Wall, Joseph Frasier, and The Federal Writers’ Project. Iowa, a Guide to the Hawkeye State. American Guide Series. New York: The Viking Press, 1938.
Wellman, Beth L. “Some New Basis for Interpretation of the IQ.” The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 41, no. 1 (1932): 116–26.
Wellman, Beth L., and George D. Stoddard. “The I.Q.: A Problem in Social Construction.” The Social Frontier 5, no. 42 (1939): 151–52.
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Zigler, Edward, and Susan Muenchow. Head Start: The Inside Story of America’s Most Successful Educational Experiment. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 146, 170–72
Abecedarian Project, 277–78, 281
adoption
adoptive fathers’ occupational levels, 93, 142, 230
adoptive parents’ lawsuit, 54, 56, 158
BD’s and CD’s adoptions, 103–4
birth fathers’ intelligence, 141, 180
birth fathers’ occupational levels, 141–142
birth mothers’ intelligence, 141, 145, 180
case 4 development while at Glenwood, 121, 233
case 7 development while at Glenwood, 120–21, 232–33
case 10 development while at Glenwood, 122–123, 234
case 13 development while at Glenwood, 123
of children in Davenport preschool study, 130, 138, 139, 178–79
Davenport Home as Iowa’s central facility, 4–5, 51–52
effect of age at adoption, 97, 142, 143, 145, 261
effects on Davenport infants, 141–44, 207
Skeels follow-up studies, 163,188, 230–233
Skodak follow-up studies, 229, 239–40, 261
higher-than-expected adoptee IQ test results, 95–97, 104
Iowa’s policy on disrupted adoptions, 57, 94
IQ scores of adopted Davenport orphans, 142
life stories of birth parents, 142–44
process of, in Iowa, 51–53, 56–57, 91–94
random placements by Davenport Home, 52, 93–94, 97, 141
Romanian orphans adopted by foreign parents, 267
selective placement, 93, 180, 270
studies of adoptees, 9, 45, 46
testing before finalization in Iowa, 57, 91–94
Wendell Hoffman (Louis Carroll Branca), 6, 126, 187, 234–35
“Adult Status of Children” (Skeels), 243, 247–49
Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire, 276
African Americans, effect of migrating to North, 151, 175, 182
Akihito, emperor, 197
Allen, Garland, 86, 116
alpha activity or alpha waves, 273
American Association for Mental Deficiency (AAMD), 25, 158, 246, 247, 251
American Breeders Association, 69, 86
American Civil Liberties Union, 198
American Eugenics Society, 79, 89, 115
“American Gothic” (Wood), 189
American Psychological Association (APA)
environment effects on intelligence, 147, 225
founded by G. Stanley Hall, 66, 251
G. Stanley Hall Award, 251, 260
homosexuality as a mental illness, 257
industrial psychology division, 250
Lewis Terman as president, 71, 207
Marie Skodak and, 262
Robert M. Yerkes as president, 69
Robert R. Sears as president, 206
amygdala, 275
Anda, Robert F., 276
Anderson, Harold, 214–15
Anderson, John, 159, 170
“Are Dummies Born or Made?” (Wiggam), 152–53
army recruits, intelligence tests of, 69–70, 71, 72, 84, 115, 116–17
Asbell, Bernard, 249–50
Auster, Simon, 221, 241–42, 256, 257
Bagley, William, 113–14
Bakwin, Harry, 217–18
Baldwin, Bird
case studies, 37
death, 38, 40, 41
director at Iowa station, 36–38, 44, 118
engagement to Beth Wellman, 41
on environment and development, 37–38, 44, 115, 118, 151, 226
study of farm children, 36, 41, 45
Barr, Bernadine, 135
Barrett, Helen E., 117
Bayley, Nancy, 176
Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II), 271
BD
adoption, 103–4
birth, 60
