Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [78] For he noticed that at one moment he was delighted, and at another grieved, at the same thing, and that his soul was as unsettled as the weather at the solstices when both rain and sunshine come from the very same cloud. He realized, too, that Alexander despised the way in which he argued with him, due to the fact that the prince had never heard a real master of discourse but admired the style of the sophists, as being lofty and distinguished.

  [79] βουλόμενος οὖν χαρίσασθαι αὐτῷ, ἅμα τε ἐπιδεῖξαι ὅτι οὐκ ἀδύνατός ἐστιν ὥσπερ ἵππον εὐμαθῆκαὶ πειθόμενον, ὅταν αὐτῷ δοκῇ, τὸν λόγον ἐπᾶραι, λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν οὕτως περὶ δαιμόνων, ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν ἔξωθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ πονηροὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ δαίμονες, οἱ τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ τὰς εὐτυχίας φέροντες αὐτοῖς, ὁ δὲ ἴδιος ἑκάστου νοῦς,

  [79] So wishing to win his favour and at the same time to show that he was quite able, whenever he chose, to make his discourse step out like a well-trained and tractable horse, he spoke to him as follows about attendant spirits, showing that the good and the bad spirits that bring happiness and misery are not outside the man,

  [80] οὗτός ἐστι δαίμων τοῦ ἔχοντος ἀνδρός, ἀγαθὸς μὲν ὁ τοῦ φρονίμου καὶ ἀγαθοῦ δαίμων, πονηρὸς δὲ ὁ τοῦ πονηροῦ, ὡσαύτως δὲ ἐλεύθερος μὲν ὁ τοῦ ἐλευθέρου, δοῦλος δὲ ὁ τοῦ δούλου, καὶ βασιλικὸς μὲν ὁ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ καὶ μεγαλόφρονος, ταπεινὸς δὲ ὁ τοῦ ταπεινοῦ καὶ ἀγεννοῦς.

  [80] and that each one’s intelligence — this and nothing more — is the guiding spirit of its owner, that the wise and good man’s spirit is good, the evil man’s evil, and likewise the free man’s is free, the slave’s slavish, the kingly and high-minded man’s kingly, the abject and base man’s abject.

  [81] ἵνα δέ, ἔφη, μὴ καθ᾽ ἓν ἕκαστον ἐπιὼν πολύ τι πλῆθος ἐπάγωμαι [p. 69] λόγων, ἐρῶ τοὺς κοινοτάτους καὶ φανερωτάτους δαίμονας, ὑφ᾽ ὧν ἅπαντες, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἐλαύνονται τύραννοι καὶ ἰδιῶται καὶ πλούσιοι καὶ πένητες καὶ ὅλα ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις. ἐνταῦθα δὴ πάντα ἀνεὶς κάλων μάλα ὑψηλῶς καὶ ἀδεῶς τὸν ἑξῆς διεπέραινε λόγον.

  [81] “However, not to provoke a tedious discussion,” he continued, “by taking up each separate point, I shall mention the commonest and most noticeable spirits by which everybody, generally speaking, is actuated — tyrants and private citizens, rich and poor, whole nations and cities.” Thereupon he let out all his sails and delivered the following discourse with great loftiness and courage.

  [82] πολλαὶ μέν, ὦ παῖ Φιλίππου, περὶ πάντα κακίαι τε καὶ διαφθοραὶ τῶν ἀθλίων ἀνθρώπων, καὶ τοσαῦται σχεδὸν ὅσας οὐ δυνατὸν διελθεῖν. τῷ ὄντι γὰρ κατὰ τὸν ποιητὴν

  οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν δεινὸν ὧδ᾽ εἰπεῖν ἔπος

  οὐδὲ πάθος οὐδὲ συμφορὰν θεήλατον,

  ἧς οὐκ ἂν ἄραιτ᾽ ἄχθος ἀνθρώπου φύσις.

  [82] “Many, thou son of Philip, are the vices and corrupting influences that in all circumstances beget wretched man, and they are well-nigh more numerous than tongue can tell. For in truth, as the poet says,

  “No word is there so fraught with fear to speak,

  Nor sorrow, nor calamity god-sent,

  But mortal man might bear the weight thereof.”

  [83] τριῶν δὲ ἐπικρατούντων, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, βίων, εἰς οὓς μάλιστα ἐμπίπτουσιν οἱ πολλοί, μὰ Δί᾽ οὐ μετὰ λογισμοῦ σκεψάμενοι καὶ δοκιμάσαντες, ἀλόγῳ δὲ ὁρμῇ καὶ τύχῃ προσενεχθέντες, τοσούτους φατέον εἶναι καὶ δαίμονας, οἷς συνέπονται καὶ λατρεύουσιν ὁ πολὺς καὶ ἀμαθὴς ὅμιλος, ἄλλοι ἄλλῳ, καθάπερ ἡγεμόνι πονηρῷ καὶ μαινομένῳ πονηρὸς καὶ ἀσελγὴς θίασος.

