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Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Italian Journey, 1786-1788. New York: Penguin, 1970.
Hughes, Jessica, and Claudio Buongiovanni. “Introduction: Entering the Siren’s City.” In Remembering Parthenope: The Reception of Classical Naples from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Jessica Hughes and Claudio Buongiovanni, 1–16. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Incorporated, 2015.
Iovino, Serenella. Ecocriticism and Italy: Ecology, Resistance, and Liberation. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
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[1] Pietro Colletta, History of the Kingdom of Naples: 1734-1825 (London: T. Constable and Co., 1858).
[2] Alwyn Scarth, Vesuvius: A Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009) , 3.
[3] Darley, 7.
[4] Scarth, 1.
[5] Cordelia Warr and Janis Elliott, “ Introduction: Reassessing Naples (1266-1713) , ” in Art and Architecture in Naples, 1266 - 1713: New Approaches , ed. Cordelia Warr and Janis Elliott (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 1– 15.
[6] Antonio Mattozzi, Inventing the Pizzeria: A History of Pizza Making in Naples (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015).
[7] For the sensational, definitive account of the global workings of the Camorra, see Roberto Saviano, Gomorrah: A Personal Journey into the Violent International Empire of Naple s ’ Organized Crime System (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) . For the history of the Camorra in a broader context, see Tom Behan, The Camorra: Political Criminality in Italy (New York: Routledge, 2005).
[8] Ruth Glynn, “ Naples and the Nation in Cultural Representations of the Allied Occupation , ” California Italian Studies 7, no. 2 (2017).
[9] John A. Marino, Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 114.
[10] Marino, “1. Constructing the Past of Early Modern Naples,” 11. On this recent increase in scholarly interest in Naples, see also: Jessica Hughes and Claudio Buongiovanni, “ Introduction: Entering the Sire n’ s City , ” in Remembering Parthenope: The Reception of Classical Naples from Antiquity to the Present , ed. Jessica Hughes and Claudio Buongiovanni (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Incorporated, 2015), 1– 16.
[11] Frank M. Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884-1911 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
[12] Jordan Lancaster, In the Shadow of Vesuvius: A Cultural History of Naples (Londo n ; New York: I.B.Tauris, 2005), 9-10.
[13] Lancaster, 11.
[14] Lancaster, 11-12.
[15] Lancaster, 12.
[16] Lancaster 13.
[17] Lancaster, 12.
[18] Most likely, the “new city” was actually an offshoot of an older settlement referred to as Parthenope which, when Neapolis was founded, was referred to as Paleopolis (the “old city”). Scarth, Vesuvius , 3.
[19] Paestum was built as a rival settlement to Neapolis and served as a trading post, Lancaster, 14.
[20] Lancaster, 16.
[21] Lancaster, 17-18.
[22] Sca
rth, 3. The region today is still called Campania although rarely with the adjective “happy” modifying it.
[23] Ascarita, 1.
[24] Lancaster, 18-19.
[25] Darley, 11.
[26] Darley, 15. One of the most dramatic stories about Vesuvius comes from 73 BCE when Spartacus and his slave army used the dormant crater for shelter during their campaign. From the heights of the mountain, they were able to gain a valuable vantage point from which to spy on their Roman enemy below, priming them for their ultimate victory. Darley, 16-17. This story is recounted by Plutarch and Appian, and is responsible for the volcano’s association with heroism.
[27] Lancaster, 19.
[28] Lancaster, 19.
[29] Lancaster, 20.
[30] Sutherland, William. 2006. The End of Pompeii and Herculaneum (August 24-25, A.D. 79) . Site accessed 27 May 2013. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-End-of-Pompeii-and-Herculaneum-(August-24-25,-A.D.-79)-Part-1-of-3&id=205893
[31] Brown, Dale. 1992. Lost Civilizations. Pompeii: The Vanished City . Time Life Books, USA. pp 17-24.
[32] Darley, 23.
[33] Darley, 28.
[34] Scarth, 56. This extremely detailed account comes to us through the letters of Pliny the Younger (who lost his uncle in the eruption) to Tacitus. Darley, 3.
