The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn From Traditional Societies?
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Iñupiat (northwest Alaska Inuit), 16, 189, 303, plate 9
map, 27fig.
territoriality, 42, 44
trade, 66, 67, 74–75
warfare, 146, 152
Ireland, 230, 448
Irian Jaya, 5
See also New Guinea
Irish language, 401
Irons, William, 327table
Ishi, 398, 456, plate 29
Islam, 341table, 352, 357, 364
Israel, 363, 433, 438table, 449
Israeli sand rat, 446–47
Italian language, 373, 374
Italy, 221–22, 428
Jackson, Jean, 385
jaguars, 280, 285
James, William, 327table
Japan, 221, 231, 396, 399
diabetes in, 442
Pearl Harbor attack, 169–70
salt intake in, 419, 420, 421, 426–27
war mortality, 127, 140, plate 37
Japanese language, 372, 396, 399
Jones, Marie Smith, 397
Judaism, 330, 341table, 358, 360, 363, 364
juvenile-onset diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442
Kafka, Franz, 11–12
Kalahari Desert, 302–3
See also !Kung people
Kamchatkans, 68table
kangaroos, 183
Kaulong people, 16, 26fig., 62, 284, 297–98
children, 91, 177, 204
elder treatment, 21, 216
environmental hazards, 278, 279table
food availability, 308, 314–15
hunting superstitions, 339
Keeley, Lawrence, 139, 150, 165
Keen, Ian, 477
Kennedy, Edward, 105
kibbutzim, 363
kidney disease, 412, 417, 450
kidney function, 424–25, 429
killing(s), 131, 398
among the !Kung, 286–90
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
Kaulong widow strangling, 21, 216
of old people, 215–17, 232
psychology of, 142–43, 168–69
revenge killings, 84–85, 95, 271–72, 289–90
See also mortality; violence; warfare
Kirghiz people, 16, 26fig.
Knight, Frank, 67
König, Hans, 134
Konner, Melvin, 276, 414, 450, 478
Kopechne, Mary Jo, 105
Korean food preservation, 309table, 313
Korean language, 399
Kovács, Ágnes, 391
Kuegler, Doris, 133
Kuegler, Klaus, 133, 134
Kuegler, Sabine, 133, 276–77, 480–81
!Kung people, 14, 18, 26fig., 93, 273, plate 6
breast-feeding and weaning, 179–80, 180–81, 182
child autonomy, 199
child punishment, 194, 195
childbirth, 176, 178–79
disease among, 292, 297
elders, 212, 214, 218, 221, 229, 237
environmental hazards, 278, 280, 281, 283–84
food scarcity, 300–301, 302–3, 308, 313–14, 316
group affiliation, 47, 50–51
hunting, 271, 276, 282, 284–85, 349–50
infant-adult contact, 184
infant care, 191–92
infanticide, 178–79, 286, 287
sources of information about, 478, 479
territoriality, 46–47, 50–51
trade, 66, 68table, 70, 74
violence, 286–90
warfare, 151–52, 156, 287, 288
Kurita, Takeo, 217
Kutenai Indians, 215
Lahey, Joanna, 223
land use
field scattering, 303–6
non-exclusive, 45–49
property rights of elders, 229–30
See also territoriality
language diversity, 31, 371–82, 395–96
evolution of, 374–76
geographic variation, 376–82
multilingualism and, 385–86
New Guinea, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
in origin myths, 324, 346
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language loss
language learning, 385, 386, 387, 400–401, 463
language loss, 370–71, 395–409
geographic variations, 397–98
mechanisms of, 398–401
preventing, 408–9
rates of, 396–97
See also language diversity
language(s), 24, 369–409
culture and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dialects, 372–74
evolution of, 374–76
group affiliation and, 376
language expansion, 21–22, 380–81, 386
language giants, 371–72, 379–80
speech community sizes, 372, 379, 385
state languages, 401, 404
terms for outsiders, 51
warfare and, 164, 165
See also language diversity; multilingualism; writing; specific areas and languages
Lapps, 215
Lascaux cave, 340, plate 25
Latin America. See South America; specific countries and peoples
Latin language, 396
laws, 99, 108
Leahy, Daniel, 57, plate 30
Leahy-Dwyer patrol, 57–58, plates 30, 31
Leahy, Michael, 57, 58
LeBlanc, Steven, 130
Leclerc, Charles, 138
Lee, Richard, 74, 286–88, 301, 302–3
leopards, 280
Lessa, William, 327table
Lewis, David, 216
life expectancies, 211–12, 231, 233, 245, 277, 353
lightning, 281
lions, 154–55, 271, 280
Lissmann, Hans, 335
livestock, 157, 158, 229, 295, 313
See also animal domestication; cows; herding societies
Maasai people, 446
Machiguenga Indians, 15, 27fig., 48, 156
Madagascar, 200
magic, 297–98, 348–49, 350
sorcery, 159, 249–50
Mailu Islanders, 17, 26fig., 67, 72–73, 203
Malai Island, 59–60
Siassi traders, 59–60, 61, 66, 67, 68table, 75
malaria, 292, 294, 297, 412
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 72, 195–96, 348–49
