[30] Things, therefore, that were costly or demanded constant attention and worry he rejected and showed to be injurious to those who used them; but whatever could readily and without effort help the body to withstand the winter’s cold or hunger or to satisfy some other appetite of the body, he would never forgo; nay, he would choose localities that were healthful in preference to the unhealthy, and those that were adapted to the different seasons,
[31] καὶ τροφῆς ὅπως εὐπορήσει τῆς ἱκανῆς ἐπεμελεῖτο καὶ ἐσθῆτος τῆς μετρίας, πραγμάτων δὲ καὶ δικῶν καὶ φιλονικιῶν καὶ πολέμων καὶ στάσεων ἐκτὸς ἦν. καὶ μάλιστα ἐμιμεῖτο τῶν θεῶν τὸν βίον: ἐκείνους γὰρ μόνους φησὶν Ὅμηρος ῥᾳδίως ζῆν, ὡς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιπόνως καὶ χαλεπῶς βιούντων. τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα ἔφη καὶ τὰ θηρία διορᾶν.
[31] and he took care to have a sufficient supply of food and moderate clothing, but from public affairs, lawsuits, rivalries, wars, and factions he kept himself clear. He tried especially to imitate the life of the gods, for they alone, as Homer asserts, live at ease, implying that the life of man is full of labour and hardship. Even the lower animals, he claimed, understand this sort of thing clearly.
[32] τοὺς μὲν γὰρ πελαργοὺς τὰ θερμὰ τοῦ θέρους ἀπολείποντας εἰς τὸν εὔκρατον ἀέρα ἀφικνεῖσθαι, καὶ διαγαγόντας ἐνταῦθα ὁπόσον ἥδιστον τοῦ χρόνου, μετὰ ταῦτα ἀθρόους ἀπιέναι, τὸν χειμῶνα ὑποχωροῦντας, τὰς δὲ γεράνους ἐπιφοιτᾶν τῷ σπόρῳ, χειμῶνα μετρίως φερούσας, καὶ τῆς τροφῆς ἕνεκα.
[32] The storks, for example, leave the heat of the summer and migrate to a temperate climate, and after spending as long a time there as is most congenial to them, depart in flocks, retreating before the winter; while cranes, which stand the winter fairly well, come at seeding time and for the food they pick up.
[33] τὰς δὲ ἐλάφους καὶ τοὺς λαγὼς τοῦ μὲν ψύχους εἰς τὰ πεδία καὶ τὰ κοῖλα καταβαίνειν ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν, κἀνταῦθα ὑποστέλλειν τοῖς ἀπηνέμοις καὶ προσηνέσι, τοῦ [p. 90] δὲ καύματος εἰς τὴν ὕλην ἀποχωρεῖν καὶ τὰ βορειότατα τῶν χωρίων.
[33] Deer and hares come down from the mountains into the plains and valleys in the cold weather and find shelter there in comfortable nooks away from the wind, but in the hot season withdraw into the woods and the most northerly regions.
[34] ὁρῶν δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους ἅπαντα μὲν τὸν βίον ταραττομένους, ἅπαντα δὲ ἀλλήλοις ἐπιβουλεύοντας, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν κακοῖς ὄντας μυρίοις, μηδέποτε δὲ ἡσυχίαν δυναμένους ἄγειν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ ἐν ταῖς ἱερομηνίαις μηδὲ ἂν ἐκεχειρίαν ἐπαγγέλλωσι, καὶταῦτα ξύμπαντα δι᾽ οὐδὲν ἕτερον τὰ μὲν δρῶντας, τὰ δὲ πάσχοντας, ἢ ὅπως ζῆν δυνήσονται, καὶ μάλιστα δὴ δεδιότας μήποτε αὐτοὺς ἐπιλίπῃ τἀναγκαῖα δὴ λεγόμενα, ἔτι δὲ φροντίζοντας καὶ ζητοῦντας ὅπως παισὶ τοῖς αὑτῶν καταλίπωσι πολλὰ χρήματα, ἐθαύμαζεν ὅτι μηδὲν αὐτὸς πράττοι τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ μόνος δὴ τῶνἁπάντων ἐλεύθερός ἐστι καὶ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος συνίησι τῆς αὑτοῦ μάλιστα εὐδαιμονίας.
[34] When, therefore, he observed how other men were harassed throughout their whole lives, ever plotting against one another, ever encompassed by a thousand ills and never able to enjoy a moment’s rest, nay, not even during the great festivals nor when they proclaimed a truce; and when he beheld that they did or suffered all this simply in order to keep themselves alive, and that their greatest fear was lest their so-called necessities should fail them, and how, furthermore, they planned and strove to leave great riches to their children, he marvelled that he too did not do the like, but was the only independent man in the world, and that nobody else had any comprehension of his own highest happiness.
