by Andrew Brown
operational research (OR)
and Blackett, 258–9, 263, 275
in industry, 283, 322–3
and military, 130–2, 199, 215, 220, 222, 225, 258, 275
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 319
optics, 11, 174, 275, 313, 466
‘The organization of science and scientists’ (BBC debate), 304–5
Orgel, Leslie, 381
Orgueil meteorite, 376–7, 382
The Origin of Life (Bernal), 380–1
‘The origin of life on the earth’ (Moscow conference; 1957), 373–6
Orwell, George, 272–3, 327, 333
Ossietzky, Carl von, 126
Outline of History (Wells), 453
Overend, W.G., 456–7, 462
Overlord, Operation (D-Day), 228–54, 258–9, 264, 283, 458
aftermath of, 248–54
and Churchill, 229, 232, 238, 242, 245
and CO, 228, 238–9, 241, 243, 246, 483
preparations for, 228–48
Sage’s analysis of, 254, 259, 483
Sage’s role in, 477–84, 489
and SEAC, 256–7
timing of, 247–8
Oxford University, 170
anti-war resolution of, 119–20
Clarendon Laboratory at, 187–8, 202
ozone, 174, 367
‘Pacem in Terris’ (papal encyclical), 428
pacifism, 121–2, 126
at Cambridge, 26, 120, 487
pre-WWII, 119–20, 133
and Spanish Civil War, 129–30
Parliamentary Science Committee, 121
Parmenides, 380
Parnell, Charles, 21
Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 429–31
Partisans of Peace, 310, 328–9, 331–2, 336, 383
Pasteur, Louis, 350, 366, 368, 376
Sage on, 289–91
Patel, M.R., 385
Patterson, A.L., 55, 86, 138
Patterson map, 139, 143, 145–6, 150–1, 359
Pauli, Wolfgang, 70
Pauling, Linus, 61, 85, 100, 150, 162, 378, 444–5
and peace movement, 330, 419, 423–4, 433
and Perutz, 177–8
and protein research, 344–7, 349–50, 441
on Sage, 473, 484
peace movement, 318–41, 452, 489
in Argentina, 409
and atomic bomb, 318, 320, 329, 332, 337–8
and Blackett, 268, 322–3, 327–8, 332, 338, 419, 433
and civil disobedience, 425
in Cold War, 412–34
and communism, 326, 332, 419, 422, 433
and fear of war, 319–20
in France, 328, 331, 341, 424, 427
in India, 387, 399, 424
and Khrushchev, 415, 424–5, 428, 433
non-aligned, 414, 422, 427–8, 433
and Stockholm Peace Appeal, 331, 338, 340–1
in US, 325–6, 329, 336–8, 424
and USSR, 318–41, 388, 390, 424–5, 433, 487
Peace Pugwash (London; 1961), 422
Peking Man, 397
Peng Dehuai, 403
penicillin, 276, 345
pepsin, 101–2, 137
peptide bonds, 149, 151, 345–6
Perutz, Max, 143–6, 163, 215, 261, 277, 463, 478 n.