mammal young, 183, 186
Mandan Indians, 398
Mandarin Chinese, 372, 405
mandatory retirement, 223–24, 234, 239
manufactured goods
made by old people, 218–19, plate 22
material goods in WEIRD societies, 456, 459, 460–61
traditional trade in, 68–69table, 69–70, 72–73
Maori language, 404, 409
Maori people, 135, 144, 150–51, 309table, 311, 312
Mapuche Indians, 439table
Marind people, 158
market economies, 61–65
marriage, 8, 228–29
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
exogamy, 43, 76, 291, 457
husband-wife conflict, 93, 94, 100
linguistic exogamy, 384, 385
marriage partner trades, 70
neolocal households, 222, 223, 233
patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291
warfare between groups who intermarry, 165, 166–67
Marshall, Lorna, 51
Martu people, 197, 200
Marx, Karl, 12, 328table, 357
massacres, 120, 122, 127, 134–35, 141, 146
Matthiessen, Peter, 54, 120
Mauritius, 438table, 440
Mayan wall paintings, 136
Mbuti Pygmies, 26fig., 205–6, 308
Mead, Margaret, 478
mediation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 96, 100
in state justice systems, 100, 105–8, 116, 466
Mehler, Jacques, 391
men
aging and life expe
ctancy, 233
as hunters, 278
older men and young wives, 228–29
Mesa Verde, 135
Mexico, 221–22, 401
mineral deficiencies, 299
Minong people, 26fig.
minority languages
value of, 404–8
viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also language diversity; language loss
missionaries, 56, 57–58, 92
Mohan, V., 437, 441
money
market economies, 61–65
traditional equivalents, 62, 65, 158
See also affluence; compensation processes; poverty
monkeys, 183, 295, 337
monolingualism, 370, 382, 385–92, 400
viewed as beneficial, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4
See also multilingualism
monopolies (trade), 72–74
moral codes
against killing, 142–43, 168
against revenge, 167
religion and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367fig.
Mormonism, 325, 331, 341table, 365, 366
mortality
accidental death causes, 278–82, 279table
communicable diseases and infection, 292–96
death rates and religious success, 364
infants and children, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290
malnourishment and starvation, 299
non-communicable diseases, 412
state warfare, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37
traditional warfare, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41, plate 36
violent deaths, 287–88
Muller, Martin, 139
multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95
Aboriginal Australia, 384–85
Amazonia, 385–86
cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463
defining, 382
fostering, 462–63, 465
language learning and, 385, 386, 387
language loss and, 402–3, 405
New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84
poverty and, 387, 406
in the U.S., 386–87, 400
viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463
murder. See killing(s)
Musket Wars, 150–51
Nahuatl language, 401
Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47
Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups
natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439table, 446, 449
Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229
Navajo language, 398, 403
Nayaka people, 205
NCDs. See non-communicable diseases
Neel, James, 442, 446
neglect
of children, 178, 179, 181, 190
of old people, 214
neighboring groups
killings between, 286
visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85
warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165
See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel
neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58
Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35
Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9
New Britain, 72
See also Kaulong people
New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54
child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200
child punishment, 193–94
children’s play, 202–3
colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89
constructive paranoia, 244–45
cultural diversity, 28
environmental hazards, 278, 279table, 281, 282
field scattering, 303, 306
first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31
food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309table, 313
geographic knowledge, 55, 56
health and life expectancies, 211, 245, 410–12
hunting, 282
language diversity, 3–4, 7, 28, 371–72, 374, 377, 378–79, 381–82
map, 26fig.