[35] Brown, Dale. 1992. Lost Civilizations. Pompeii: The Vanished City . Time Life Books, USA. pp 17-24.
[36] Allen, G.B. (editor). 1915. Selected Letters of Pliny . Oxford, Clarendon Press, UK.
[37] Brown, Dale. 1992. Lost Civilizations. Pompeii: The Vanished City . Time Life Books, USA. pp 17-24.
[38] Brown, Dale. 1992. Lost Civilizations. Pompeii: The Vanished City . Time Life Books, USA. pp 24-26.
[39] Amery, Colin & Curran, Brian. 2002. The Lost World of Pompeii . Getty Publications.
[40] Brown, Dale. 1992. Lost Civilizations. Pompeii: The Vanished City . Time Life Books, USA. pp 24-26.
[41] Lancaster 29.
[42] Scarth, 82-85.
[43] Scarth, 91.
[44] Scarth, 3.
[45] Lancaster, 35.
[46] Scarth, 95.
[47] Ascarita, 1.
[48] Christopher Kleinhenz, “ Naples , ” in Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, August 2, 2004), 455.
[49] Kleinhenz, 456.
[50] Kleinhenz, 456.
[51] Marino, Becoming Neapolitan , 4– 5.
[52] Giuseppe Maria Galanti and Galanti, Napoli e contorni di Giuseppe Maria Galanti (Barel, 1838).
[53] Ascarita, 2.
[54] John A. Marino, “ 1. Constructing the Past of Early Modern Naples: Sources and Historiography" , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 12.
[55] Ascarita 2.
[56] Scarth, 3.
[57] Ascarita, 2.
[58] Rao, 479.
[59] Sean Cocco, “ 20. Locating the Natural Sciences in Early Modern Naples , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 453.
[60] Warr and Elliott, 2.
[61] Marino, “ 1. Constructing the Past of Early Modern Naples: Sources and Historiography" , ” 12.
[62] Scarth, 3.
[63] Ascarita, 2.
[64] From 1282 until 1816, Sicily and Naples were formally separate kingdoms although in practice from 1500 onwards, they ended up being ruled by the same monarch. Ascarita, 2.
[65] Warr and Elliott, 2.
[66] Warr and Elliott, 2.
[67] Rao, 479.
[68] Nicolas Bock, “ Patronage, Standards and Trasfert Culturel: Naples between Art History and Social Science Theory , ” in Art and Architecture in Naples, 1266 - 1713: New Approaches , ed. Cordelia Warr and Janis Elliott (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 154.
[69] Bock, 154.
[70] Giuseppe Maria Galanti, Napoli e contorni (Barel, 1838) . Recent historians have, however, disputed this claim, saying that such interpretations were just a political ploy meant to justify the “advances” Galanti saw in his own time. Eleni Sakellariou, Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530 (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2011), 10.
[71] Astarita, 3.
[72] Astarita, 2-3.
[73] Nancy L. Canepa, “ 19. Literary Culture in Naples 1500-1800 , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 42 7– 28.
[74] Gaetana Cantone, “ 15. The Cit y’ s Architecture: From the Aragonese City to the Viceroyalty , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 331.
[75] Sakellariou, 5.
[76] Marino, “ 1. Constructing the Past of Early Modern Naples: Sources and Historiography" , ” 1 6– 17.
[77] Astarita, 3.
[78] Sakellariou, 4.
[79] Astarita, 3.
[80] John A. Marino, “ Introduction to Volume 3, Issue 1 , ” California Italian Studies 3, no. 1 (2012), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hq820mm . On the primary importance of Naples in the Spanish empire, see also Astarita, 1. This view of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a golden age of the history of Naples, with the eighteenth century marking the beginning of decline is a relatively new one, and, in fact, reverses the commonplace vision of Neapolitan history whereby the eighteenth century represented the pinnacle. See Rao, 480.
[81] Astarita, 4.
[82] Marino, Becoming Neapolitan , 4.
[83] Gianfrancesco, 3.
[84] Some historians consider this revolt as a turning point in Neapolitan history and associate the revolt with other seventeenth century revolts across the Spanish Empire, Europe and Asia. Marino, “ 1. Constructing the Past of Early Modern Naples: Sources and Historiography" , ” 13.