and crystallography, 445
deportation of, 177–8
and Habbakuk, 217, 219, 223, 226–8, 230–2, 236–7
and haemoglobin, 145–6, 152, 157, 170, 285, 457, 470
and Kendrew, 292
and molecular biology, 362
and protein research, 151, 345–8, 350–1
on Sage, 435, 464, 485–7
phase problem, 94, 278, 348, 350, 352–3
Philby, Harold (Kim), 105, 112
Phillips, Magda, 108, 158
Phillpot, John, 101
Phoenixes, 229
Phoney War, 171, 175
photography
aerial, 211, 214, 243–4, 246–7
and crystallography, 49, 54, 61, 80
photosynthesis, 367, 371
The Physical Basis of Life (Bernal), 369–70, 382
physics, 13, 36, 39, 111, 380
and biology, 95, 261, 298
at Birkbeck, 297, 456, 462
and crystallography, 91, 362
and liquid structure, 441
nuclear, 46, 76, 78, 112, 147, 297
and Sage, 9, 11, 70, 439
The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (Bagnold), 239
Picasso, Pablo, 324, 333–5, 423, 466
Pipes, Richard, 487
Pirie, Bill (N.W.), 90, 109–11, 121, 141–3, 190
and cyclol theory, 150
and information services, 292–3
on origins of life, 369–70, 372–6, 380
and protein research, 344, 354
and viruses, 277, 342, 356
Pirie, Tony, 109
Pitt, Geoffrey, 280
Pixner, Vivien, 417, 459
Planck, Max, 162, 186
Plato, 361
point groups (space groups), 80, 84, 89, 102, 145
Sage on, 44–7, 52, 83, 445
and symmetry, 37–8
tables for, 86
poison gas, 130–1
see also chemical warfare
Poland, 167, 209, 318, 321, 337, 387, 444
peace movement in, 324–5
Polanyi, Michael, 127–8, 136, 162–3, 304–5, 436
polio virus, 358–61
Polish Academy of Sciences, 444
Political Economy Club, 26
Pollitt, Harry, 327, 400
polymerization, 368, 371, 381, 389
‘Polymerized water – is it or isn’t it?’ (Finney), 448
polypeptide chains, 345–6, 349, 372
polywater, 446–9, 472–3
‘Polywater and polypollutants’ (Finney et al.), 449
Poncelet, Jean Victor, 29
Pope, Alexander, 317
Pope, William, 79
population explosion, 467–9
Portal, Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles, 202–3, 233, 235
Portland spy case, 455–6
Portugal, 237
Pound, Dudley, 203
Powell, Cecil, 485
Power-Driven Rivers, 256–7, 259
preemptive attack, 420
‘Preliminary note’ (Hulme), 271–2
‘Principles of biomolecular organization’ (Ciba symposium; London; 1965), 450–1
Pritt, Dennis, 339
Progressive Education Association, 165
‘Properties of water and its role in biological systems’ (lecture; Bernal), 460
The Protection of the Public from Aerial Attack (CSAWG), 131–2
proteins, 342–62
and amino acids, 81–2, 279, 343–4, 346–7
Astbury’s work on, 151, 275, 279–80, 315, 343, 345–7, 349–50
at Birkbeck, 297, 352–4, 358
Carlisle’s work on, 276, 345–6, 352–3
Crick’s work on, 316, 347–51, 354
crystalline, 275, 279, 291, 296, 315
and crystallography, 144, 146–7, 156, 164, 445, 465, 487
and cyclol theory, 149–50
and definition of life, 342–3
and diffraction, 342–4, 348, 350, 352, 354
fibrous, 63, 83, 86–9, 95, 102, 148–9, 156, 343, 349
and genetic research, 298–9, 316, 347, 350–1, 353
globular, 349–50
hydration of, 146
and hydrophobic forces, 152, 285
Lawrence Bragg’s work on, 346–7, 349
models of, 348, 351, 441
and origins of life, 367–70, 372–3, 375, 378–9, 381
Pauling’s work on, 344–7, 349–50, 441
post-war work on, 276–7, 285
Sage’s work on, 115, 152, 156, 165, 167, 285, 291, 386
structure of, 95–7, 100, 102, 261, 343–4, 445
sub-units of, 151–2
symme
try in, 88–9, 151, 345
and viruses, 140–3, 275, 342, 353–4, 356
Wrinch’s work on, 148–9
proteomics, human, 164
‘Provisional scheme for central distribution of scientific publications’ (Bernal), 293
psychology, 31, 70, 104
Sage on, 66, 74, 77
see also Freudianism
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 333–4
Pugwash (anti-nuclear group), 422
Pyke, Geoffrey, 59, 208–9, 239, 260
at CO, 211–12
