47. McManus, p. 2.
48. Ibid., pp. 2-3.
49. David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (Oxford University Press, New York, NY: 1984), p. 76.
50. Greene, p. 16.
51. Moore, pp. 1-3.
52. Greene, p. 17.
53. Moore, pp. 4-5.
54. David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress, p. 73.
55. McManus, p. 59.
56. Moore, pp. 7-8.
57. Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: the Economics of American Negro Slavery (Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA: 1974), pp. 78-86.
58. Moore, pp. 54-55.
59. Ibid., p. 34.
60. Greene, pp. 45-46.
61. Ibid., pp. 45-46.
62. Moore, p. 234.
63. Ibid., pp. 234-37.
64. Ibid., pp. 27-28.
65. Greene, p. 18.
66. Moore, pp. 32-33.
67. Greene, p. 108.
68. Ibid., p. 109.
69. McManus, p. 59.
70. Nash, p. 225.
71. Ibid.
72. Jean R. Soderlund, Quakers and Slavery, A Divided Spirit (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ: 1985), p. 59; also see Greene, pp. 226-27.
73. Ibid.
74. Nash, p. 229.
75. Ibid., p. 232.
76. Ibid., p. 254.
77. Ibid., p. 242.
78. Dabney, pp. 42-43.
79. Moore, p. 82.
80. The author remembers as a child being told the story of the selling of Joseph. This storytelling took place in Mississippi in 1956 by the author's fifth-grade teacher.
81. Moore, p. 253.
82. Judge John Saffin, "A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entitled, The Selling of Joseph," as cited in Moore, pp. 251-56.
83. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, R. W. ,Johannsen, ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, NY: 1965), pp. 162-63.
84. Mike Tuggle, "Slave Reparations vs. History," Southern Events, Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 6.
85. Robert H. Bork, Slouching toward Gomorrah (Regan Books, New York, NY: 1996).
86. Jared Taylor, Paved with Good Intentions (Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., New York, NY: 1992), p. 298.
87. Francis W. Springer, War for What (Bill Coats Ltd., Nashville, TN: 1990), p. 9.
88. Taylor, p. 297.
89. Herbert B. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (Vintage Books, New York, NY: 1977), p. 32. Also see Fogel and Engernnan, p. 49.
CHAPTER THREE
1. N. I.. Rice, D.D., A Debate on Slavery (1846, Wm. H. Moore & Co., Negro University Press, a Division of Greenwood Publishing Corp., New York, NY: 1969), p. 33.
2. J. Steven Wilkins, America: The First 350 Years (Covenant Publications, Monroe, LA: 1988), pp. 140-50.
3. Rice, p. 25.
4. Rice, pp. 24-41.
5. Ibid., p. 257.
6. Ibid., p. 255.
7. R. L. Dabney, Discussions, Secular (1897, Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA: 1979), Vol. IV, p. 569.
8. Ibid., pp. 498-505, 470-75, 280.
9. Rice, p. 33.
10. John Hopkins, as quoted in G. M. Wharton, ed., Scriptural, Ecclesiastical, and Historical View of Slavery (1864, republished by Columbia Press, Tulsa, Oklahoma, nd), p. 4.
11. Ibid., p. 5.
12. Ibid., p. 6.
13. Ibid., p. 50.
14. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (Burt Franklin Publisher, New York, NY: nd), p. 206.
15. Joseph R. Wilson, in a letter to George T. Jackson, et al., Augusta, Georgia, January 8, 1861. Documenting the American South. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.
16. Rice, pp. 470-82. The preceding was taken in part from Dr. Rice's sixteenth and final speech on the subject "Is Slave-Holding in Itself Sinful." For the full text of both Dr. Rice's and Rev. Blanchard's debate, see Rice, A Debate on Slavery (1846, Wm. H. Moore & Co., Negro University Press, A Division of Greenwood Publishing Corp., New York, 1969).
17. Dr. Joseph R. Wilson, Mutual Relation of Master and Slaves as Taught in the Bible. Sermon preached in the First Presbyterian Church, Augusta, Georgia, January 6, 1861. Taken from web site: http://metalab.unc.edu/docSouth/wilson.htm/.
18. Simkins, p. 159.
19. William E. Hatcher, John Jasper, The Unmatched Negro Philosopher and Preacher (Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA: 1985), pp. 97-98.
20. Ibid., pp. 28-29.
21. James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy, Was Jefferson Davis Right? (Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, LA: 1998), p. 40.