[35] ὥστε οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἠξίου τῷ Περσῶν βασιλεῖ παραβάλλειν: πολὺ γὰρ εἶναι τὸ μεταξύ. τὸν μὲν γὰρ ἀθλιώτατον ἁπάντων τυγχάνειν, φοβούμενον μὲν ἐν τοσούτῳ χρυσῷ πενίαν, φοβούμενονδὲ νόσους, τῶν δὲ νοσερῶν ἀπέχεσθαι μὴ δυνάμενον, ἐκπεπληγμένον δὲ τὸν θάνατον, καὶ πάντας ἐπιβουλεύειν αὐτῷ νομίζοντα μέχρι τῶν παίδων τε καὶ ἀδελφῶν.
[35] For these reasons he refused to compare himself any farther with the king of the Persians, since there was a great difference between them. In fact, the king was, he said, the most miserable man alive, fearing poverty in spite of all his gold, fearing sickness and yet unable to keep away from the things that cause it, in great dread of death and imagining that everybody was plotting against him, even his own sons and his brothers.
[36] διὰ δὲ ταῦτα μήτε ἐσθίοντα ἥδεσθαι, τῶν ἡδίστων αὐτῷ παρόντων, μήτε πίνοντα ἐπιλανθάνεσθαι τῶν ὀχληρῶν. μηδεμίαν δὲ ἡμέραν διάγειν ῥᾳδίως, ἐν ᾗβλέπειν αὐτὸν εἶναι μὴ τὰ δεινότατα πάσχοντα. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν νήφοντα ἐπιθυμεῖν μέθης, ὡς τότε ἀπαλλαγησόμενον τῶν συμφορῶν, τοῦτο δ᾽ αὖ μεθύοντα ἀπολωλέναι νομίζειν, ὡς ἀδύνατον αὑτῷ βοηθεῖν.
[36] So the despot could neither eat with pleasure, though the most tempting dishes were placed before him, nor drown his troubles in wine. Not a day did he pass “at ease” in which he looked about without suffering torments. When sober, he longed for intoxication in the belief that he would then have relief from his misfortunes, and when drunk, he imagined himself to be ruined just because he was unable to help himself.
[37] ἔτι δὲ ἐγρηγορότα μὲν εὔχεσθαι καθυπνῶσαι, ὅπως ἐπιλάθηται τῶν φόβων, κοιμώμενον δὲ ἀναστῆναι τὴν ταχίστην,ἅτε ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν τῶν ἐνυπνίων ἀπολλύμενον: τῆς δὲ χρυσῆς αὐτῷ πλατάνου καὶ τῶν Σεμιράμιδος οἰκοδομημάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν Βαβυλῶνι τειχῶν μηδὲν ὄφελος γιγνόμενον.
[37] And further, when awake, he prayed for sleep that he might forget his fears, but when asleep he would immediately leap up, imagining that his very dreams were killing him; and neither the golden plane-tree, nor the mansions of Semiramis, nor the walls of Babylon were of any help to him.
[38] τὸ δὲ δὴ πάντων παραλογώτατον, [p. 91] φοβεῖσθαι μὲν τοὺς ἀνόπλους, πιστεύειν δὲ αὑτὸν τοῖς ὡπλισμένοις, καὶ διερευνᾶσθαι μὲν τοὺς προσιόντας, μή τις ἔχοι σίδηρον, ἐν μέσῳ δὲ ζῆν τῶν σιδηροφορούντων. φεύγειν δὲ ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἀνόπλων πρὸς τοὺς ὡπλισμένους, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ὡπλισμένων πρὸς τοὺς ἀνόπλους: ἀπὸ μέν γε τοῦ πλήθους φυλάττεσθαι τοῖς δορυφόροις, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δορυφόρων εὐνούχοις. οὐκ ἔχ
ειν δὲ οἷς ἂν πιστεύσας οὐδὲ ὅποι τραπόμενος δυνήσεται ζῆσαι μίαν ἡμέραν ἀφόβως.
[38] The most absurd thing of all, however, was that, though he feared unarmed persons, yet he entrusted himself to his armed guards, that though he searched those who approached him to see if any had a weapon, yet he lived surrounded by men who carried weapons. He was forever fleeing from the unarmed to the armed and from the armed to the unarmed; from the people he protected himself by means of his bodyguard and from his bodyguard by means of his eunuchs. He had no one that he could trust, nor refuge to which he could turn so that he might live a single day without fear.
[39] ὑφορᾶσθαι δὲ καὶ τὰ σιτία καὶ τὸ ποτόν, καὶ τοὺς προπειράσοντας ταῦτα ἔχειν, ὥσπερ ἐν ὁδῷ πολεμίων γεμούσῃ τοὺς προερευνῶντας. ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τοῖς ἀναγκαίοις θαρρεῖν, μήτε παισὶ μήτε γυναικί. οὕτως δὲ χαλεποῦ ὄντος τοῦ πράγματος καὶ δυστυχοῦς τῆς μοναρχίας, μηδὲ ἀπαλλαγῆναί ποτε αὐτοῦ μήτε βούλεσθαι μήτε δύνασθαι.
