The Manhattan Project

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The Manhattan Project Page 54

by Cynthia C. Kelly


  Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 87–90.

  Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 95, 99–100.

  Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1997), 121; David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 107–108 [box from 107]; Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1997), 156, 89–90 [box from 89–90].

  Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1997), 105–106.

  Thomas O. Jones, Atomic Heritage Foundation oral history, August 9, 2002.

  Robert S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man (South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press, 2002), 281, 285–286, 295–296.

  Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 606–607, 609–610.

  John Lansdale Jr., “Military Service,” 63, 40–41.

  Section Six

  Joseph Rotblat, “Leaving the bomb project,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (August 1985), 18–19.

  Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 287–289.

  William Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, The Man Behind the Bomb (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 268.

  Report of the Committee on Political and Social Problems, Manhattan Project “Metallurgical Laboratory,” University of Chicago, June 11, 1945.

  Science Panel’s Report to the Interim Committee, “Recommendations on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons,” June 16, 1945.

  Leo Szilard, et al., “A Petition to the President of the United States,” July 17, 1945.

  Box from Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 635.

  Leslie R. Groves, “The Test,” memorandum to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, July 18, 1945.

  Don Hornig, interview on “The Story with Dick Gordon,” WUNC North Carolina Public Radio, October 30, 2006.

  Val Fitch, “A Soldier in the Ranks,” from Jane Wilson, ed., All in Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers, reprinted from The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc., 1974), 189–200.

  Thomas O. Jones, “Eye Witness Accounts of the Trinity Test,” memoranda to Leslie R. Groves, July 23, 1945 and July 30, 1945.

  Hans Bethe, interview with Los Alamos National Laboratory, December 1, 1999.

  Joseph Kanon, Los Alamos (Broadway, 1997), 505–506, 507–508.

  Section Seven

  Major J. A. Derry and Dr. N. F. Ramsey, “Summary of Target Committee Meetings,” memorandum to General L. R. Groves, May 10 and 11, 1945.

  Frederick L. Ashworth, interview with Stanley Goldberg, Manhattan Project Inverviews, Smithsonian Institution (August 1989).

  Stephen Walker, Shockwave: Countdown to Hiroshima (HarperCollins Publishers, 2005), 82–85, 87.

  Thomas T. Handy to General Carl Spaatz, “Official Bombing Order, 25 July 1945.”

  Operational History of the 509th Bombardment (Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire).

  Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 179–181.

  Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (Random House Books, 1999), 264–267.

  Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (The University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 4, 5.

  President Harry S Truman, “Statement by the President of the United States,” official White House Press Release, August 6, 1945.

  Henry L. Stimson, “Statement of the Secretary of War,” official War Department Press Release, August 6, 1945.

  William Laurence, Eyewitness over Nagasaki, War Department Press Release.

  Fred J. Olivi, Decision at Nagasaki: The Mission that Almost Failed, 150–152.

  George Weller, First Into Nagasaki: The Censored Eyewitness Dispatches on Post-Atomic Japan and Its Prisoners of War (Crown Books, 2006), 29, 30, 37, 38, 43–45.

  Section Eight

  Harold Agnew, “Outwitting General Groves,” (2007).

  J. Robert Oppenheimer, speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists, November 2, 1945.

  J. Robert Oppenheimer to Dan Gillespie, October 15, 1945.

  Henry DeWolf Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945).

  John Hersey, Hiroshima (Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 1, 2, 17, 18, 62, 63, 87, 90.

  Henry Stimson, “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” Harper’s Magazine (February 1947).

  Barton J. Bernstein, “Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History,” Diplomatic History (Spring 1995).

  Patrick M. S. Blackett, Fear, War and the Bomb: Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (McGraw Education, 1947).

  Paul Fussell, “Thank God for the Atom Bomb,” Thank God for the Atomic Bomb and Other Essays (New York, 1988).

  Felix Morley, “The Return to Nothingness,” Human Events (August 29, 1945).

  Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), 298–303.

  J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: President Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 98–109.

  Gar Alperovitz, “Hiroshima After Sixty Years: The Debate Continues,” CommonDreams.org, August 3, 2005.

  Section Nine

  The Acheson-Lilienthal Report, March 17, 1946.

  Niels Bohr, Open Letter to the United Nations, June 9, 1950.

  Paul Mullin, “Louis Slotin Sonata” (1999).

  Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Atoms For Peace,” speech before the United Nations General Assembly, December 8, 1953.

  Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, Russell-Einstein Manifesto, London, July 9, 1955.

  George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, “World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” The Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2007, A15.

  Mikhail Gorbachev, “The Nuclear Threat,” The Wall Street Journal January 31, 2007, A13.