22. Twelve Years a Slave, by Solomon Northup, Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, eds. (Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA: 1996), pp. 227-44, 265.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Genovese, p. 9.
2. Ulrich B. Phillips, Life and Labor in the Old South (Grosset and Dunlop, New York, NY: 1929), p. 214.
3. Cotton Mather, as cited in Moore, p. 31.
4..John Adams, as cited in Greene, pp. 113, 322.
5. Alexis de Tocqueville, as cited in ibid.
6. Moore, p. 11.
7. Greene, p. 47.
8. Daniel P. Mannix, Black Cargoes (The Viking Press, New York, NY: 1962), p. 162.
9. Nash, p. 225.
10. Dow, p. 295.
11. Ibid.
12. Dow, p. 295.
13. Greene, pp. 20-21.
14. Dow, p. 296.
15. Ibid.
16. W. E. B. Dubois, The Suppression of the African Slave 7Trade to the United States of America 1638-1870 (Russell and Russell Inc., New York, NY: 1965), pp. 162-63, 298.
17. Moore, pp. 18-19.
18. Dow, p. 297.
19. De Tocqueville, p. 340.
20. Michael Chevalier, Society Manners and Politics in the United States (1839, Augustus M. Kelly, Publishers, New York, NY: 1966), p. IV.
21. Ibid., pp. 360-61.
22. Ibid., p. 362.
23. Ibid.
24. McManus, p. 180.
25. New Jersey Assembly Acts, as cited in ibid.
26. Acts and Laws of Connecticut, 1784, as cited in ibid.
27. McManus, p. 181.
28. Fitzhugh, pp. 261-62.
29. McManus, p. 182.
30. De Tocqueville, p. 347.
31. Ibid., p. 348.
32. McManus, p. 192.
33. William Johnson's Natchez, The Ante-Bellum Diary of a Free Negro, William R. Hogan and Edwin A. Davis, eds. (Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, I.A: 1993), p. 2.
34. Woodrow Wilson, Epochs of American History. Division and Reunion, 1829- 1909 (Longmans, Green, and Company, New York, NY: 1910), pp. 125-26.
35. John Randolph, as cited in Russell Kirk, ,John Randolph of Roanoke, A Study in American Politics (Liberty Press, Indianapolis, IN: 1978), p. 46.
36. Kirk, p. 188.
37. John Randolph, as cited in ibid., p. 159.
38. Edmund Burke, "Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Third Edition (W. W. Norton and Company, New York, NY: 1974), Vol. I, p. 2356.
39. James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (1827, Da Capo Press, New York, NY: 1971), Vol. I, p. 186.
40. Mannix, p. 205.
41. Kirk, p. 189.
42. Genovese, p. 5.
43. Ibid., p. 6.
44. Mark M. Smith, Debating Slavery, Economy and Society in the Antebellum American South (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 1998), p. 4.
45. Ibid., p. 46.
46. SLAVE NARRATIVES: A FOLK HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES FROM INTERVIEWS WITH FORMER SLAVES, the Alabama Narratives, Vol. 1, p. 224.
47. Ibid., Oklahoma Narratives, Vol. VII, p. 296.
48. Ibid., Alabama Narratives, Vol., I, p. 215.
49. Ibid., Texas Narratives, Vol. IV, p. 296.
50. Kate Stone, Brokenburn: heJournal of Kate Stone,
1861-1868 (Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA: 1955), p. 139.
51. Oliver Hering in letter to Mary Helen Hering Middleton, copy of letter in author's possession.
52. Mary Helen Hering Middleton in letter to Oliver Hering, copy of letter in author's possession.
53. Belinda Hurmence, ed., Before Freedom, When I Just Can Remember (John F. Blair, Publisher, Winston-Salem, NC: 1989), pp. XII-XIII.
54. Jefferson Davis, p. 6.
55. McManus, p. 111.
56. Phillips, pp. 162, 197.
57. "Toby," as cited in James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy, The South Was Right! (Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, I.A: 1994), p. 98.
58. Smith, p. 15. Another way to understand slave ownership in the Old South is to look at the number of white families who owned slaves as opposed to the number of white families who did not own slaves. In 1860, out of 1.5 million households, 385,000 households, or about 25 percent of the households in Dixie, owned slaves. Regardless of how one looks at the issue, more people in the South did not own slaves than did own slaves. A similar situation existed in the North with both slavery and the African slave trade; that is, the few partook of the institutions of slavery and the slave trade, while the many did not do so.