[39] He suspected everything he ate or drank, and had men to sample things for him like so many scouts on a road beset by the enemy. Nay, he could not place confidence in his nearest and dearest, whether children or wife. Yet, difficult and grievous as the position of monarch was, he never wanted to get rid of it, nor could be.
[40] καίτοι πάντα ὅσα δεινὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις παραμυθίαν ἔχει τὸ τυχὸν ἂν παύσασθαι αὐτῶν. καὶ γὰρ ὅστις ὑπὸ δεσμῶν ἔχεται, προσδοκᾷ ποτε λυθῆναι, καὶ τῷ τὴν πατρίδα φεύγοντι οὐκ ἀδύνατον κατελθεῖν, καὶ τῷ νοσοῦντι μέχρι τῆς τελευτῆς ἔστιν ἐλπίζειν τὴν ὑγίειαν: τῷ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπαλλαγῆναι τοῦ πράγματος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ εὔξασθαι γοῦν, εἰ μή τι ἕτερον. ὅσοις δὲ ἀνιᾶσθαι συμβέβηκε τῶν φίλων τινὸς ἀποθανόντος, σαφῶς ἐπίστανται ὅτι παύσονταί ποτε λυπούμενοι τῷ χρόνῳ: τῷ δὲ τοὐναντίον ἐπιτείνεται μᾶλλον τὰ χαλεπά.
[40] “Still, all human ills admit of this one consolation,” continued Diogenes— “they may possibly come to an end. The prisoner in chains expects some time to be set free; it is not impossible for the exile to return to his home; and he who is sick can hope until the end comes for recovery. But the tyrant may not escape his condition; no, he cannot even so much as pray except it be for something else. Anyone who has suffered the loss of a friend by death believes in his heart that time will eventually heal his grief; but tyrants, on the contrary, find their troubles growing worse and worse;
[41] οὐ ῥᾴδιον μὲν γὰρ ἄνδρα γηρᾶσαι τύραννον, χαλεπὸν δὲ τυράννου γῆρας, οὐχ οἶον ἵππου φασίν. οἵ τε γὰρ πεπονθότες κακῶς πλείους οἵ τε καταφρονοῦντες: αὐτὸς δὲ τῷ σώματι βοηθεῖν ἀδύνατος αὑτῷ. πάντα μὲν οὖν τὰ δεινὰ πέφυκε μᾶλλον ἐκπλήττειν τοὺς προσδεχομένους ἢ λυπεῖν τοὺς πειραθέντας, καὶ πενία καὶ φυγὴ καὶ δεσμοὶ καὶ ἀτιμία. τοῦ θανάτου δὲ εἴ τις ἀφέλοι τὸ δέος, οὐδὲν ὑπολείπεται δυσχερές:
[41] since it is not easy for a tyrant to reach old age, and a tyrant’s old age is grievous, unlike that of the horse in the proverb. For his victims as well as those who despise him have multiplied, and he, owing to his own infirmities, cannot defend himself.
“Now all calamities are naturally more alarming in anticipation than they are grievous in experience, as is true of hunger, exile, imprisonment, or loss of civil rights;
[42] οὐ γὰρ μόνον αὐτὸς οὐκ ἐνοχλεῖ τοὺς παθόντας, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲν ἔτι λυποῦνται. ὁ δὲ φόβος οὕτω χαλεπός ἐστιν ὥστε πολλοὶ [p. 92] ἤδη προέλαβον τὸ ἔργον: οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐν νηὶ χειμαζόμενοι οὐ περιέμειναν καταδῦναι τὴν ναῦν, ἀλλὰ πρότερον αὑτοὺς ἀπέσφαξαν, οἱ δὲ πολεμίων περιειληφότων, σαφῶς εἰδότες ὅτι οὐδὲν πείσονται δεινότερον.
[42] but if the fear of death were removed, then no further distress remains. For death in itself is so far from troubling those who have experienced it, that they have no further grief at all. Fear of it, however, is so intense that many have anticipated the event. People on a storm-tossed ship have not waited for it to go down but have taken their own lives first; others have done the same when surrounded by the enemy, although they well knew that nothing worse than death awaited them.