  George A. Cowan, speech at the Atomic Heritage Foundation symposium “Legacy of the Manhattan Project: Creativity in Science and the Arts,” Los Alamos, New Mexico, October 7, 2006.

  TEXT PERMISSIONS

  A good faith effort has been made to identify and contact the rights holders to all material included in this collection, and to secure permission to reprint it. The editor and publisher apologize for any inadvertent oversight and, if so alerted, will include an appropriate acknowledgment in future printings. The editor gratefully acknowledges permission from the following sources to reprint material in their control:

  Alfred A. Knopf for excerpts from American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin. Copyright © 2005 by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.

  Alfred A. Knopf for excerpts from Hiroshima by John Hersey. Copyright © 1946 by John Hersey, renewed in 1974. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.

  Alfred A. Knopf for excerpts from James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age by James G. Hershberg. Copyright © 1993 by James
G. Hershberg. Used by permission of Afred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.

  Basic Books for excerpts from Memoirs by Edward Teller. Copyright © 2001 by Edward Teller. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of Perseus Books Group.

  Robert Bauman for excerpts from his article “Jim Crow in the Tri-Cities, 1943-1950,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly (Summer 2005), pp. 124–126.

  Benjamin Bederson for excerpts from his article “An SED at Los Alamos,” originally printed in Physics in Perspective, Birkhauser Verlag, Basil, Vol. 3, 52 (2001).

  The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: The Magazine of Global Security, Science, and Survival for “A Graduate Student with Ernest O. Lawrence” by Philip Abelson, reprinted in All in Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Published in 1975, Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. Pgs 22–23, 26–29, 31. Copyright © 1975 by Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Chicago, IL 60637.

  The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: The Magazine of Global Security, Science, and Survival for “A Soldier in the Ranks” by Val Fitch, reprinted in All in Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Published in 1975, Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. Pgs 189–200. Copyright © 1975 by Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Chicago, IL 60637.

  The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: The Magazine of Global Security, Science, and Survival for excerpts from “Leaving the Bomb Project” by Joseph Rotblat, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (August 1985), pgs 18–19. Copyright © 1985 by Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Chicago, IL 60637.

  The Children’s Museum of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for excerpts from “A New Hope” by Valeria Steele, published in These Are Our Voices: The Story of Oak Ridge, 1942–1970 edited by James Overholt. Copyright © 1987 by the Children’s Museum of Oak Ridge.

  CommonDreams.org for excerpts from “Hiroshima After Sixty Years: The Debate Continues” by Gar Alperovitz.

  Crown Books for excerpts from First Into Nagasaki: The Censored Eyewitness Dispatches on Post-Atomic Japan and Its Prisoners of War, by George Weller. Copyright © 2006 by Anthony Weller.

  Diplomatic History for “Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History” by Barton J. Bernstein. Copyright © 1995.

  Engineering & Science magazine, California Institute of Technology, for excerpts from “Los Alamos from Below” by Richard Feynman.

  The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, for excerpts from Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century by G. Pascal Zachary. Copyright © 1997 by Gregg Pascal Zachary. All rights reserved.

  Paul Fussell for excerpts from his essay “Thank God for the Atom Bomb.”

  The Gale Group for excerpts from Children of Los Alamos, An Oral History of the Town Where the Atomic Age Began, 1st edition by Mason, Katrina R. (Author). 1995. Reprinted with permission of Gale, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215.

  Edward Gerjuoy and World Scientific Publishing for an excerpt from Edward Gerjuoy, “Oppenheimer as a Teacher of Physics and Ph.D. Advisor” from Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project: Insights into J. Robert Oppenheimer, “Father of the Atomic Bomb” edited by Cynthia C. Kelly. Copyright © 2005 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

  G.T. Labs for excerpts from Fallout, reprinted by permission of G.T. Labs. Copyright © 2001 Jim Ottaviani and Janine Johnston.

  Mikhail Gorbachev for “The Nuclear Threat” by Mikhail Gorbachev. Copyright © 2007.

  Richard H. Groves for excerpts from Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project by Leslie R. Groves. Copyright © 1962 by Leslie R. Groves.

  Harcourt, Inc. for excerpts from Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists by Robert Jungk. Copyright © 1986 by Robert Jungk and Mrs. M. N. Cleugh.

  HarperCollins for a brief quotation from p. 108 from The Road to Trinity by Major General K. D. Nichols. Copyright © 1987 by K. D. Nichols per contract. Reprinted by permission of Harper Collins Publishers (William Morrow).