59. Rita Moore Krouse, "The Germantown Store," North Louisiana Historical Association Journal, Winter 1977, Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 56.
60. Ibid., p. 57.
61. Ibid., p. 61.
62. Phillips, p. 211.
63. Woodrow Wilson, p. 127.
64. Phillips, p. 211, and Woodrow Wilson, p. 127.
65. Charles Eliot Norton, Letters of Charles Eliot Norton (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA: 1913), Vol. I, p. 121.
66. Louis F. Tasistro, Random Shots and Southern Breezes (Harper and Brothers, New York, NY: 1842), Vol. II, p. 13.
67. Solomon Northup, as cited in Eakin and Logsdon, p. 74.
68. Ibid., p. 62.
69. Phillips, p. 217.
70. John William Deforest, as cited in David C. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn in Acadiana (The Acadiana Press, Lafayette, IA: 1979), p. 62.
71. Larry Koger, Black Slaveowners, Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860 (McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, NC: 1985), pp. 28-29.
72. Ibid., p. 31.
73. Ibid., p. 18.
74. Ibid., p. xiii.
75. Ibid., p. 1.
76. Ibid.
77. Gary B. Mills, The Forgotten People, Cane River's Creoles of Color (Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA: 1977), p. 178.
78. Gary B. Mills, "Patriotism Frustrated: The Native Guards of Confederate Natchitoches," Louisiana History, Lafayette, LA, Vol. 18, Fall 1977, pp. 437-38.
79. Mills, The Forgotten People, p. 110.
80. Koger, p. 2.
81. David O. Whitten, Andrew Durnford, A Black Sugar Planter in Antebellum Louisiana (Northwestern Louisiana State University Press, Natchitoches, LA: 1981), p. 11.
82. Ibid.
83. Andrew Durnford, as cited in Whitten, p. 31.
84. Ibid., p. 32.
85. Ibid., p. 34.
86. Ibid., p. 35.
87. Ibid., p. 37.
88 John W. Haley, as cited in The Rebel Yell and the Yankee Hurrah, Ruth L. Silliker, ed. (Down East Book, Camden, ME: 1985), p. 116. John W. Haley was a private in the Seventeenth Maine Infantry. He made these comments during the summer offensive in Northern Virginia in 1864. It is of interest to note that this Yankee understood that slavery required a more extensive commitment on the part of the Southern plantation owner to his slaves than that of a Northern factory owner to his laborers.
89. William Johnson, Sr., as cited in Hogan and Davis, p. 15.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., p. 16.
92. Ibid., p. 17.
93. William Johnson's diary has been edited by William R. Hogan and Edwin A. Davis and republished by the Louisiana State University Press. As republished, Johnson's diary is just under eight hundred pages in length. For those who only wish to view the Old South as a society of white people enjoying the fruits of black oppression, Johnson's diary will be a disappointment.
94. Hogan and Davis, p. 35.
95. Ibid., p. 347.
96. Ibid., p. 523.
97. Ibid., p. 36.
98. Simkins, p. 127.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Sea-Board States (Mason Brothers, New York, NY: 1859), p. 17.
102. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in Beverly B. Mumford, Virginia's Attitude Toward Slavery and .Secession (L. H. Jenkins, Inc., Richmond, VA: 1915), p. 173.
103. For a more complete look at the blatant racist attitude of the North during the early part of the nineteenth century, see Kennedy and Kennedy, The South Was Right!, pp. 53-58.
104. For a detailed and touching account of a Northern free man of color who was kidnapped and sold into slavery, see the story of Solomon Northup in Eakin and Logsdon.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Bettersworth, p. 214.
2. Moore, p. 2.
3. The idea that the states were the originators of, and the power behind, the movement for American independence is examined in Kennedy and Kennedy, 1Vas Jefferson Davis Right?, pp. 258-59.
4. Article II of the Articles of Confederation states: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled." The people who wrote and ratified these Articles clearly understood that they were members of thirteen sovereign states.
5. Clyde N. Wilson, p. xv.
6. St. George Tucker, as cited in Clyde N. Wilson, pp. 23, 24.
7. In modern America, the idea of consent is often relegated to the principle of voting. That is to say, Americans give their consent by voting for or against their political leaders. While an important aspect in representative government, the right to vote is not what the Founding Fathers were demanding when they signed their names to the Declaration of Independence. Furthermore, not only do Americans have the right to consent to their government, but also to radically change that form of government to their liking as is stated in the Declaration of Independence.