  [83] “Now as there are, roughly speaking, three prevailing types of lives which the majority usually adopt, not after thoughtful consideration and testing, I assure you, but because they are carried away by chance and thoughtless impulse, we must affirm that there is just the same number of spirits whom the great mass of foolish humanity follows and serves — some men one spirit and some another — just as a wicked and wanton troop follows a wicked and frenzied leader.

  [84] ἔστι δὲ τούτων ὧν ἔφην βίων ὁ μὲν ἡδυπαθὴς καὶ τρυφερὸς περὶ τὰς τοῦ σώματος ἡδονάς, ὁ δ᾽ αὖ φιλοχρήματος καὶ φιλόπλουτος, ὁ δὲ τρίτος ἀμφοτέρων ἐπιφανέστερός τε καὶ μᾶλλον τεταραγμένος, ὁ φιλότιμος καὶ φιλόδοξος, ἐκδηλοτέραν καὶ σφοδροτέραν ἐπιδεικνύμενος τὴν ταραχὴν καὶ τὴν μανίαν, ἐξαπατῶν αὑτόν, ὡς καλοῦ δή τινος ἐραστήν.

  [84] Of these types of lives which I have mentioned, the first is luxurious and self-indulgent as regards bodily pleasures, the second, in its turn, is acquisitive and avaricious, while the third is more conspicuous and more disordered than the other two — I mean the one that loves honour and glory — and it manifests a more evident and violent disorder or frenzy, deluding itself into believing that it is enamoured of some noble ideal.

  [85] φέρε οὖν καθάπερ οἱ κομψοὶ τῶν δημιουργῶν ἐπὶ πάντα ἔμβραχυ φέρουσι τὴν αὑτῶν ἐπίνοιαν καὶ τέχνην, οὐ μόνον τὰς τῶν θεῶν ἀπομιμούμενοι φύσεις ἀνθρωπίνοις εἴδεσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον, ποταμούς τε ἐνίοτε γράφοντες ἀνδράσιν ὁμοίους καὶ κρήνας ἔν τισι γυναικείοις εἴδεσι, νήσους τε καὶ πόλεις καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μικροῦ δεῖν ξύμπαντα, ὁποῖον καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐτόλμησεν ἐπιδεῖξαι Σκάμανδρον φθεγγόμενον ὑπὸ τῇ δίνῃ,

  [85] “Therefore, come, let us imitate clever artists. They put the impress of their thought and art upon practically everything, representing not only the various gods in human forms but everything else as well. Sometimes they paint rivers in the likeness of men and springs in certain feminine shapes, yes, and islands and cities and well-nigh everything else, like Homer, who boldly represented the Scamander as speaking beneath his flood,

  [86] κἀκεῖνοι φωνὰς μὲν οὐκ ἔχουσι προσθεῖναι τοῖς εἰδώλοις, εἴδη δὲ οἰκεῖα καὶ σημεῖα ἀπὸ τῆς φύσεως, οἷον τοὺς ποταμοὺς κατακειμένους γυμνοὺς τὸ πλέον,

  [86] and though they cannot give speech to their figures, nevertheless do give them forms and symbols appropriate to their nature, as, for example, their river gods recline, usually naked, and wear long flowing beards and on their heads crowns of tamarisk or rushes.

  [87] γένειον πολὺ καθεικότας, μυρίκην ἢ κάλαμον ἐστεφανωμένους: οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡμεῖς μὴ χείρους μηδὲ φαυλότεροι περὶ τοὺς λόγους [p. 70] φανῶμεν ἢ ἐκεῖνοι περὶ τὰς αὑτῶν τέχν�
�ς, τῷ πλάττειν καὶ ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς τρόπους τοῦ τριπλοῦ δαίμονος τῶν τριῶν βίων, τὴν ἐναντίαν ἕξιν καὶ ἀντίστροφον ἐπιδεικνύμενοι τῆς τῶν λεγομένων φυσιογνωμόνων ἐμπειρίας καὶ μαντικῆς.

  [87] Let us then show ourselves to be no whit worse or less competent in the field of discourse than they in their several arts as we mould and depict the characters of the three spirits of the three lives, therein displaying an accomplishment the reverse of and complementary to the skill and prophetic power of the physiognomists, as they call them.