[43] τοῦτο δὴ τὸ χαλεπὸν ἀεὶ πάρεστι τοῖς μονάρχοις, ὁμοίως μὲν ἡμέρας, ὁμοίως δὲ νυκτός. καὶ τοῖς μὲν καταδικασθεῖσιν ἡμέρα ῥητὴ πρόκειται, ἐν ᾗ δεῖ ἀποθνήσκειν, τοῖς δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἄδηλον, εἴτε μετ᾽ ὀλίγον εἴτε ἤδη, καὶ οὐδεὶς καιρός, οὐδὲ ὁ βραχύτατος, ἀπήλλακται τούτου τοῦ δέους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐσθίοντα ἀνάγκη δεδιέναι καὶ θύοντα τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ συμπίνειν τούτῳ τῷ
[43] This is the evil plight that despots are ever in, both by day and by night. For condemned criminals a stated day is set on which they must die, but tyrants are uncertain whether death will come soon or the hour has already struck. No moment, not even the most fleeting, is free from this dread, but whether eating or sacrificing to the gods the tyrant must live in this fear.
[44] φόβῳ καὶ συγκαθεύδειν. εἰ δέ ποτε ἐπέλθοι παίζειν τοῖς τοιούτοις,καὶ πρὸς ἀφροδισίοις οὗτος γιγνόμενος, ἐὰν καὶ πάνυ τύχῃ ἐρῶν, μέμνηται τοῦ θανάτου, ὡς τυχὸν ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν τῶν ἐρωμένων μένων ἀπολούμενος, ὥστε μοι δοκεῖ τότε μόνον χαίρειν,
[44] And if ever it occurs to such a ruler to seek diversion, even in the enjoyments of love, no matter how intense the passion, his mind dwells on death, imagining that perhaps he will be slain by the very object of his love, and with this fear he must quaff his wine and with it must lay himself down to sleep.
[45] ἐπειδὰν πληγῇ, ἀνὴρ τύραννος, ὡς τοῦ μεγίστου κακοῦ ἀπηλλαγμένος. τὸ δὲ πάντων ἀτοπώτατον, οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοι ἴσασιν ἐν ταῖς ἀνιάτοισγιγνόμενοι συμφοραῖς, ὥστε οὐ πολὺν χρόνον κακοπαθοῦσιν, οἷς ἂν μὴ ἀδύνατον ᾖ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν: οἱ δὲ τύραννοι τὰ μέγιστα κακὰ ἔχοντες ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις νομίζουσιν ἀγαθοῖς εἶναι, οἶμαι τῇ δόξῃ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων ἐξηπατημένοι τῶν ἀπείρων τοῦ πράγματος. καὶ ταύτην ὁ θεὸς αὐτοῖς τὴν ἄγνοιαν συνέζευξεν, ἵναπαραμένωσι κολαζόμενοι.
[45] And so, in my opinion, the tyrant is happy only at the moment when he is struck down, since it is then that he is freed from his greatest evil.
“But the most absurd thing of all is this: Other men realize that their condition is hopeless and so do not suffer long when death is possible for them; but tyrants, though suffer
ing from the greatest evils, imagine that they are surrounded by the greatest blessings, presumably because they are deceived by the opinions of others who have not had experience of ruling.
[46] δοκεῖ δὲ τοῖς μὲν εὖ πράττουσι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὁ μὲν βίος ἀμείνων, ὁ δὲ θάνατος διὰ τοῦτο λυπηρότερος:
[46] God has inflicted tyrants with this ignorance that they may hold out under their punishment. Again, to the prosperous life seems more worth living and death correspondingly more bitter,
[47] οἱ δὲ αὖ κακῶς ζῶντες τὸν βίον δοκοῦσι δυσχερέστερον φέρειν, τὸν δὲ θάνατον ἥδιον προσδέχεσθαι. τοῖς δέ γε τυράννοις ἀμφότερα ταῦτα χαλεπώτερα ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις: ζῶσι μὲν γὰρ πολὺἀηδέστερον τῶν πάνυ ἐπιθυμούντων τεθνάναι, τὸν δὲ θάνατον οὕτω δεδοίκασιν ὡς ἥδιστα διάγοντες ἐν τῷ βίῳ.
[47] while those in adversity seem to find life harder to endure and to welcome death more gladly. But for tyrants both are harder than for others, since in life they have far less happiness than those who eagerly long to die, and yet they fear death as if they were getting the greatest enjoyment out of life.
[48] πεφυκότος δὲ [p. 93] τοῦ τὰ μὲν ἡδέα μᾶλλον εὐφραίνειν, ὅταν ᾖ σπάνια, τοῖς δὲ συνεχῶς χρωμένοις εἰς ἀηδίαν περιίστασθαι, τὰ δὲ κακὰ χαλεπώτερα εἶναι μηδέποτε ἀπαλλαττόμενα, σχεδὸν ἀμφότερα τοῖς τυράννοις καὶ τὰ ἡδέα καὶ τὰ λυπηρὰ ἀεὶ πάρεστιν, ὡς λυπούμενον μὲν μηδέποτε παύεσθαι σχεδόν, ἡδόμενον δὲ μηδέποτε αἰσθάνεσθαι.
Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom Page 195