in cottage at Davenport Home, 61–62
diagnosis by Skeels, 62
environment at Woodward State Hospital, 101–3, 111
improvement at Woodward State Hospital, 99–100, 103, 104, 158, 217–18
in nursery at Davenport Home, 60
observation by Skeels at Woodward State Hospital, 101–3
placement at Woodward State Hospital, 63–64, 111, 158
Skeels’s follow-up visit to BD and family, 231–32
BEIP (Bucharest Early Intervention Project), 269–72, 274, 281
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray), 259
Bernstein, Charles, 24–25
beta activity or beta waves, 273
Better Baby competitions, 77, 82
Binet, Alfred
case studies, 37
death, 67, 160
environment’s role in development, 9, 40, 97, 150, 159–60
on judgment and intelligence, 22–23, 39
mental age, 22–23, 67
on nature of intelligence, 22, 23, 39, 40, 67, 97
purpose of testing, 21–22, 39, 66, 68
Binet-Simon test, 21–22, 66
Bird, Grace E., 176
Bivin Foundation, 203–4, 256
Black, Edwin, 89
Blair, Clancy, 275–76
Boas, Franz, 86, 164–65
Boring, Edwin, 71
Bowlby, John, 218, 240
brain changes related to experience, 226–27
Branca, Genevieve Carroll, 126, 187, 234–35, 236
Branca, Louis Carroll (formerly Wendell Hoffman), 3–4, 5–6, 123–26, 187, 234–36, 252–53, 255
Branca, Louis P., 126, 187, 234, 235, 236
Brazziel, William F., 259
Brigham, Carl C., 114–17
Bronfenbrenner, Dr. (father of Urie), 227
Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 227–28, 251
Brookings Institution, 279
Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), 269–72, 274, 281
Buchenwald (concentration camp), 213–14
Buck, Carrie, 87–88
Buckner, Mayo, 125
Bumbry, Grace, 252
Burgess, E. W., 165
Burks, Barbara, 42, 114, 117, 149, 173, 185–86, 242
Burt, Cyril, 258
Campbell, Frances, 277–78
“Can an I.Q. Change?” (Wellman), 149
Carmichael, Leonard, 164
Carnegie Foundation, 59, 143, 153
Carnegie Institution, 80, 82, 84, 89, 173, 184–85, 242–43
case 4 (Glenwood experimental group), 121, 233
case 7 (Glenwood experimental group), 120–21, 232
case 9 (Glenwood experimental group), 121–22, 233–34
case 10 (Glenwood experimental group), 122–23, 234
case 13 (Glenwood experimental group), 123
case 15 (Skeels statistical contrast group), 127, 236
case 17 (Skeels statistical contrast group), 127–28, 237
case 19 (Skeels statistical contrast group), 129–30, 238, 249
case 20 (Skeels statistical contrast group), 128, 237–38
“Case of
the Wandering IQs, The” (Asbell), 249–50
case study method, 9, 37, 240
Cattell, Raymond, 157
CD
adoption, 103–4
birth, 57
in cottage at Davenport Home, 61–62
diagnosis by Skeels, 62
environment at Woodward State Hospital, 101–3, 111
improvement at Woodward State Hospital, 99–100, 103, 104, 158, 217–18
in nursery at Davenport Home, 58–60, 62–64, 99–101, 103–4
observation by Skeels at Woodward State Hospital, 101–3
placement at Woodward State Hospital, 63–64, 111, 158
Skeels’s follow-up visit to CD and family, 230–31
Ceaus, escu, Elena, 265
Ceaus, escu, Nicolae, 265, 266
cell biology, 86, 244
Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, 59, 274, 280
Chase, Allan, 214
Chicago Child Parent Centers (CPC), 278
“Child Development: A New Approach to Education” (Stoddard), 195
Child Psychology (Stoddard and Wellman), 118
Children in Foster Homes: A Study of Mental Development (Skodak), 142, 162
Child Study Movement, 66
Christian Home Orphanage (Council Bluffs, Iowa), 52
Clark University, 65–66, 251
Collester, Ethel, 196
Colvin, Stephen S., 113
concentration camps, 213–14