  [88] οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς μορφῆς καὶ τοῦ εἴδους τὸ ἦθος γιγνώσκουσι καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσιν, ἡμεῖσδὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἠθῶν καὶ τῶν ἔργων χαρακτῆρα καὶ μορφὴν ἀξίαν ἐκείνων σπάσωμεν, εἰ ἄρα μᾶλλον ἅψασθαι δυνησόμεθα τῶν πολλῶν καὶ φαυλοτέρων:

  [88] These men can determine and announce a man’s character from his shape and appearance; while we propose to draw from a man’s habits and acts, a type and shape that will match the physiognomist’s work — that is, if we shall succeed in getting hold rather of the average and lower types.

  [89] πρὸς τὸ ἀποδεῖξαι τὴν τῶν βίων ἀτοπίαν οὐδὲν ἄσχημον ὂν οὐδὲ νεμεσητὸν καὶ ποιηταῖς παραβαλλομένους καὶ χειροτέχναις καὶ καθαρταῖς ὁρᾶσθαι,σσσς εἰ δέοι, σπεύδειν πανταχόθενεἰκόνας καὶ παραδείγματα πορίζοντας, ἄν πως ἰσχύσωμεν ἀποτρέψαι κακίας καὶ ἀπάτης καὶ πονηρῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν, εἰς ἀρετῆς δὲ φιλίαν προαγαγεῖν καὶ ἔρωτα καὶ ζωῆς ἀμείνονος:

  [89] Since our purpose is to show the absurdity existing in human lives, there is no impropriety or objection to our being seen imitating poets or artists or, if need be, priests of purification and to our striving to furnish illustrations and examples from every source, in the hope of being able to win souls from evil, delusion, and wicked desires and to lead them to love virtue and to long for a better life;

  [90] ἢ ὡς εἰώθασιν ἔνιοι τῶν περὶ τὰς τελετὰς καὶ τὰ καθάρσια, μῆνιν Ἑκάτης ἱλασκόμενοί τε καὶ ἐξάντη φάσκοντες ποιήσειν, ἔπειτα οἶμαι φάσματαπολλὰ καὶ ποικίλα πρὸ τῶν καθαρμῶν ἐξηγούμενοι καὶ ἐπιδεικνύντες, ἅ φασιν ἐπιπέμπειν χολουμένην τὴν θεόν.

  [90] or else we might follow the practice of some of those who deal with initiations and rites of purification, who appease the wrath of Hecate and undertake to make a person sound, and then before the cleansing process, as I understand, set forth and point to the many and various visions that, as they claim, the goddess sends when angry.

  [91] εἶεν: ὁ μὲν δὴ φιλοχρήματος δαίμων χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ γῆς καὶ βοσκημάτων καὶ συνοικιῶν καὶ πάσης κτήσεως ἐραστής. ἆρα οὐκ ἂν σκυθρωπός τε καὶ συννεφὴς ἰδεῖν ἐν σχήματι ταπεινῷ καὶ ἀγεννεῖ πλάττοιτο ὑπὸ δημιουργοῦ μὴ φαύλου τὴν τέχνην; αὐχμηρὸς καὶ ῥυπῶν, οὔτε παῖδας ἢ γονέας οὔτε πατρίδα φιλῶν, ἢ συγγένειαν ἄλλο τι νομίζων ἢ τὰ χρήματα, τοὺς δὲ θεοὺς πλέον οὐδὲν εἶναι λογιζόμενος, ὅ τι μὴ πολλοὺς αὐτῷ μηδὲ μεγάλους θησαυροὺς παραδεικνύουσιν ἢ θανάτους οἰκείων τινῶν καὶ συγγενῶν, ὅπως ἔχοικληρονομεῖν, τὰς δὲ ἑορτὰς ζημίαν ἄλλως ἡγούμενος καὶ ματαίαν δαπάνην, ἀγέλαστος καὶ ἀμειδίατος,

  [91] “Well, then, the avaricious spirit craves gold, silver, lands, cattle, blocks of houses, and every kind of possession. Would it not be represented by a good artist as downcast and gloomy of appearance, humble and mean of dress — aye, as squalid and ragged, loving neither children nor parents nor native land, and recognizing no kinship but that of money, and considering the gods as nothing more than that which reveals to him many vast treasures or the deaths of certain kinsfolk and connections from whom he might inherit, regarding our holy festivals as sheer loss and useless expense, never laughing or smiling,

  [92] ὑφορώμενος ἅπαντας καὶ βλαβεροὺς ἡγούμενος καὶ ἀπιστῶν πᾶσιν, ἁρπακτικὸν βλέπων, ἀεὶ [p. 71] κινῶν τοὺς δακτύλους, ἤτοι τὴν αὑτοῦ λογιζόμενος οὐσίαν ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τινός, τἄλλα δὲ ἀναίσθητος καὶ ἀμαθής, παιδείας καὶ γραμμάτων καταγελῶν,