and Habbakuk, 216, 219, 225–7, 231, 233, 236–7
and Power-Driven Rivers, 256–7, 259
suicide of, 292–3
in US, 213, 215
Pykrete, 218–19, 223, 226, 228, 233–5, 238
Quadrant Conference (1943), 232–5, 238, 255, 482
quantum theory, 50, 70, 78–9, 162, 187, 277, 344
quartz, 368, 381
quaternions, 35–6, 38
Quebec Agreement (1943), 234, 268
Rabelais, François, 415
radar, 188–9, 215, 222, 266
radial distribution function, 442
radiation, infrared, 174
radioactivity, 47, 125
RAF (Royal Air Force), 203, 209, 244
and Army, 220–1
and bombing strategy, 185, 193–4, 203–4
vs. German air force, 185, 187
in South-East Asia, 257–8, 260–1
Rakosi, Matyas, 389
Ramachandran, G.N., 385
Raman, Sir C.V., 384
Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram, 217, 241, 247, 482
Randall, John, 373
‘The range of generalized crystallography’ (paper; Bernal), 465
Rankin Committee, 319
‘Rattle’ conference (1943), 230
RCA record company, 278
Rees, Goronwy, 184, 211
Reform Club, 437
religion, 72, 144
at Cambridge, 32, 486
and Christian missionaries, 399, 405
communism as, 111, 114, 485–6
and Sage, 4–5, 8, 32, 42, 68, 74, 76–7, 93, 103, 113, 115, 171–2, 485
see also Catholicism
research
applied, 159, 161, 205–6
applied vs. pure, 435–7
and Big science, 163
centralized planning of, 122, 160–1, 163, 294, 304–6
freedom in, 135, 161–3, 293
funding for, 160–1, 170, 172, 311, 323, 358, 362, 435–6, 450–1
and information services, 291–6
interdisciplinary, 147, 288, 435
in peacetime, 266
and post-war shortages, 277, 292
in South-East Asia, 255, 257–8
on tropical conditions, 259–60
in USSR vs. US, 300
in wartime, 215
see also operational research; particular fields
‘Research organisation in the building industry’ (Bernal), 283
revolution
French, 74–5, 364
Russian, 24–5, 56, 67, 104
Sage on, 74–5, 108
sexual, 68
ribonuclease, 345–6, 352–3, 472
Riggs, Austin, 350
Riley, Dennis, 143, 170
Rimel, Anita, 328, 355, 364, 456
care of Sage by, 282, 314, 439, 452, 458–9, 461, 464, 471–2
Soviet connections of, 471
Rivers, W.H.R., 31
Rivett, Jon, 236
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 316, 354, 445
and virus research, 141–3, 356–7
World Theory of, 381
Robertson, J. Monteath, 456–7
Robeson, Paul, 329
Robinson, Sir Robert, 294, 384
Rockefeller Foundation (RF), 147–8, 170, 279, 298
Rockefeller Principle, 451
Roman de Rou (Maistre Wace), 241
Romanian Academy of Sciences, 444
Rommel, Erwin, 198, 220, 223, 239
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 291
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 196, 202, 207, 212, 215, 229
and Habbakuk, 235–6
and Quadrant Conference, 232, 234
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 338–40
Rosenheim, Max, 464
Rosenheim, O., 94, 138, 140, 470
Rothschild, Lord Victor, 183, 358, 439
Roughton, F.J.W., 352
Royal Aircraft Factory (Farnborough), 186–7
Royal Army Medical Corps, 256
Royal Institution (RI), 79, 83, 138, 144, 284, 360
crystallography at, 46–64, 289
post-war, 275–7, 280
and Sage, 46–64, 155
working conditions in, 55–6
Royal Medal, 444
Royal Society, 122, 149–50, 276, 292
Newton Tercentenary celebrations of, 289
and Sage, 152, 275, 444, 481
and Vavilov, 303–4
Royal Society scientific Information Conference (1948), 292–6
Rumania, 321
Russell, Bertrand, 31, 122, 148
and peace movement, 412, 414, 422, 425, 433
Russell–Einstein Manifesto, 412
Russian revolution (1917), 24–5, 56, 67, 104
Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 90, 98, 105, 162, 187
atomic research of, 46, 78–9, 147, 159
and crystallography, 100, 146–7
death of, 157
and Sage, 91, 100, 146
on theorizing, 76–7, 84–5
Rutter, operation, 213
Ryerson, Brenda, 158–9, 167, 176, 192, 282
Sadat, Anwar, 423
Sagan, Carl, 369 n.