Conklin, Edwin Grant, 26
constancy (IQ constancy), 41–42, 45–46, 111, 150–51, 258–59
Cook, Robert, 185–86
“Corn Culture vs. Child Culture” (Hillis), 35
Cravens, Hamilton, 7, 36–37, 161, 184, 186
Crèche (Beirut), 219
Crick, Francis, 86
Crissey, Marie Skodak (née Marie Skodak). see Skodak, Marie
Crissey, Orlo, 28, 144, 250
Dalglish, Cass, 255
Danese, Andrea, 275
Darrow, Clarence, 85
Darwin, Charles, 73–74, 75, 227
Davenport, Charles Benedict, 26, 79–81, 82, 86, 88, 115
Davenport Home (Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home)
adoption effects on Davenport infants, 141–44, 207
adoption process, 51–53, 56–57
cottages, 4, 27, 61–62, 133, 136–37, 281
deaths of children, 217
decline of IQ scores of residents, 6, 46–47, 272
description in 1901 pamphlet, 280–81
early history, 4–5
environment for children, 29, 48–50, 133, 204, 217, 281
follow-ups on Skodak adoption studies, 229, 239–40, 261
Skeels statistical contrast group, follow-up, 188, 236–38, 247, 248–49
Skeels statistical contrast group, overview, 126–27, 130, 161, 188, 218
Iowa’s central adoption facility, 4–5, 51–52
IQ scores of siblings surrendered to Davenport, 145, 150, 272
IQ tests mandated for residents, 5, 55
lawsuit by adoptive parents, 54, 56, 158
loneliness of children, 29, 54
nursery, 58–60
overcrowding during Depression, 5, 8, 9, 49–50, 158
partnership with Iowa station, 56, 202
preschool study, adoption of children, 130, 138, 139
preschool study, design, 132–35
preschool study, experiences and results, 135–40, 144–45
preschool study, McNemar critique of, 178–79
random adoption placements by, 52, 93–94, 97, 141
reasons children were sent to Davenport, 5, 50
studies of adoptees, 9
study of orphans proposed by Hillis, 35
Zerwekh administration, 53–55, 97
see also Woodward-Glenwood study
Davenport, Iowa, history, 48
Davidson, Eric H., 244
Davis, Jefferson, 48
Dawe, Helen, 129
Day, Edmond E., 196
Dearborn, Walter Fenno, 228
Dennis, Wayne, 218–19
Deutsch, Martin, 225–26, 249
developmental milestones, 56, 59–60, 61, 120, 121
developmental quotient (DQ), 271–72
Dewey, Thomas E., 197
Dionne quintuplets, 185
dominant traits, 75–76, 85
Dust Bowl, 8, 16, 33, 158, 185
Dye, Harold, 109–10, 158, 159, 178
Early Head Start, 279
Educational Records Bureau, 147
Edward VII (king), 76
electroencephalogram (EEG), 270, 272–73
environment, influence on intelligence. see specific topics and individuals
ERO. see Eugenics Record Office
Essays of a Humanist (Huxley), 244
Eugenical News, The, 81–82, 88
Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Terman), 83
eugenics and eugenicists
attacks on Iowa station results, 7, 10–11, 90, 178
beliefs, 2, 72
on control of human reproduction, 25–26
critics of eugenics, 84–87, 116
“differential birth rate” problem, 76
effects of Nazi war crimes, 214
institutions to segregate the unfit, 8, 72, 77, 91
National Socialists (Nazis), 88, 89, 214
negative eugenics, 75, 76
origin of term, 74
positive eugenics, 74–75, 76, 77
racism, 83–84, 86
selective breeding promoted, 2
sterilization advocated by, 69, 72, 77
unit trait inheritance, 75–76, 80, 85–86, 90, 116
see also specific individuals Brigham, Darwin, Davenport, Jennings, Mendel
Eugenics Cult, The (Darrow), 85
Eugenics Record Office (ERO)
Carnegie Institution and, 84, 89
Charles Davenport and, 80, 84, 88
enthusiasm for perfecting the human race, 82–83
Eugenical News, The, 81–82, 88
Laughlin, Harry and, 80–83, 87, 89
research and questionnaires, 80–81, 89–87