  [92] eyeing all with suspicion and thinking them dangerous, distrusting everybody, having a rapacious look, ever twitching his fingers as he computes his own property, I take it, or that of someone else — a spirit not only without appreciation or capacity for any other thing, but scoffing at education and literature except when they have to do with estimates and contracts, the still blinder lover of wealth, which is rightly described and portrayed as blind;

  [93] πλὴν ὅσον περὶ λογισμοὺς καὶ συμβόλαια, τυφλοῦ δικαίως καὶ λεγομένου καὶ γραφομένου τοῦ πλούτου τυφλότερος ἐραστής, περὶ πάντα λυττῶν κτήματα καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον ἡγούμενος, οὐχ ὥσπερ τὴν μαγνῆτιν λίθον ἕλκειν φασὶ πρὸς αὑτὴν τὸν σίδηρον, ἀλλὰ καὶ χαλκὸν καὶ μόλυβδον προσαγόμενος, κἂν ψάμμον ἢ λίθον διδῷ τις, πανταχῇ καὶ περὶ πάντα σχεδόν τι τὸ ἔχειν τοῦ μὴ ἔχειν λυσιτελέστερόν τε καὶ ἄμεινον ἡγούμενος, μάλιστα δὲ περὶ τὴν τοῦ ἀργυρίου κτῆσιν ἔκφρων καὶ συντεταμένος, ὅτι δὴ τάχιστα κἀδαπανώτατα πρόεισι, σὺν ἡμέρᾳ καὶ νυκτὶ προβαῖνον καὶ φθάνον οἶμαι τὰς τῆς σελήνης περιόδους,

  [93] mad about every kind of possession and thinking that nothing should be thrown away; unlike the magnetic stone, which they say attracts iron to itself, but amassing copper and lead as well, yes, even sand and rock if anyone gives them, and everywhere and in almost every case regarding possession as more profitable and better than non-possession. He is most frantic and eager, however, to get money, simply because success here is quickest and cheapest, since money goes on piling up day and night and outstrips, I ween, the circuits of the moon.

  [94] τὸ δὲ τῆς ἀπεχθείας καὶ τὸ τοῦ μίσους καὶ τῶν βλασφημιῶν οὐδαμῇ λογιζόμενος, ἔτι δὲ τῇ μὲν ἄλλῃ κτήσει καλλωπισμόν τινα προσεῖναι καὶ διατριβὴν ἡγούμενος, τὸ δὲ ἀργύριον ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτῳ συνειληφέναι τὴν τοῦ πλούτου δύναμιν.

  [94] He recks naught of dislike, hate, and curses and, besides, holds that while other kinds of possessions may be pretty baubles wherewith to amuse oneself, money, to put it succinctly, is the very essence of wealth.

  [95] τοῦτο οὖν διώκει καὶ ζητεῖ πανταχόθεν, οὐδέν τι μεταστρεφόμενος, οὔτ᾽ εἰ μετ᾽ αἰσχύνης οὔτ᾽ εἰ μετ᾽ ἀδικίας γίγνοιτο, πλὴν ὅσον τὰς κολάσ
εις ὑφορώμενος ὁδοιδόκων ἀσφαλέστερος δειλίᾳ κρατηθείς, κυνὸς ἀχρήστου ψυχὴν ἔχων, τὰ μὲν ἁρπάζοντος, ἐὰν ἐλπίσῃ λήσεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ ἐπεμβλέποντος καὶ ἄκοντος ἀπεχομένου

  [95] This, therefore, is what he seeks and pursues from any and every source, never concerning himself at all to ask whether it is acquired by shameful or by unjust means, except insofar as, observing the punishments meted out to footpads, he lets cowardice get the better of him and becomes cautious. For he has the soul of a worthless cur, that snatches up things when it expects not to be noticed, and looks on other morsels with longing eyes but keeps away from them, though reluctantly, because the guards are by.

  [96] διὰ τοὺς ἐφεστηκότας φύλακας. ἔστω δὴ βραχὺς ἰδεῖν, δουλοπρεπής, ἄγρυπνος, οὐδέποτε μειδιῶν, ἀεί τῳ λοιδορούμενος καὶ μαχόμενος, πορνοβοσκῷ μάλιστα προσεοικὼς τό τε σχῆμα καὶ τὸν τρόπον ἀναιδεῖ καὶ γλίσχρῳ, βαπτὸν ἀμπεχομένῳ τριβώνιον μιᾶς τινος τῶν ἑταιρῶν ὧν ἴσμεν, τοὺς αὑτοῦ φίλους τε καὶ ἑταίρους,

  [96] So let him be a man insignificant in appearance, servile, unsleeping, never smiling, ever quarrelling and fighting with someone, very much like a pander, who in garb as well as in character is shameless and niggardly, dressed in a coloured mantle, the finery of one of his harlots.