Sakharov, Andrei, 313, 433
Salter, Sir Arthur, 134
Sammy, James Julian Ben, 440
SANE (National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy), 422, 428
Sartre, Jean Paul, 324, 423
Schiff, Käthe (Dornberger), 158, 277, 355, 465
Schoenflies, Artur, 38
Schrödinger, Erwin, 70, 344
Schweitzer, Albert, 423
Schwerdt, Carlton, 360
Schwerdt, Patsy, 360
science
applied, 159, 161, 205–6
and art, 74, 154
Big, 163, 365–6, 489
bourgeois, 106–7, 154
and capitalism, 106, 161–2, 307–11, 364
centralized planning of, 193–4, 196, 268, 273, 304–5, 364, 383, 402, 436, 487
in China, 363, 392, 394, 396–8, 435
and communism, 123–4, 161, 487
corporate, 75–6
and economy, 104, 363–4
education in, 165–6
and fascism, 113, 123, 166
freedom in, 107–8, 135, 161–3, 293
in Germany, 80–1, 127–8, 138, 160
history of, 107, 363–5
in Hungary, 389, 401
in India, 259, 385, 435
and industry, 83, 122, 160, 322–3
and Labour Party, 437–9
and Marxism, 77, 162, 193–4, 304–5, 364
and military, 172, 215, 262, 265–6, 308, 311–12, 437, 477–8
organization of, 450–1
and peace movement, 121, 325, 434
in peacetime, 265–8
post-war, 286, 288–9
pre-war, 134–5
Sage on, 67, 70–1, 73, 206, 273, 397
and scientists, 75–6, 120, 125
and society, 104, 121, 123, 127, 132, 135, 158–64, 166, 193–4, 206–7, 224, 363–4, 489
Soviet, 109, 162–3, 194, 288, 298–317, 384, 389–91, 395, 399, 435, 448
and Stalin, 109, 309, 317
and Third World, 365, 383, 432
in UK, 435–6
and UN, 288, 306, 479
in US, 159–60, 163, 300, 308, 435, 451
and WWII, 172, 176, 207–8, 215
see also The Social Function of Science
Scie
nce and Civilization in China (Needham), 363
‘Science and government’ (Snow), 475
‘Science and Marxist philosophy’ (symposium; 1941), 193–4
‘Science and national service’ (Bernal), 134–5
‘Science and the welfare of mankind’ (AScW conference; 1946), 288–9
Science at the Cross Roads (papers from 1931 conference), 106
Science Citation Index (SCI), 295
Science in History (Bernal), 363–6, 403, 440, 452
‘Science in social history’ (lecture series; Bernal), 363
Science in War, 176
‘Science lifts the veil’ (BBC series), 342
The Science of Science, 479
scientific method, 166, 172, 283, 380, 474
and Lysenkoism, 306, 317
‘The scientist and the world today’ (Bernal), 112–13, 120
Scott-Bowden, Major Logan, 242–3, 482
sculpture, 153–4
The Search (Snow), 114–15, 147–8, 275, 282
Second Front, 202, 204, 207, 212–13, 233, 482
Semenov, Nikolai, 289
semiconductors, 85, 277
sexual varietism, 487–8
Shapley, Harlow, 327–8
Shaw, George Bernard, 35, 77, 127
Shearer, George, 51–2
Shefield Congress (1950), 332–3, 335
shock waves, 167–8, 173, 182
Shostakovich, Dmitry, 423
‘Shrinkage and cracking of cementive materials’ (symposium; 1946), 284
Sicily, 232, 239
Siday, Raymond, 297
Siddeley, John, 122
silicates, 144, 283, 285, 379
silk, structure of, 86–7
Silverman, Sydney, 424
Simon, John, 133
Simons, Lewis, 274
Simpson, Celia, 106–7
Sinclair, Archibald, 476
single crystal technique, 87
Sinn Fein, 10–11, 15, 26–8, 34
Skobeltzyn, Dimitry, 414
Slim, General Sir William, 261, 263
Snow, C.P., 25, 63, 90, 111, 181, 198, 363, 438
Sage on, 475
on Sage’s reputation, 477–9
The Search, 114–15, 147–8, 275, 282
‘The two cultures’, 474–5
‘The social and economic roots of Newton’s Principia’ (Hessen), 106
The Social Function of Science (Bernal), 158–65, 172, 285, 291, 293, 304, 384, 435–6, 474, 479
‘The social implications of the atomic bomb’ (conference; 1945), 268
socialism, 120–1, 311, 337
at Birkbeck, 285
at Cambridge, 23–6, 30, 32–3, 35, 38, 40, 486–7
vs. capitalism, 106, 391
vs. Catholicism, 485
Sage’s conversion to, 24–5
and science, 106, 364
and Third World, 383, 405, 467–8
and USSR, 127, 317
see also communism; Marxism
Society for Cultural Relations, 108, 113
Society for Freedom in Science, 293
Soper, Donald, 414
South America, 431, 466, 468–9
Sage’s visit to, 407–11