[85] At that time, the city had between 300,000 and 400,000 inhabitants which means the plague wiped out between 150,000 and 200,000 people.
[86] Marino, “Introduction,” 2. See also Peter Burke, “ Southern Italy in the 1590s: Hard Times or Crisis? , ” in The European Crisis of the 1590s: Essays in Comparative History , ed. Peter Clark (London: Allen and Unwin, 1985), 17 7– 90.
[87] Astarita, 3.
[88] Nelson Moe, The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002) . Sharon Ouditt, Impressions of Southern Ital y : British Travel Writing from Henry Swinburne to Norman Douglas (New York, NY: Routledge, 2014) . On the concept of “backwardness” in general as it relates to the role of Italy in Europe, see John Agnew, “ The Myth of Backward Italy in Modern Europe , ” in Revisioning Italy: National Identity and Global Culture , ed. Beverly Allen and Mary J. Russo (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 2 3– 42.
[89] Warr and Elliott, “ Introduction: Reassessing Naples (1266-1713) , ” 2.
[90] Charlotte Nichols and James H. Mc Gregor, Renaissance Naples: A Documentary History, 1400-1600 (New York: Italica Press, 2019).
[91] Warr and Elliott, “ Introduction: Reassessing Naples (1266-1713) , ” 8.
[92] Elisa Novi Chavarria, “ 8. The Space of Women , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 177.
[93] Chavarria, 178. On the extraordinary life and work of Gentileschi, see Mary D. Garrard, Artemisia Gentileschi Around 1622: The Shaping and Reshaping of an Artistic Identity (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001) . See also Jesse Locker, Artemisia Gentileschi: The Language of Painting (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015) . For an arresting literary portrayal of the artist by one of Italy’s greatest twentieth century intellectuals, see Anna Banti, Artemisia (Lincoln, NE: U of Nebraska Press, 2004).
[94] Canepa, 431. Colonna was a friend to and muse of the great Michelangelo.
[95] Chavarria, 179.
[96] Anna Maria Rao, “ Conclusion: Why Naple s’ s History Matters , ” in A Companio
n to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 477.
[97] Melissa Calaresu, “ 18. The Enlightenment in Naples , ” in A Companion to Early Modern Naples , ed. Tommaso Astarita (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2013), 405 . Goethe also describes his time in Naples as being impacted by this heat-induced laziness, Goethe, 194.
[98] Calaresu, 405-6.
[99] Scarth, 3.
[100] Rao, 478.
[101] Astarita, 4.
[102] Darley, 98. Denise Marina Spampinato, “ Goethe in Naples: A Morphology of Ordered Chaos , ” California Italian Studies 3, no. 1 (2012), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35r0d620.
[103] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italian Journey, 1786-1788 (New York: Penguin, 1970), 211.
[104] Gillian Darley, Vesuvius: The Most Famous Volcano in the World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 4.
[105] Darley, 6.
[106] Astarita, 4-5.
[107] Pellegrino D’ Acierno and Stanislao G. Pugliese, “ Preface. The Irresolvable Paradox: Essaying Naples , ” in Delirious Naples: A Cultural History of the City of the Sun , ed. Pellegrino D’ Acierno and Stanislao G. Pugliese (New York: Fordham Univ Press, 2018), 1.
[108] Davis, 4.
[109] Davis, 4.
[110] D'Acierno and Pugliese, 1 . For one such Neapolitan intellectual who recently voiced this opinion, see Raffaele La Capria, Ultimi viaggi nel l’ Italia perduta (Naples: Giunti, 2015).
[111] John A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860 (OUP Oxford, 2006), 1.
[112] Astarita, 5.
[113] Davis, 2.
[114] Scarth, 3-4; Astarita,5.
[115] Davis, 2.
[116] Davis, 3.
[117] Eleni Sakellariou, Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440-c.1530 (Leiden and Boston: BRILL, 2011), 9.
[118] Beales and Biagini, introduction.
[119] Marco Soresina, Italy Before Italy: Institutions, Conflicts and Political Hopes in the Italian States, 1815-1860 (New York: Routledge Studies in Modern European History, 2018), chapter 7 .
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