support for Nazi cause, 88
Trait Book, 81
Eugenics Research Association, 79, 88, 89
Evans, Tripp, 256
event-related potential (ERP), 270
“Experimental Research in Child Psychology” (McCandless and Spiker), 215–16
Eysenck, Hans, 258
“Factors in the Adult Achievement of Gifted Men” (Terman), 208
Felitti, Vincent, 276
Felton, Harold E., 104–5
Fillmore, Eva A., 145, 272
Fitter Family competitions, 77, 82
foster care programs, Romania
BEIP (Bucharest Early Intervention Project), 269–72, 274, 281
effect of age at placement, 271–72
effect on IQ and DQ scores, 271–72
not established in Romania, 266, 269
temporary placement in America, 269
see also adoption
Fox, Nathan A., 268, 274
Frank, Lawrence K., 45, 173, 201–2
Franklin, Rosalind, 86
Freeman, Frank N., 118, 164
Frost, Robert, 194
Fruit of the Family Tree, The (Wiggam), 148
Gallup, George, 168
Galton, Francis, 72, 73–75, 76, 79, 117
Galton Society, 79
Gaucher’s disease, 236, 248
Genetic Studies of Genius (Terman), 72, 199, 208
Genius and Stupidity (Terman), 66
George Davis Bivin Foundation, 203–4, 256
Gesell, Arnold, 56, 77–79, 165
Gladwin, Thomas, 222–23, 228
Glenwood Institution for Feebleminded Children, overview, 46, 109–10
environment experienced by children, 119
experimental group, follow-up, 187–88, 232–36, 246, 247–49
follow-up report article and presentation, 243, 247–49, 262
overview, 6–7, 109–11, 130, 150, 158, 218
proposed plan for study, 104–5, 109
reports on Davenport orphans studied at Glenwood
case 4 (experimental group), 121, 233
case 7 (experimental group), 120–21, 232
case 9 (experimental group), 121–22, 233–34
case 10 (experimental group), 122–23, 234
case 13 (experimental group), 123
Wendell Hoffman (case 11; Louis Carroll Branca), 6, 123–26, 234–36
see also Skeels, Harold M.
Goddard, Henry H.
as clinician, 20
intelligence as inherited quality, 20, 23–24, 33, 160
Laski and, 79
mental testing of immigrants, 68
mental testing of the retarded, 21–22, 68–69
as Skodak’s mentor, 21, 24, 25–26, 30–31, 33, 79
at Vineland School, 21, 68
Goethe, Charles M., 89
Goldfarb, William, 218
Goodenough, Florence
contempt for Iowa’s work, 157, 159, 171, 224
correspondence with Terman, 154, 170, 182–83, 193
death, 257
heredity argument on nursery schools and IQ, 181
NSSE 1940 Yearbook committee, 164, 165
research at University of Minnesota, 253
Gosney, Ezra S., 89, 162
Gould, Stephen Jay, 69, 258
Grant, Madison, 79, 83–84, 115, 149
Great Society programs, 224, 278
Greene, Melissa Fay, 267
Gulik, Luther H., 195–96
gun violence, 276
Haller, Mark, 83
Hall, G. Stanley, 65–66, 251
Hancher, Virgil M., 190
Harriman, Mary Williamson, 80
Harris, Ben, 78–79
Havighurst, Robert J., 222, 223, 228, 257
Head Start program, 224, 226, 242, 249–50, 258–59, 278–80, 281
Hebb, Donald O., 226–27, 242, 259
Heckman, James, 277–78
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 72, 74, 117
Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men (Conklin), 26
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (Davenport), 80–81
Herrnstein, Richard J., 259
Hildreth, Gertrude, 176
Hilgard, Ernest, 209
Hillis, Cora Bussey, 33–36
Hinton, Ralph T. Jr., 176
hippocampus, 275
Hirohito, emperor, 197
Hitler, Adolf, 20, 84, 88, 89, 154, 214
Hoffman, Viola, 1–3, 5
Hoffman, Wendell (Louis Carroll Branca), 3–4, 5–6, 123–26, 187, 234–36, 252–53, 255
Hollingworth, Leta, 157, 164
hollows in Blue Ridge Mountains, 117–18, 151
The Orphans of Davenport Page 39