8. St. George Tucker, as cited in Clyde N. Wilson, p. 27.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 28.
11. Ibid., pp. 86-87.
12. Ibid., p. 403.
13. Clyde N. Wilson, p. 402.
14. St. George Tucker, as cited in Clyde N. Wilson, p. 403.
15. Ibid., pp. 405-6.
16. Ibid., p. 407.
17. Ibid, p. 408.
18. Ibid., p. 409.
19. Ibid., pp. 434-435.
20. Ibid, p. 434.
21. North American Review (1826: AMS Press, Inc., New York, NY: 1965), Vol. XXII, pp. 446-51.
22. Ibid., p. 450.
23. Francis Lieber, On Civil Liberty and .Self-Government U. B. Lippincott and Company, Philadelphia, PA: 1853), p. 270.
24. Ibid, p. 12.
25. Ibid, p. 13.
26. Ibid., pp. 295-96.
27. Ibid., p. 300.
28. St. George Tucker, as cited in Jesse T. Carpenter, The South as a Conscious Minorite (The New York University Press, New York, NY: 1930), p. 202.
29. Thomas Jefferson, as cited in Kennedy and Kennedy, Was Jefferson Davis Right?, p. 282.
30. James Madison, as cited in ibid., p. 284.
31. Patrick Henry, as cited in Herbert J. Storing, What the Were For (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London: 1981), p. 24.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Greg Loren Durand, America's Caesar, Abraham Lincoln and the Birth of a Modern Empire (Crown Rights Book Company, Wiggins, MS: 1999), p. 207.
2. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in Johannsen, pp. 162-63.
3. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Ray P. Basler, ed. (Rutgers University Press, New B
runswick, NJ: 1953), Vol. II, p. 399.
4. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in Johannsen, pp. 162-63.
5. McManus, p. 184.
6. Mumford, p. 172.
7. Ibid., p. 173.
8. David A. Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians (University of Missouri Press, Columbia: 1978), p. 87.
9. William H. Seward, as cited in Mildred L. Rutherford, Truths of History (M. L. Rutherford, Athens, GA: 1907), p. 92.
10. William Sherman, as cited in the Official Records: War of the Rebellion, Vol. XXX, pt. IV, p. 235.
11. J. S. Buckingham, The Slave States of America (1842, Negro University Press, NewYork, NY: 1968), Vol. II, p. 112.
12. St. George Tucker, as cited in Clyde N. Wilson, p. 408.
13. Robert E. Lee, as cited in Douglas S. Freeman, R. E. Lee (Charles Scrihner's Sons, New York, NY: 1947), Vol. I, p. 372.
14. Jefferson Davis, as cited in Robert McElory, Jefferson Davis, The Unreal and the Real (Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, NY: 1937), Vol. I, p. 104.
15. Ibid.
16. James F. Rhodes, History of the United States (The MacMillian Company, New York, NY: 1920), Vol. II, p. 325.
17. Ibid.
18. Henry C. Whitney, as cited in Charles L. C. Minor, The Real Lincoln (1904, Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA: 1992), p. 11.
19. Abraham Lincoln, as cited in Abraham Lincoln From His Own Words and Contemporary Accounts, Roy E. Appleman, ed. (National Park Service Source Book Two, Washington, DC: 1956), p. 19.
20. Ibid., pp. 20-21.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 29.
23. Emancipation Proclamation, as cited in Jennings, p. 9.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. W. C. Sympson, "Legacy of Slavery," The United States Civil War Center Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2000, p. 6.
27. Clement L. Vallandigham, The Record of Honorable C. L. Vallandigham (1863,J. Walter and Company, Columbus, OH, republished by Johnson Graphics, Decatur, MI: nd), 2nd ed., p. 209.
28. Ibid., pp. 215-16.
29. Ibid., p. 221.
30. Ibid.
31. An address to the people of Maryland, John A. Marshall, American Bastile (1881, Crown Rights Book Company, Wiggins, MS: 1998), p. 643.
32. Ibid., p. 642.
33. Francis Key Howard, as cited in ibid., pp. 645-46.
34. Ibid., p. 711.
35. Written by James Ryder Randall, 1861, adopted as the state song in 1939 as enacted by Chapter 451, Acts of 1939; Code State Government Article, sec. 13-307, Maryland State Archives.
Myths of American Slavery Page 30