εἰς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον ἠξίωσε, καθάπερ, εἶπεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος, τὸν ἡμέτερον πρόγονον,

  [78] But if the inevitable decree of fate snatches him away before reaching old age, yet Zeus vouchsafes unto him a goodly renown and praise among all men for ever and ever, as indeed,” concluded Alexander, “he honoured our own ancestor, who, because of his virtue, was considered the son of Zeus — I mean Heracles.”

  [79] τὸν νομισθέντα τοῦ Διὸς διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν Ἡρακλέα. ταῦτα δὲ ἀκούσας ὁ Φίλιππος, ἡσθείς, Οὐ μάτην, εἶπεν, Ἀλέξανδρε, περὶ πολλοῦ ποιούμεθα τὸν Ἀριστοτέλη, καὶ τὴν πατρίδα αὐτῷ συνεχωρήσαμεν ἀνακτίζειν, Στάγειρα τῆς Ὀλυνθίας οὖσαν. ὁ γὰρ ἀνὴρ ἄξιος πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων δωρεῶν, εἰ τοιαῦτά σε διδάσκει περί τε ἀρχῆς καὶ βασιλείας
εἴτε Ὅμηρον ἐξηγούμενος εἴτε ἄλλον τρόπον. [p. 34]

  [79] Now when Philip heard all this, he was delighted and said, “Alexander, it wasn’t for naught that we esteemed Aristotle so highly, and permitted him to rebuild his home-town Stagira, which is in the domain of Olynthus. He is a man who merits many large gifts, if such are the lessons which he gives you in government and the duties of a king, be it as interpreter of Homer or in any other way.”

  THE THIRD DISCOURSE ON KINGSHIP

  περὶ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ γ.

  THE THIRD DISCOURSE ON KINGSHIP

  Dio’s protest in this Discourse that he is not flattering would seem to indicate clearly that he is addressing Trajan — otherwise his words would be meaningless — and many of the things said point to the existence of very cordial relations between the orator and that emperor. Hence it is inferred that the third Discourse is later than the first. Von Arnim suggests that it was delivered before Trajan on his birthday, September 18th, in A.D. 104.

  Stoic and Cynic doctrine as to the nature of the true king is set forth. The reference to the sun is of Stoic origin. Then Trajan, the type of the true king, is contrasted with the Persian king to the latter’s disadvantage.

  [1] Σωκράτης Ἀθήνησι, πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ καὶ πένης, ὃν καὶ σὺ γιγνώσκεις ἀκοῇ πρὸ πάνυ πολλῶν ἐτῶν γενόμενον, πυθομένου τινὸς εἰ εὐδαίμονα νομίζοι τὸν Περσῶν βασιλέα, Τυχόν, εἶπεν, εὐδαίμων: οὐκ ἔφη δὲ αὐτὸς εἰδέναι διὰ τὸ μὴ συγγενέσθαι αὐτῷ μηδὲ γιγνώσκειν ὁποῖός ἐστι τὴν διάνοιαν, ὡς οὐκ ἀλλαχόθεν οἶμαιγιγνόμενον τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν, ἀπὸ χρυσωμάτων ἢ πόλεων ἢ χώρας ἢ ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων, ἑκάστῳ δὲ παρά τε αὑτοῦ καὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ διανοίας.