marriage practices, 228–29
multilingualism, 369–70, 383–84
salt intake, 416, 419
talkativeness, 248, 273
traditional trade, 62, 66, plate 32
traditional warfare, 132, 133–34, 137, 148–49, 151, 157–58, 159
uncontacted peoples, 56–57
Westernization of, 2–6, 410–12
See also specific groups
New Zealand
Maori language in, 404, 409
Musket Wars, 150–51
See also Maori people
Nganasan people, 26fig., 60, 156, 309table
Ngarinyin people, 26fig., 308
Nichols, Johanna, 381
Nigeria, 371
nomadism, 14, 15, 93, 180, 378
elders and, 214, 217
food scarcity and, 300, 310
infectious diseases and, 294–96
non-communicable diseases, 292–93, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
Norenzayan, Ara, 8
Norse peoples, 215, 290, 308
North American Indians, 27fig., 309table
language loss, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409
warfare, 151, 158
See also specific groups
North Slope Inuit. See Alaska North Slope Inuit
northwest Alaska Inuit. See Iñupiat; Yupik Inuit
Northwest Coast Indians, 15, 27fig., 146, 315
traditional food storage, 309table, 310, 311
Nuer people, 44, 53, 165, 203, plate 7
Dinka raids, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165
dispute resolution, 95–96, 103
food scarcity and storage, 301, 308, 309table
map, 26fig.
Oakley, Wilfrid, 429
obesity, 4, 417, 428, plate 27
diabetes and, 430, 432, 433, 434
Nauru Islanders, 436
Pima Indians, 435
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
Okavango Delta, 188, 199
Okinawan languages, 399
old age, 30, 211
See also elders
Omaha Indians, 215, 228
oral histories and reconstruction, 478–80
O’Reilly, Patty, 113
origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346
ostracism, 93–94
Owens Valley Shoshone Indians, 42, 44
Pacific Islanders, 309table, 311, 313, 446
See also specific islands and peoples
Pacific Northwest Indians. See Northwest Coast Indians
Paleolithic art, 340, plate 25
Paleolithic diet, 414, 433
Papua New Guinea, 2, 5
accidental death story, 79–86, 89
diabetes rates, 411, 439table
state justice, 79–80, 98
violence, 289
See also New Guinea
Paraguay, 290, 398
parasitic diseases, 292, 293, 412
Parson, Talcott, 328table
patriarchal families, 222, 229
patrilocal households, 166–67, 222–23, 291
peace, 147–49, 155–56, 403–4
See also warfare
peaceful dispute resolution. See state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution
personal relationships. See social bonds
Peru, field scattering in, 304–6, 338–39
Philippines
language loss in, 396
See also Agta people
Piaget, Jean, 174–75
pigs, disputes over, 157, 158
Pima Indians, 434–35, 439table, 445–46
Pinker, Steven, 139
Piraha Indians, 27fig., 202, 297, 479, plate 11
children, 176–77, 181, 188, 194–95, 197, 198
dispute res
olution, 93–94
gluttony, 444table
plants and plant foods, 19, 297, 313–14, 315, 415
See also farming; food entries
Plato, 352
play, 91, 202–6, 208, plates 19, 20
child autonomy and, 198–200
dangerous play, 173–74, 198
multi-age groups, 200–202
toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18
Polanski, Roman, 110
political leadership, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 219
violence suppression and, 97–99, 115, 148
political organization, 14–18
food scarcity and, 300
geographic variations, 18–19
language diversity and, 379–80, 400
population size/density and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380
religion and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367fig., 368
territoriality and, 44
warfare and, 141, 356–57
See also chiefdoms; states
Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islanders; specific islands and groups
population size and density
decision-making and, 13, 15, 356
food and, 10, 13, 19
geographic knowledge and, 55–56
infectious diseases and, 294–96
language diversity and, 378, 379
political organization and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380
religion and, 356–57, 364
social stratification and, 13
stranger encounters and, 50
territoriality and, 43, 44, 45
violence and, 287–88, 291
warfare and, 130–31, 141, 156, 161–63
Portolá expedition, 133
Portugal, salt intake in, 421, 427
Portuguese language, 372, 373, 401
poverty
bilingualism and, 387, 406
diabetes and, 433, 440, 441
religious affiliation and, 354, 368
power relationships, 116–17, 166, 194, 198
elder authority, 227–31
prayer and ritual, 331, 339, 346–47, 348–51, 356
prisoners of war, 141, 146, 158–59
privacy, 202, 224–25
property rights of elders, 31
psychological development, 180–81, 189–90, 192, 208–9
Pume Indians, plates 19, 22
punishment
of children, 192–96, 208
criminal punishment, 109–10, 118, 167
Pygmies, 15, 18, 156, 273, 315, plate 8
children, 181, 187, 188, 191
elders, 214
environmental hazards, 278, 279table, 280
language loss, 396
map, 26fig.
trade, 66, 68table, 70, 72
See also Aka Pygmies; Mbuti Pygmies
Quechua language, 401
raiding, 166
!Kung people, 151–52, 287
Nuer people, 44, 137, 141, 158
raw materials, trade in, 68–69table, 69, 71–72
reciprocity, 45, 46–47, 74–75, 91–92, 302–3
reciprocal gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67
reconciliation
state justice systems and, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 466
in traditional dispute resolution, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116