  HarperCollins for excerpts from Shockwave: Countdown to Hiroshima by Stephen Walker. Copyright © 2005 by Stephen Walker. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

  Harper’s Magazine for excerpts from “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb” by Henry L. Stimson. Copyright © 1947.

  Harvard University Press for excerpts from Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, pp. 179–181, 298–303, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Copyright © 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

  Henry Holt and Company for excerpts from pp. 87–90, 95, and 99–100 of Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller by Gregg Herken. Copyright © 2002 by Gregg Herken.

  The Herb Block Foundation for “TICK-TOCK, TICK-TOCK” a 1949 Herblock Cartoon. Copyright © by The Herb Block Foundation.

  Human Events for “The Return to Nothingness” by Felix Morley. Copyright © 1945.

  International Creative Management for excerpts from Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel. Copyright © 1997 by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel.

  Ivan R. Dee, Publisher, for excerpts from Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma by Jeremy Bernstein. Copyright © 2004 by Jeremy Bernstein.

  Yumi Kanazaki and Keiichiro Yamamoto, staff writers of The Chugoku Shimbun, for the interview with John Dower, emeritus MIT history professor, http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?bombing=2017-141. March 16, 2015.

  Isabella Karle and World Scientific Publishing for an excerpt from Isabella Karle, “My First Professional Assignment” from Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and its Legacy edited by Cynthia C. Kelly. Copyright © 2004 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

  William Lanouette for excerpts from his book Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. Copyright © 1992 by William Lanouette.

  The Los Alamos Historical Society for excerpts from Standing By and Making Do: Women of Wartime Los Alamos edited by Jane S. Wilson and Charlotte Serber. Copyright © 1988 by The Los Alamos Historical Society.

  Paul Mullin for excerpts from his play “Louis Slotin Sonata.”

  President Barack Obama’s speech at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (as recorded and transcribed by The New York Times). May 27, 2016.

  Oxford University Press for excerpts from The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick by Andrew Brown. Copyright © 1997 by Andrew Brown. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.

  New York Times, for the Albert Einstein quote on page 482. 1946.

  North Carolina Public Radio WUNC for excerpts from interviews with Don and Lilli Hornig on “The Story with Dick Gordon,” October 30, 2006.

  Portland State University, Continuing Education Press, for excerpts from Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford by Stephen L. Sanger. Copyright © 1995 by Portland State University. Reprinted with permission of Portland State University, Continuing Education Press, http://www.cep.pdx.edu/ahf.html.

  Random House, Inc. for excerpts from Downfall: the End of the Japanese Imperial Empire by Richard Frank. Copyright © 1999 by Richard Frank. Used by permission of Random House, Inc.

  Random House, Inc. for excerpts from Los Alamos by Joseph Kanon. Copyright © 1997 by Joseph Kanon. Used by permission of Dell Books, a division of Random House, Inc.

  Charles Scribner’s Sons for excerpts from The Uranium People by Leona Marshall Libby. Copyright © 1979 by Crane, Russak & Company, Inc.

  George P. Shultz for “World Free of Nuclear Weapons” by George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn. Copyright © 2007.

  Simon & Schuster for excerpts from 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos by Jennet Conant. Copyright © 2005 by Jennet Conant. Repri
nted with the permission of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group.

  Simon & Schuster for excerpts from The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes. Copyright © 1986 by Richard Rhodes. Reprinted with the permission of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group.

  The Smithsonian Institution for excerpts from Manhattan Project Interviews by Stanley Goldberg. Copyright © 1989.

  Steerforth Press for excerpts from Racing for the Bomb: Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man by Robert S. Norris. Copyright © 2002 by Robert S. Norris. Reprinted by permission of Steerforth Press, L.L.C.

  The University of California Press and the estate of S. M. Ulam for an excerpt from Adventures of a Mathematician by S. M. Ulam. Copyright © 1991 by S. M. Ulam.

  The University of Chicago Press for excerpts from Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi by Laura Fermi. Copyright © 1954 by The University of Chicago.

  The University of Nebraska Press for an excerpt from On the Home Front: The Cold War Legacy of the Hanford Nuclear Site by Michele Stenehjem Gerber. Copyright © 1992 by the University of Nebraska Press.

  The University of North Carolina Press for excerpts from Prompt and Utter Destruction: President Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan by J. Samuel Walker. Copyright © 1997 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher.

  Yale University Press for an excerpt from pages 107–108 of Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956, by David Holloway. Copyright © 1994 by David Holloway.

  All other material used by permission of the individual author or speaker.

  PHOTO PERMISSIONS

  We are grateful to the U.S. Department of Energy, the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives of the American Institute of Physics, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Historical Society and Museum for the images used in this book.

 

 

 

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