53. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 204–5.
54. NASA, Fact Sheet, 2.
55. Cited in Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 13.
56. NASA, Fact Sheet, 1.
57. See chapter 19.
58. NASA, Fact Sheet, 1.
59. Li Ch’un Feng, quoted in Timothy Ferris, “Is This the End?” The New Yorker, 27 January 1997, 46.
60. Ibid.
22. FISHES IN THE SEA
1. Johannes Kepler, in Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 48.
2. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 104–5; Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
3. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 104–5; Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 279.
4. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
5. Along with many technical papers in scholarly journals, Clube and Napier have produced two books for the general public elaborating their theory, Cosmic Serpent, and Cosmic Winter.
6. Verschuur, Impact, 57.
7. Moore, Planets, 124.
8. Verschuur, Impact, 57.
9. Tom Gehrels, in Scientific American, March 1996, 34.
10. Victor Clube, interviewed with Graham Hancock, 13 January 1998.
11. Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 125.
12. Scientific American, March 1996, 34.
13. See, for example, Ferris, “Is This the End?” The New Yorker, 27 January 1997, 47.
14. Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 88–89.
15. Fred Hoyle, The Origin of the Universe and the Origin of Religion (R.I. and London: Moyer Bell, Wakefield, 1993), 32.
16. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
17. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 65.
18. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 27–28.
19. Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets, 397; Palmer, Catastrophism, 6.
20. Ibid.
21. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 75.
22. Bailey, Clube, and Napier, Origin of Comets, 395; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 66.
23. According to Victor Clube, interview with Graham Hancock, 13 January 1998.
24. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.” See also Verschuur, Impact, 44; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 126–27; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 66; Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets, 395.
25. Palmer, Catastrophism, 6; Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 89.
26. Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 88–89.
27. Verschuur, Impact, 57.
28. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.” Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 81.
29. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 73; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 111.
30. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 178; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 111.
31. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 178.
32. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 112; Walter Alvarez et al., Catastrophes and Evolution: Astronomical Foundations (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 172–73.
33. Duncan Steel, in Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Origin of Comets, 211.
34. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 112; Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 172–73; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 122.
35. Brian Marsden, quoted in Levy, Quest for Comets, 10.
36. Verschuur, Impact, 116.
37. Ibid, 116–17.
38. Ibid, 117.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid, 117.
42. Levy, Quest for Comets, 7.
43. Ibid, 8, 11; Verschuur, Impact, 117.
44. Levy, Quest for Comets, 9.
45. Ibid, 10.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Cited in Ibid, 11.
49. Brian Marsden, cited in Ibid.
50. Ibid., 11; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 147.
51. Levy, Quest for Comets, 11; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 147.
52. Verschuur, Impact, 118.
53. Ibid.
54. Dr. Clark Chapman, in Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 123.
55. Revelation 12:3–4.
56. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 74; Quest for Knowledge, May 1997, 52.
57. Philip Dauber and Richard Muller, Three Big Bangs (New York: Helix Books, 1996), 71.
58. David Morrison, McKay, in Thomas, Chyba, Comets and Origin, 254.
59. Ibid.
60. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 100.
61. Appian Way, The Riddle of the Earth (London: Chapman and Hall Ltd, 1925), 166.
62. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 63.
63. Levy, Quest for Comets, 194.
64. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 201.
65. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.” Catalogue of Cometary Orbits, 12th ed. (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams). Harvard, 1997.
66. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 173–74; Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 4, 107; Verschuur, Impact, 7–10.
67. Ignatius Donnelly, Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (London: Sampson Low, 1888), 85; Dauber and Muller, Three Big Bangs, 51.
68. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 126.
69. Dauber and Muller, Three Big Bangs, 51.
70. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 126.
71. The Sunday Times (London), 27 October 1996.
72. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 73.
73. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 138; Donnelly, Ragnarok, 409.
74. Donnelly, Ragnarok, 409–10.
75. Appian Way, Riddle, 163–64.
76. Verschuur, Impact, 133; Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 15–16.
77. Verschuur, Impact, 61.
78. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 258.
79. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 134.
80. See chapters 19 and 20. David Levy, S-L 9’s codiscoverer, also found a pair of extremely long-period comets traveling on the same orbits, but one reaching perihelion three months ahead of the other. He submitted his data on these comets to Brian Marsden at the International Astronomical Union, who came up with the following solution: “Some 12,000 years ago, a single comet broke in two as it rounded the Sun. The two parts did not separate right away but stayed together as a double comet until millennia later, and far from the Sun, they began to drift apart.” See Levy, Quest for Comets, 108.
81. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 257.
82. Ibid.
83. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 133.
84. Verschuur, Impact, 59.
85. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 133.
86. See chapters 19 and 20.
23. VOYAGER ON THE ABYSS
1. R. O. Faulkner, ed., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 70.
2. Ibid., 155.
3. Ibid, 144.
4. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 253; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Galaxies,” “Milky Way.”
5. Ibid, 159.
6. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 284; Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 155–59.
7. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, Cosmic Winter.
8. See Hancock and Bauval, The Orion Mystery.
9. Ibid.
10. Collins, Stars and Planets, 232.
11. Roughly 17,000 to 7000 B.P. See Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods.
12. E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of Us Dead (London and New York: Arkana, 1986), 14–15.
13. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Milky Way.”
14. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 154–55, citing Urasin, 1987.
15. Ibid.
16. Clube, interview with Hancock.
17. Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 114.
18. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 143.
19. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 98; Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 10, 135.
20. Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets, 264.
21. Ibid.
22. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe (London: Reed Consumer Books Ltd, 1996), 175.
23. Gould’s Belt, confirmed by Clube, 1 February 1998 by phone; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 33; Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution,
157.
24. Walter Scott, ed., Hermetica (Boston: Shambhala, 1993), 457.
25. Palmer, Catastrophism, 58.
26. Clube, interview with Hancock.
27. Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 9.
28. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 36.
29. Ibid, 36, 39.
30. Albritton, Catastrophic Episodes, 99.
31. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 40.
32. Ibid, 215–16.
33. Ibid.
34. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 143.
35. Ibid, 134.
36. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
37. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 134.
38. Ibid, 134.
39. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 49.
40. Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets, 250–51.
41. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 134.
42. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 30.
43. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
44. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 33–35.
45. Palmer, Catastrophism, 57; Albritton, Catastrophic Episodes, 102–3.
46. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 34–35.
47. Ibid, 34–35.
48. Palmer, Catastrophism, 58; Albritton, Catastrophic Episodes, 370.
49. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 40.
50. Palmer, Catastrophism, 58; Thomas, Chyba, Comets of Origin, 229: “The common periodicity in mass extinctions and large impact craters was quickly realized to correspond to the half-period with which the Sun oscillates through the galactic plane, suggesting a plausible source for a wave of comets in a disturbance of the Oort cloud either through stellar encounters or passages through giant molecular clouds.”
51. Palmer, Catastrophism, 58.
52. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 174.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 10. With regard to the K/T event 65 million years ago, it has been observed that Earth passing through a GMC would pick up large quantities of its chemicals. There is evidence for this at K/T boundary. It has been found that the oxygen content of the atmosphere fell from about 35 percent to 28 percent in the 2 million years prior to the K/T boundary event. See Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 99–100.
56. Hancock and Bauval, Secrets of Mexican Pyramids, 271.
24. VISITOR FROM THE STARS
1. See Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 174.
2. Palmer, Catastrophism, 58.
3. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 159.
4. Schwarz and James, in Palmer, Catastrophism, 58.
5. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 215–16.
6. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 156.
7. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 256.
8. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 157.
9. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 144, 256.
10. Vistas in Astronomy vol. 39 (U.K.: Elsevier Science Ltd., 1996), 684.
11. Clube interview with Hancock.
12. Ibid.
13. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 176.
14. Verschuur, Impact, 134, 136, 138, 163 (citing Steel); Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 135–36, 152; Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 232; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 133 and Cosmic Winter, 149.
15. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 136.
16. Ibid, 135–36.
17. There is nothing inherently improbable about this. “All that is suggested,” says Duncan Steel (Rogue Asteroids, 135–36), “is a breakup similar to P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1992, except by a comet at least 100 kilometers across and in an orbit crossing from Jupiter to the Earth.”
18. Clube, in Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 88.
19. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 34.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid, 35.
23. Clube, in Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 88.
24. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 145–46: “There is strong evidence that the last giant comet entered an Earth-crossing orbit only a few tens of thousands of years ago, so its asteroidal debris (including its resultant zodiacal cloud) are in orbit even now.”
25. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 105.
26. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 244 and Cosmic Serpent, 92.
27. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 26–27, 29.
28. Hancock and Bauval, Fingerprints of the Gods, The Orion Mystery, The Message of the Sphinx.
29. Raup, Nemesis, 59.
30. For a full discussion of crustal displacement and its implications see Flem-Ath, When the Sky Fell
31. Clube interview with Hancock.
32. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 92.
33. Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 232: “Could the most recent Ice Age, or its succession, have been due to changes in the small-body flux over the past 10,000 to 20,000 years … ? The inner solar system environment [could be] currently subject to the substantial control of the products of the breakup of a giant comet within the past 20,000 years.”
34. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 176.
35. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 25–26.
36. Ibid, 25–27; Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 176–77.
37. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 25.
38. Ibid, 26–27.
39. Hoyle, Ice, 28.
40. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 28–29.
41. Verschuur, Impact, 104, citing Tollman.
42. Chandra Wickramasinghe, interview with Graham Hancock, 16 January 1998.
43. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 34.
44. Ibid, 31.
45. Hancock and Bauval, Fingerprints of the Gods, 254.
46. Ibid, 444–48.
25. BULL OF THE SKY
1. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 36.
2. Pyramid Texts, 79.
3. Carlotto, Martian Enigmas, 92.
4. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 37, 39, 47; Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 180.
5. Duncan Steel, in Verschuur, Impact, 136.
6. The Sunday Times (London), 14 December 1997.
7. Dr. Benny Peiser, Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilizations, Second SIS Cambridge Conference, 11–13 July 1997, 9; Quest News, May 1997.
8. The Sunday Times (London), 14 December 1997.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.; Times (London), 8 March 1997; see also Marie Courty, in Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilizations, 7–8.
11. Times (London), 8 March 1997; Courty, Natural Catastrophes, 7–8.
12. Ibid.
13. The Sunday Times (London), 14 December 1997.
14. Courty, Natural Catastrophes, 8.
15. Victor Clube, in Independent (London), Sunday, 30 March 1997.
16. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 147.
17. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 134.
18. Collins, Stars and Planets, 232.
19. Courty, Natural Catastrophes, 5.
20. Steel, in Ibid.
21. English Heritage Foundation, telephone interview August 1996.
22. Courty, Natural Catastrophes, 5–6.
23. Ibid.
24. Telegraph (London), Sunday, 16 November 1997.
25. Courty, Natural Catastrophes, 5.
26. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 146–47.
27. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 133; Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 84–85.
28. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 133.
26. DARK STAR
1. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 12–13.
2. NASA, Fact Sheet.
3. “Massive Asteroid Will Hit Tomorrow,” Spaceguard UK, 1 January 1998.
4. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 13.
5. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 62.
6. Ibid.
7. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 201–2.
8. Ibid, 202.
9. James M. Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library (New York: Brill, 1988), 352.
; 10. Ibid, 165.
11. Plato, Timaeus, 36.
12. Ibid, 35.
13. Ibid, 35.
14. Emilio Spedicato, Atlantis and Other Tales (Bergamo, Italy: University of Bergamo, 1997), 10.
15. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 385.
16. Verschuur, Impact, 134–35; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 133.
17. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 150–51.
18. Ibid, 149, 150.
19. Ibid, 149.
20. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 84–85; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 133.
21. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 152–53.
22. See chapter 25.
23. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 152–53.
24. Ibid, 153.
25. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 124, 134.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 151.
29. Ibid, 152.
30. Ibid, 219.
31. Ibid.
32. Verschuur, Impact, 134–35.
33. The general assumption made by asteroid watchers—if anything, likely to underestimate the total numbers of asteroids—is that only about 10 percent of the total population have so far been discovered.
34. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 151.
35. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 151; Origin of Comets, 398; Cosmic Winter, 150.
36. Ibid.; Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 100.
37. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 32–33.
38. Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy, 178.
39. Spedicato, Atlantis, 10.
40. Ibid.
41. Alvarez, Catastrophes and Evolution, 11.
42. Hoyle, Origin of Universe, 37; Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 180.
43. Verschuur, Impact, 133; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 133–35.
44. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 134–35.
45. Verschuur, Impact, 134; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 182; Dauber and Muller, Three Big Bangs, 49–50. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars, 178–79; Palmer, Catastrophism, 6; Levy, Quest for Comets, 130–32.
46. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 275.
47. Cited in Hermetica, 111.
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