12. Brown and Seaton, Christmas Truce, p. 126.
13. Thomas Vinciguerra, ‘The Truce of Christmas, 1914’, New York Times (25 December 2005).
14. Quoted in TED Stories, ‘Colombia: Advertising Creates Peace’, YouTube (24 January 2018).
15. Ibid.
16. Tom Vanden Brook, ‘Propaganda That Works: Christmas Decorations’, USA Today (13 August 2013).
17. Lara Logan, ‘How Unconventional Thinking Transformed a War-Torn Colombia’, CBS News, 60 Minutes (11 December 2016).
18. Quoted in TED Stories, ‘Colombia: Advertising Creates Peace’.
19. Jose Miguel Sokoloff in an interview with the author on 9 November 2017.
20. The costs of Operation Christmas amounted to $301,100. River of Light came to $263,000 and Mother’s Voice $546,000.
21. Even FARC believed this, since during the peace talks they demanded a stop to MullenLowe’s propaganda. It was costing them too many members.
22. Sibylla Brodzinsky, ‘“Welcome to Peace”: Colombia’s Farc Rebels Seal Historic Disarmament’, Guardian (27 June 2017).
23. Quoted in Vinciguerra, ‘The Truce of Christmas, 1914’.
24. Brown and Seaton, Christmas Truce, p. 198.
25. Ibid., p. 248.
26. Ibid., p. 238.
27. Stanley Weintraub, Silent Night (London, 2001), p. 172.
28. Tony Ashworth, Trench Warfare 1914–1918. The Live and Let Live System (London, 2000), p. 224. Originally published in 1980.
29. Ibid., p. 24.
30. Ibid., p. 143.
31. Erin E. Buckels, Paul D. Trapnell and Delroy L. Paulhus, ‘Trolls Just Want to Have Fun’, Personality and Individual Difference, Vol. 67 (September 2014).
32. Jose Miguel Sokoloff, ‘How Christmas Lights Helped Guerillas Put Down Their Guns’, TED (October 2014).
EPILOGUE
1. Detlef Fetchenhauer and David Dunning, ‘Why So Cynical? Asymmetric Feedback Underlies Misguided Skepticism Regarding the Trustworthiness of Others’, Psychological Science, Vol. 21, Issue 2 (8 January 2010).
2. There are a number of elegant studies demonstrating that approaching other people as though their intentions are good causes their demeanour to change. Psychologists call this ‘virtue labelling’. For example, in 1975 American psychologist Richard Miller did a study among elementary school children where a randomly selected group was told they were ‘tidy’. With a second group, the researchers did their best to get the children to be tidier, whereas a third group was left entirely alone. Result? The first group proved by far the tidiest. See Christian B. Miller, ‘Should You Tell Everyone They’re Honest?’, Nautilus (28 June 2018).
3. Maria Konnikova, The Confidence Game. The Psychology of the Con and Why We Fall for It Every Time, (Edinburgh, 2016).
4. Bloom, Against Empathy, p. 167.
5. Quoted in Dylan Matthews, ‘Zero-sum Trump. What You Learn from Reading 12 of Donald Trump’s Books’, Vox.com (19 January 2017).
6. Marina Cantacuzino, The Forgiveness Project. Stories for a Vengeful Age (London, 2016).
7. Lewis B. Smedes, Forgive and Forget. Healing the Hurts We Don’t Deserve (San Francisco, 1984).
8. Donald W. Pfaff, The Neuroscience of Fair Play. Why We (Usually) Follow the Golden Rule, Dana Press (2007).
9. George Bernard Shaw, Maxims for Revolutionists (1903).
10. Matthieu Ricard, Altruism. The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World (New York, 2015), pp. 58–63.
11. Ibid., p. 62.
12. Daniel Goleman and Richard Davidson, The Science of Meditation. How to Change Your Brain, Mind and Body (London, 2018). But also see Miguel Farias and Catherine Wikholm, The Buddha Pill. Can Meditation Change You? (London, 2015).
13. Paul Bloom, ‘Empathy for Trump voters? No, thanks. Understanding? Yes’, Vox.com (23 February 2017).
14. Bloom, Against Empathy, pp. 213–41.
15. Jarl van der Ploeg, ‘“Ze zullen altijd die enorm verliefde bom geluk blijven”’, De Volkskrant (21 July 2014).
16. ‘In memoriam: LvdG (1984–2014)’, Propria Cures (19 July 2014).
17. See, for example, Chung Sup Park, ‘Applying “Negativity Bias” to Twitter: Negative News on Twitter, Emotions, and Political Learning’, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Vol. 12, Issue 4 (2015).
18. Chris Weller, ‘Silicon Valley Parents Are Raising Their Kids Tech-Free–And It Should Be a Red Flag’, Business Insider (18 February 18, 2018).
19. Rebecca Solnit, Hope in the Dark. Untold Histories, Wild Possibilities (Chicago, 2016), p. 23.
20. Fabian Wichmann, ‘4 Ways To Turn The Neo-Nazi Agenda On Its Head’, Huffington Post (25 August 2017).
21. Matthew 6:2–6
22. The French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville remarked on this a century and a half ago. ‘Americans… enjoy explaining almost every act of their lives on the principle of self-interest,’ he wrote. Having met plenty of helpful people in his travels, Tocqueville believed Americans were doing themselves a disservice. ‘But the Americans,’ the philosopher observed, ‘are hardly prepared to admit that they do give way to emotions of this sort.’ See Dale T. Miller, ‘The Norm of Self-Interest’, American Psychologist, Vol. 54, Issue 12 (1999).
23. Ibid., p. 1057.
24. Matthew 6:14–16
25. James H. Fowler and Nicholas A. Christakis, ‘Cooperative Behavior Cascades in Human Social Networks’, PNAS, Vol. 107, Issue 12 (2010).
26. Quoted in University of California, San Diego, ‘Acts of Kindness Spread Surprisingly Easily: Just a Few People Can Make a Difference’, ScienceDaily (10 March 2010).
27. Jonathan Haidt, ‘Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality’, in C. L. M. Keyes and J. Haidt (eds), Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived, American Psychological Association (2003), pp. 275–89.
28. Quoted in Jonathan Haidt, ‘Wired to Be Inspired’, in Dacher Keltner, Jason Marsh and Jeremy Adam Smith (eds), The Compassionate Instinct. The Science of Human Goodness (New York, 2010), p. 90.
Humankind Page 40